hess cfaa presentation-smoke detector sensitivity testing april … · 2013-11-14 · 5.7.4.1.1...
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1 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Smoke Detector TestingAllen Hess – CFAA PresentationApril 2011
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Agenda
How a Detector Works
Effects of Time on detector performance
Maintenance Best Practices
Challenges with Industry Acceptance
Consumer Needs
Conclusion
Requirements
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
What our Standard Prescribes
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4 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
What prescribes the testing and maintenance of Smoke detectors?
CAN/ULC-S536-04
INSPECTION AND TESTING OF
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS
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5 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
5.7.4.1 General
5.7.4.1.1 Each smoke detector shall be visually inspected for cleanliness. When required, cleaning shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
5.7.4 Smoke Detectors
Ensure detector can and is operating
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6 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
5.7.4.1 General
5.7.4.1.1 Each smoke detector shall be visually inspected for cleanliness. When required, cleaning shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
5.7.4.1.2 Each smoke detector shall be tested for operation by introducing smoke or simulated smoke to the detecting chamber in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
5.7.4 Smoke Detectors
Ensure physical operability
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7 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
5.7.4.1 General
5.7.4.1.1 Each smoke detector shall be visually inspected for cleanliness. When required, cleaning shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
5.7.4.1.2 Each smoke detector shall be tested for operation by introducing smoke or simulated smoke to the detecting chamber in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
5.7.4.1.3 Each smoke detector shall be tested to confirm that it is within its rated operating range using a test method described in Clause 5.7.4.1.6. (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device Testing-Legends and Notes.)
Ensure calibration is within operating range
and
will respond as early as required
5.7.4 Smoke Detectors
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8 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
5.7.4.1 General
5.7.4.1.1 Each smoke detector shall be visually inspected for cleanliness. When required, cleaning shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
5.7.4.1.2 Each smoke detector shall be tested for operation by introducing smoke or simulated smoke to the detecting chamber in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
5.7.4.1.3 Each smoke detector shall be tested to confirm that it is within its rated operating range using a test method described in Clause 5.7.4.1.6. (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device Testing-Legends and Notes.)
5.7.4.1.4 A smoke detector whose sensitivity is not within the required operating range shall be cleaned, retested in accordance with Clause 5.7.4.1.3, and if still not within its rated sensitivity, replaced with a compatible smoke detector. (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device Testing-Legends and Notes.)
5.7.4 Smoke Detectors
Corrective Action
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9 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
5.7.4.1 General
5.7.4.1.1 Each smoke detector shall be visually inspected for cleanliness. When required, cleaning shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
5.7.4.1.2 Each smoke detector shall be tested for operation by introducing smoke or simulated smoke to the detecting chamber inaccordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
5.7.4.1.3 Each smoke detector shall be tested to confirm that it is within its rated operating range using a test method described in Clause 5.7.4.1.6. (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device Testing-Legends and Notes.)
5.7.4.1.4 A smoke detector whose sensitivity is not within the required operating range shall be cleaned, retested in accordance with Clause 5.7.4.1.3, and if still not within its rated sensitivity, replaced with a compatible smoke detector. (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field DeviceTesting-Legends and Notes.)
5.7.4.1.5 Each smoke detector sensitivity measurement and if applicable, the cleaning date shall be recorded on the individual device record. (Refer to Appendix E3.1, Field Device Testing-Legends and Notes.)
5.7.4 Smoke Detectors
Provide evidence
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10 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
5.7.4 Smoke Detectors
5.7.4.1.6 Acceptable methods of determining the smoke detector sensitivity are:
A Manufacturer’s recommended test instrument, equipment, or method;
B Installed control units or transponders designed to test the sensitivity of individual smoke detectors; or
C Calibrated instruments that provide the operation as described in CAN/ULC-S529, Standard for Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Systems, for the purpose of testing smoke detector sensitivity.
