hazardous materials awareness properties of hazardous materials
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Hazardous materials awareness
Properties of hazardous materials
objectives
Identify the ways hazardous materials can be harmful to people the enviorment, and property
Identify general routes of entry for human exposureto hazardous materials
Harmful effects of hazmats
Thermal Mechanical Poisonus Corrosive Asphyxiation Radiation Etiological
Thermal effects
Heat exposure, either fire or wearing protective equipment
Cold exposure, primarily from croygenic materials
Examples of cryogenic materials
Liquid oxygen Liquid nitrogen Liquid helium Liquid hydrogen Liquified natrual gas
Mechanical effects
Physical contact with objects, such as; Bruises punctures and
cuts from container edges
Flying objects as a result of explosions or rapid releases
Poisonus effects
Will cause damage to organs or body systems and include;
Nephrotoxins Hematoxins Neurotoxins hepatotoxins
Examples of poisons
Halonagated hydrocarbons are nephrotoxins
Benzene, nitrates, napthalene, and arsine are blood effecting agents
Organophosphates like parathion and malathion are nerve effecting materials
Ammonia, carbon tetrachloride, and phenols effect the liver.
Corrosive effects Causes damage to
metals and flesh May ignite nearby
combustibles Includes acids and
bases
Acids and bases
Contact with acids causes immediate pain and chemical burns
Bases damage underlying tissues, penetrate deeply into the body, and break down fatty tissues. May be characterized by a greasy feeling on the skin.
General symptoms of corrosives exposure
Burning arouns eyes, nose mouth Nausea and vomiting Difficulty breathing, swallowing or
coughing Localized burning or skin irritation
Examples of acids and bases
Acids Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Sulfuric acid
Bases Caustic soda Potassium hydroxide Any alkaline materials
Asphyxiation effects Simple asphyxiants are generally inert
gases that displace or crowd out oxygen from the surrounding air
Examples include; Acetylene Carbon dioxide Helium Hydrogen Nitrogen Methane ethane
Asphyxiation effects
Chemical asphyxiants interfere with the body’s ability to use oxygen, and can happen in 3 ways
Carbon monoxide latches onto blood cells better than oxygen and crowds it out of the blood
Asphyxiant effects
Hydrazine breaks the bond between hemoglobin and the red blood cells, making the blood cell useless
Benzene and tolulene destroy hemoglobin altogether
Radiation effects
Radiation causes somatic effects and genetic effects on the body, both internal and external.
Effects include radiation sickness, radiation injury, and radiation poisoning.
Sickness is caused by large exposure to external radiation
Injury is burns caused by high amounts of less penetrating radiation
Poisoning is inhaling radioactive particles
Radiation effects
Radiation caused injuries are not contagious but be aware of radioactive dust contamination
Potentials for radioactive contamination may occur at medical facilities, industrial operations, power plants, and research facilities
The main basic types of radiation are alpha, beta, gamma, x-ray, and neutron.
Alpha particles
Alphas are large positively charged particles with little ability to penetrate
Most dangerous when ingested or inhaled into the body
A sheet of paper will stop alpha particles, and full ppe with scba will give protection
Beta particles
Beta particles are much smaller than alphas, and are negatively charged
Betas can be high or low velocity All beta particles can be stopped by wood
or aluminum, our bunkers will not stop high velocity betas
Large amounts of betas will cause radiation burns
Gamma rays and x-rays
These are waves of electromagnetic radiation, have no particular charge, and have very high penetration
Will cause personal injuries and genetic damage
Only very dense materials like lead will block these waves
Radiation protection strategies
Time the less time you are exposed, the less contamination
Distance the farther you are away from the source, the less dose you will take
Shielding intervening materials like concrete, earth, lead and water will prevent penetration by radioactive particles and rays.
Etiological effects
This includes microorganisms and toxins that can cause severe disease
Examples include Hiv, hepatitis, meningitis, typhoid, anthrax, etc.
Other hazards
Irritants are agents that effect the respiratory system and attack mucus membranes
Sensitizers/allergens are materials that can cause severe allergetic rreactions to those who have previously been exposed to it
Convulsants are materials that can cause seizures in individuals
Chronic health hazards
Carcinogens are cancer causing agents
Mutagens are materials that can damage heridetary genes, and pass on health problems
Teratogens can cause damage to the unborn fetus
Examples of carcinogens
Polyvinyl chloride Asbestos Chlorinated hydrocarbons Arsenic Nickle Some pesticides and plastics
Examples of mutagens
Radioactive materials Ethylene oxide Benzene
Examples of teratogens
Ionizing radiation Ethyl alchol Methyl mercury Thalidomide Dioxine Infections like rubella
Routes of entry
Inhalation breathing in materials Absorbtion substances permeating the
skin Ingestion getting the material into your gi
tract Injection material entering through a break
in the skin
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