herbicide registration –what’s · environmental profile: • low toxicity to non-target...

Herbicide Registration – What’s the Process?

Fred Fishel

Professor, UF Agronomy

Objectives

• Pesticide registration process in general

• Aquatic herbicide registration

– New active ingredient

– Existing active ingredient for aquatic use

Who decides if a pesticide is acceptable to go to market?

What does a manufacturer have to consider before developing a new active ingredient?

• Is it biologically active?

• Is it a new mode of action?

• Is the tox profile acceptable?

• Can it be patented?

• Will cost of production be reasonable?

• Can it be registered in other countries?

• Will use restrictions be acceptable to customers?

• Will it control multiple pests on multiple crops?

What does a manufacturer have to consider before developing a new active ingredient?

• Will it be efficacious and reliable?

• Will it be safe to crops?

• Can it be competitively priced?

• Will it be easy to handle?

• Will it offer significant advantages over competing products?

• What are the projected returns?

The product to meet tomorrow’s demands must offer…

• Better efficacy

• Compatibility with current pest management practices

• Nonleaching tendencies

• Less persistence in the environment

• Reduced residues in food

• Lower risks to workers and bystanders

Synthesis in

a test tube

Patent review

Chemical research

Toxicology screening

Market research

Secondary screening

Advanced toxicology

The decision to

commercialize

Field development &

product performance,

Laboratory & field testing

Registration

package

compiled

Applicant submits data

package to EPA (about

150 various tests)

EPA product manager

reviews with their

technical support group

Start

Commercial label

accepted

Many molecules don’t make it past initial greenhouse screening

• Activity observed during initial screening is not present in greenhouse studies

• Control is limited to a very narrow range of pests or a poor pest spectrum

• Phytotoxicity occurs in the crop species• Control rates are too high; the product would not be

economically viable• Low water solubility or other undesirable chemical

characteristics make the product difficult for applicators to use

The decision to commercialize• What will the customer pay for the product? • What kind of short- and long-term market share can we expect

from the product? • How much sales revenue will the product generate? • What will be our expenses, including promotion, advertisement,

and demonstrations? • What will be the dose rates by country, crop, and pest? • What quantity of active ingredient will be needed? • Are there unique manufacturing problems associated with the

product? • What will be the cost per unit to manufacture the product? • How much will the manufacturing plant cost to build and

maintain? • What will it cost to develop the molecule globally?

Testing Requirements for Registration

Efficacy:• High degree of biological

efficacy• Broad spectrum of efficacy• Good plant compatibility• Low risk for resistance

development

User friendly:• Low acute and chronic toxicity• Good formulation qualities• Easy to handle• Low application rate• Good storage stability

Environmental profile:• Low toxicity to non-target

organisms• Sufficient degradation in soil• Low leaching• No significant residues in food

and animal feed

Economy:• Favorable cost/benefit ratio• Competitiveness• Broad spectrum of uses• Patentability

The Innovative

Product

What Does it Cost to Get a Pesticide Labeled?

• The cost is now estimated at $250M

New product development cost

Percentage of total cost

Chemistry 22.3

Biology 23.9

Tox/environmental chemistry

23.4

Developmental chemistry 10.8

Field trials 13.6

Registration 6.0Source: The cost of new agrochemical product discovery, development, and registration in 1995 and 2000. Phillips-McDougall. 2003.

Who Pays the Cost to Get a Pesticide Labeled?

• The cost is on the manufacturer’s shoulders

What are the odds of a chemical ever reaching the marketplace as a pesticide?

?????A Purdue University publication states that 1 in 140,000 tested chemicals will ever reach the market as a registered pesticide

WOW!!!

Registering a new aquatic use herbicide - two possible approaches

• Development and EPA registration of new active ingredient for aquatic use

• Addition of aquatic use to existing herbicide product

Goal

• Register at least one product in as many MOA’s as possible for resistance management

Currently…..

• Endothall, copper, diquat, 2,4-D – 1950s

• Glyphosate – 1978

• Fluridone – 1985

• Imazapyr – 1999

• Triclopyr – 2002

• Carfentrazone – 2004

• Penoxsulam – 2007

• Imazamox – 2008

• Flumioxazin – 2010

• Bispyribac – 2011

• Topramezone - 2013

Currently…..

• Full EPA aquatic registration: Section 3

• 1979-1998: One

• 1999-2013: Eight

Currently…..