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
What Consumers Need
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12 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Role of Detection
• The six fire safety subsystems recognized in the SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings are [2007]:
–Fire initiation and development
–Spread, control, and management of smoke
–Fire detection
–Fire suppression
–Occupant behavior and egress
–Passive fire protection
Fire detection is one of the six subsystems identif ied in the SFPE Guide and hence is an essential component for achieving fire safety goals
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Fire Development and Intervention
Flashover
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Consumers Needs
Detection ReliablyAffordably
Protect People and Valuables
Benefit
Cost
Early WarningCost
Benefit
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
What is this Issue?
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16 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Industry Feedback/Perceptions
Testing
Impractical
Testing
Meaningless
Too many
test tools
Test tools
not Approved
Tools too expensive
Physical testing
more relevant
Subjective evaluation
of values
Recommendations
not acted on
Devices will
false alarm in time
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
How A Detector Works
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18 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Ionization Detector
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19 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Ionization Detector
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20 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Photo Electric Detector (Scattering)
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21 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Photo Electric Detector (Scattering)
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22 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Multi Sensor Photo Detector
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1943 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003
Mio. Pcs.
Automatic Smoke DetectorsImprovements in Quality and Quantity
Backward scattering
ASA (False Alarm Immunity)
Newer Generation
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24 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
StandardSmoke detector
Neural smokedetector
Wide spectrumsmoke detector
Neuralsmoke detectorWide spectrum
smoke detector
ASA False Alarm Immunity
Lab results
Field statistics
System innovation
# of detectorsper false alarmper year
Standards
requirements
3‘000
2'500
2'000
1'500
1'000
500
0
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Effects of Time on Detector Performance
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26 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Artificial aerosolsand non-typical fire phenomena
Sabotage
Vibration, shock
Extreme Temperatures
Corrosive vapors
Electro-magnetic interference
HumidityDust, fibers, insects
innovative, highly integrated electronic circuitry
Arrangement of grid and labyrinth
Detector locking
Construction and material selection
Selectable parameters and multi-criteria evaluation
protectedelectronic, high-grade componentsHigh-grade,
patentedoptic
Environmental effects on detectors
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27 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Effects of time on conventional Ionization detectors
• Dirt builds up in chamber causing leakage
• Airborne dusts absorb ions decreasing current
� Reduces detection capability
� Creates false alarms
Conclusion
Without compensation or maintenance/cleaning:
- most likely will experience increase in false alarms with time
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28 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Effects of time on conventional Photoelectric detectors
• Dust accumulates on transmitter/receiver reducing signal
• Dirt builds up on labyrinth causing reflections
• Airborne dusts cause reflects light
� Reduces sensitivity to smoke
� Creates false signals
� Creates false signals
Conclusion
Depending on construction and environment photo detectors
- may become less or more sensitive with time
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29 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
�“Nuisance alarms were the leading cause of disabled alarms”.
�“Problems associated with smoke alarm age may
Include:
– “sensitivity drift,” which refers to a shift in the range of visibility obscuration or
– particulate density that will activate the smoke alarm.
Such a shift can mean either an
increase in nuisance activations (if sensitivity increases) or adecreased ability to react promptly to real fires (if sensitivity decreases)”.
“U.S. EXPERIENCE WITH SMOKE ALARMS AND OTHER FIRE DETECTION/ALARM EQUIPMENT 2007”
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Maintenance Best Practices
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31 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Detector sensitivity
after 4 years field exploration
Sensitivity [%/m]
# D
etec
tors
Productionlimits
10 – 30% out of the limits
Optical components after 4 years field exploration
Detector sensitivity after revision process
Optical components after revision process
Sensitivity [%/m]
# D
etec
tors
Productionlimits
Detector Revision Process (Cleaning)
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Best Practices, Global Comparison
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33 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
International Standards Comparison
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Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Conclusion
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35 Building TechnologiesCFAA April 2011
Conclusions
• Canadian detector testing and maintenance Standards are consistent with global standards.
• Calibration (Sensitivity) testing continues to be important to ensure performance.
• Canada is lacking in defined intervals for detector replacement
• Shorter interval for replacement would reduce both the relevance and challenge of sensitivity testing
• Need a “Green” solution for detector replacement• Need to demonstrate cost/benefit to industry and
end consumer
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