hardware revision

1

Hardware Revision

Prerequisite to CA210

2

• Bit

• Byte

• Nibble

• Word

• Kilobyte (KB)

• Megabyte (MB)

• Gigabyte (GB)

The Binary Language of Computers

3

The Binary System

• 0 = Off

• 1 = On

4

Parallel and Serial Devices

5

Electronic Bus

6

Bus System

7

The Three Stages of Computing

8

Input

9

Processing

4

10

Output

11

Input / Output

6

12

Support Hardware

13

Chapter Summary

• The three stages of computing are input, processing, and output.

• Various components perform each stage of computing.

• Some components perform both input and output.

• Hardware support components help to ensure safe computer operation and efficient performance.

14

The External Data Bus

15

The CPU

• Performs operations and decodes and executes instructions

• Controls computer operation

• Includes transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors

16

Microprocessor Design

• Three subsystems – Control unit (CU)– Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)– Input/output (I/O) unit

• Registers

• Codes

• Clock

• Clock speed

17

Memory

18

How Microprocessors Work

19

PC Microprocessor Developments and Features

• Use the following elements to gauge CPU performance: – Speed – Transistors – Registers – External data bus – Address bus – Internal cache

20

The Birth of the PC

• 8086 and 8088

• 80286

• 80386

• 80486

21

The First Pentiums

• The Pentium (Series I)– Runs at 60 MHz to 200 MHz– Offers superscalar technology and on-board

cache

22

The First Pentiums (Cont.)

• Pentium Pro

• Pentium MMX

• Pentium II

• Celeron

• Xeon

• Pentium III

• Pentium IV

23

Possible Upgrade Scenarios

• 8086/8088

• 80286–80486

• 80386SX

• Pentium I

• Pentium II

• Pentium III

• Pentium IV

24

Inserting a CPU

• Low-insertion-force (LIF)

• Zero-insertion-force (ZIF)

• Single-edge connector (SEC/slot 1)

25

Chapter Summary

• Understanding processor development and progress is essential.

• The three key elements for measuring a CPU’s performance are its speed, address bus, and external data bus.

• Several key CPU developments have occurred since the 80286 processor.

• Today’s standard processor is the Pentium III chip.• Replacing a CPU is usually simple.• You must watch for electrostatic discharge (ESD)

and pin damage when handling a CPU.

26

Power Supply Connectors

27

Chapter Overview

• Computer Cases

• Motherboards

• ROM BIOS

28

The Computer Case

• The case helps contain electromagnetic interference (EMI).

• Larger cases usually have more expansion capability and are easier to work with.

• Smaller cases usually have less expansion potential and support fewer internal devices.

• Cases with more features cost more.• You should never run a computer with an open

case.

29

Working with Cases

Desktop Tower

30

The Motherboard

• Before replacing a motherboard, double-check all other components to verify that the motherboard is the problem.

• Replace rather than repair a damaged motherboard.

• Consider purchase and interoperability issues.

31

Chip Sets

• The chip set helps the CPU manage and control the computer.

• The CPU must be compatible with the chip set.

• Specialized chips control cache memory and high-speed buses.

• Different chip sets have different on-board components.

• On-board components might have fewer features than do expansion card versions.

32

ROM BIOS Chips

• Read-only memory (ROM) chips store basic input/output system (BIOS) data—even when the computer power is off.

• The system BIOS prepares the hardware to run.

• Classes of BIOS chips include: – Core chips – Updateable complementary metal-oxide

semiconductor (CMOS) chips– Other chips with their own BIOS data

33

Information Stored in the CMOS

• Floppy disk and hard disk drive types

• CPU type and speed

• Random access memory (RAM) size

• Date and time

• Serial and parallel port information

• Plug and Play information

• Power-saving settings

34

Updating CMOS

35

Determining the BIOS Manufacturer

• Watch the monitor when the computer boots.

• Check the computer or motherboard manual.

• Remove the computer cover and look at the chip.

• Use a third-party utility program.• Cause an error that will launch the setup

program.

36

The Most Common Ways to Access BIOS Setup Programs

• AMI: Press Delete when the machine begins to boot.

• Phoenix: Press Ctrl+Alt+Esc, Delete, or F2 when requested.

• Award: Follow the procedure for AMI or Phoenix.

37

Main BIOS Screen

38

Setup Screen for Hard Disk Drive

39

Advanced Tab

40

Security Tab

41

Power Tab

42

Maintaining CMOS

• CMOS data can be lost for several reasons.

• You should write down CMOS setup information or back it up.

• Plug and Play devices include their own BIOS information.

43

The CMOS Battery

• Look for battery requirements on the motherboard or in the documentation.

• Expect 2–7 years of battery life, depending on the type of battery.

• Watch for battery failure indicators.

• Replace the battery if a computer loses stored CMOS information more than once in a week.

44

All Other Chips

• Add-on boards may have ROM chips with their own BIOS data.

• Device drivers could be required to provide BIOS support for hardware.

45

Power-On Self Test

• The power-on self test (POST) checks every primary device at startup.

• Beep codes indicate problems before and during the video test.

• Errors displayed on the screen typically indicate problems after the video test.

• Errors can be fatal or nonfatal.• POST cards display codes that you can

decode from the manufacturer’s manual.

46

Chapter Summary

• You should select a computer case for ease of use and expandability.

• EMI can harm surrounding equipment.• Motherboards use different chip sets with differing

capabilities.• ROM BIOS chips can be static or updateable.• A CMOS program accesses BIOS information stored in

CMOS chips.• If you change hardware, you must update the CMOS to

reflect changes.• A CMOS battery ensures that CMOS information is

saved.