Herbicide Mode of action Herbicide Mode of action

EndothallNot classified

Imazamox

ALS inhibitorCopper Penoxsulam

Diquat PS I Bispyribac

2,4-DSynthetic auxin

Imazapyr

Triclopyr FlumioxazinPPO inhibitor

Fluridone PDS inhibitor Carfentrazone

Glyphosate EPSP inhibitor Topramezone 4-HPPD inhibitor

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

Nu

mb

er

of

Spe

cies

Year

ACCase Inhibitors (A) ALS Inhibitors (B) EPSP Synthase Inhibitors (G)

Synthetic Auxins (O) PSI Electron Diverter (D) Microtubule Inhibitors (K1)

HPPD Inhibitors (F2) PSII Inhibitors (C1,C2,C5)

B

C1

A

G

O

F2

K1

D22

Number of Resistant Species for Several Herbicide Sites of Action (HRAC Codes)

Dr. Ian Heap, WeedScience.org 2015

Note: PSII Inibitors Combined

Herbicide Resistance

• Terrestrial/cropland weeds

• So many…

• Aquatics

• A handful – so far

New aquatic herbicides

• Only labeled if:

When applied according to label instructions, will perform its intended function without unreasonable adverse effects on human health or the environment

• FIFRA still requires continuing re-registration

Development and registration process for new active ingredient for aquatic use

Development and registration process for new active ingredient for aquatic use

• Three big areas of concern for EPA:

– Mammalian toxicology

– Ecotoxicology

– Environmental fate

Development and registration process for new active ingredient for aquatic use

• Toxicology- active ingredient mammalian toxicity

– Acute tox

– Chronic tox

– Mutagenicity

– Reproductive and developmental

– Oncogenicity

Development and registration process for new active ingredient for aquatic use

• Toxicity to wildlife and aquatic organisms

– Avian acute oral (Bobwhite quail and/or mallard duck)

– Avian dietary

– Avian reproduction

– Freshwater/marine fish acute (rainbow trout, sunfish)

– Freshwater/marine invertebrate acute (Daphnia, shrimp)

– Freshwater/marine fish and invertebrate repro and life cycle

Development and registration process for new active ingredient for aquatic use

• Environmental Fate

– Hydrolysis

– Volatility

– Photolysis in water

– Aerobic/anaerobic soil metabolism

– Leaching, Adsorption/Desorption

– Field dissipation - soil and water

Development and registration process for new active ingredient for aquatic use

• Plant protection– Seed germination

– Seedling emergence

– Vegetation vigor

– Aquatic plant growth

• Non-target plants - endangered species concerns

• Potential injury to irrigated crops or other vegetation

Aquatic herbicide screening• Experimental Use Permit

Hydrilla: EC90Pickerelweed: EC50Ornamentals: EC10

The Development of Sonar

• 1974-75: Discovery

• 1975-82: Environmental fate studies

• 1975-78: C14 nature in plants

• 1975-77: Acute toxicology

• 1975-76: Subchronic toxicology

• 1976-83: Efficacy and use patterns for aquatics

• 1976-81: C14 soil metabolism studies

• 1976-81: Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity studies

• 1977-83: Residue studies in plants and irrigated crops

• 1978-79: C14 animal metabolism studies

• 1978-85: Residue studies in fish, livestock, poultry, milk, and eggs

• 1978-81: Avian, aquatic, and nontarget organism toxicity

• 1978-80: Reproduction/teratology studies

• 1979-80: Residue in potable water and mutagenicity studies

EUP granted in 1980 and fully registered in 1985!

Addition of aquatic use to existing herbicide product label

Aquatic products supported by crop use…

• Triclopyr– Noncrop, pasture/range, forestry, turf, rice

• Carfentrazone– Corn, soybean, cotton, sugarcane, sunflower, fruit,

vegetables, tobacco• Penoxsulam

– Rice, turf, tree nut, grapes• Flumioxazin

– Corn, soybean, cotton, peanut, fruit, vegetables, forestry• Bispyribac

– Rice, turf• Topramezone

– Turf, corn, ornamentals, noncrop

Why so few aquatic herbicides???

• New active ingredient development and registration is a long term investment of resources

• Justification for developing an aquatic use herbicide often depends on additional (crop) uses and global utility

• Herbicidal activity especially for submersed species can not be predicted by activity on emergent or terrestrial species

Why so few aquatic herbicides???

• Tox package must be exceptionally clean due to increased human exposure through drinking water

• Ecotox profile must be safe due to higher expected concentrations in the water resulting from direct application to water

• Difficult to achieve desired level of aquatic plant control while maintaining acceptable non-target plant selectivity

Why so few aquatic herbicides???• Herbicide candidates

– 325 registered herbicides

– 28 families

– 100 too toxic in aquatic systems, residual

– 130 not effective

– 50 ALS inhibitors

– 15-20 possibilities

Summary

• The modern cost of developing new herbicide active ingredients is prohibitive and require large market potentials to be justified

• Adding aquatic uses to an existing herbicide is more easily justified, but is often not a company priority

• Heightened concerns for environmental and human health effects from aquatic use products makes finding new products that can meet these requirements extremely difficult

https://ag.purdue.edu/extension/ppp/Pages/default.aspx