47

RAM Packaging

48

Cache Memory

49

Chapter Summary • The two basic computer memory types are

ROM (nonvolatile) and RAM (volatile).• RAM is packaged in a variety of designs.• Installing SIMMs requires ESD protection and

careful handling.• Cache memory enhances performance.• Hexadecimal code simplifies binary code

notation.• Memory allocation has been simplified under

Microsoft Windows.

50

Extended ISA

51

VESA Local Bus (VLB)

52

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

• Overcomes limitations of ISA, EISA, MCA, and VLB

• Has become an unofficial industry standard

• Has significant differences from VLB

• Are also differences in PCI versions

• Is an evolving technology

53

Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)

54

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

• Connects peripherals outside the computer

• Supports speeds of 1.5 Mbps for asynchronous transfer and 12 Mbps for isochronous transfer

• Offers the following advantages: – Hot swap– Recognition of new device by operating system

(OS)– Ease of adding new devices

55

The Most Common I/O Addresses

56

Setting and Managing I/O Addresses

• Non–Plug and Play I/O addresses are set with jumpers, dual inline package (DIP) switches, and software drivers.

• Plug and Play devices are self-configuring and can conflict with older non–Plug and Play cards.

• Devices with overlapping I/O addresses will not respond to commands.

57

Interrupt Request (IRQ)

58

Setting IRQs

• Set IRQs during installation.

• Use hardware, software, or a combination of both to set IRQs.

• Document all IRQ settings.

59

Direct Memory Access

• The direct memory access (DMA) chip (8237) offloads work from the CPU.

• Each 8237 chip supports four devices.

• Two DMA chips are cascaded to provide eight DMA channels.

60

Setting and Managing DMA Channels

ECP = Extended Capabilities PortSCSI = Small Computer System Interface

61

COM and Ports

62

COM Ports

• COM1 and COM3 share IRQ4.

• COM2 and COM4 share IRQ3.

• COM3 uses I/O port 3E8–3EF and COM1 uses 3F8–3FF.

• COM4 uses I/O port 2E8–2EF and COM2 uses 2F8–2FF.

63

LPT Ports

• You should use IRQ7 for LPT1 and IRQ5 for LPT2.

• IRQ5 is typically used by sound cards.

• Devices other than printers can use LPT ports.

• The USB is taking over many of the parallel designs.

64

Installing Expansion Cards

• Read the documentation.

• Document addresses and DMA and IRQ settings.

• Keep settings unique, and document them.

65

Parallel Printer Cables

66

Serial Port Cables

67

Keyboard Cables

68

Identifying Cables and Connectors

• Communication

• Printer

• Monitor

• Game port

• Keyboard

69

Troubleshooting Cables

• Always check the cable first.

• Always check for loose connections.

• Check for bent or broken pins.

• Do not use force.

• Check for worn or frayed cables.

• Ensure that you are using the correct cable.

• Avoid “homemade” cables.

70

Summary of Connectors

• DB-9, DB-25: used for serial and parallel port communications, respectively

• RJ-11, RJ-12: standard telephone connectors• RJ-45: network connector• PS/2 (mini-DIN): supports mouse, scanners, and

some keyboards• Centronics: supports printers• USB: supports a variety of peripheral devices

71

Chapter Summary

• Expansion buses are standardized connections for installing devices.

• Expansion buses have several architecture types. • All devices require unique I/O addresses, IRQs, and

DMA channels.• IRQ conflicts cause most problems during installation of

a new device. • COM ports are used for serial devices, and LPT ports

are used for parallel devices.• It is important to identify cables and connectors.• Loose or poorly connected cables often cause computer

problems.

72

The Basics of Floppy Disk Drives

73

Keeping a Floppy Disk Drive Running

• Watch for exposure to environmental conditions and foreign objects.

• Schedule monthly cleanings.• Check the floppy disk first for data errors or

write protection.• Check complementary metal-oxide

semiconductor (CMOS) settings.• Check or change the floppy disk drive cable.• Change the floppy disk drive controller.• Replace the floppy disk drive as needed.

74

Physical Characteristics

75

Storing Data

76

Actuator Arms

• Hold read/write (R/W) heads in place• Must deliver speed and accuracy• Use one of the following technologies:

– The stepper motor (older) had many disadvantages.

– The voice coil motor (newer) uses the head for mapping.

• Might be damaged by head-to-disk interference (HDI), or head crash

77

Geometry

78

Hard Disk Drive Types

• ST-506

• Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI)

• Integrated Device Electronics/Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE/EIDE)

• Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

79

Installation and Setup: the Five Steps

1. Physical installation and cabling

2. CMOS setup

3. Low-level formatting

4. Partitioning

5. High-level formatting

80

Physical Installation and Cabling

81

Setting the System CMOS for the Hard Disk Drive–CMOS

Main Screen

82

Setting the System CMOS for the Hard Disk Drive–Hard

Drive Setup Screen

83

Low-Level Formatting

• Creates and organizes sectors

• Sets the proper interleave

• Establishes the boot sector

84

Partitioning

85

High-Level Formatting

• FORMAT.COM does the following:– Creates and configures the file allocation

tables (FATs) – Creates the root directory

• The FAT tracks which part of a file is stored on which sector.

• FAT32 uses disk space more efficiently.

86

High-Level Formatting (Cont.)

• Consider several factors before using FAT32.– You should not use FAT32 on dual boot

systems shared by operating systems (OSs) that do not support FAT32.

– FAT32 partitions that are shared can be read across the network.

– FAT32 does not support compression.– You should not use disk utilities that are not

made for FAT32.

87

Fragmentation and Compression

• A hard disk can become fragmented over time.

• MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows 95, Microsoft Windows 98, and Microsoft Windows Me have defragmentation programs.

• Disk compression eliminates wasted cluster space.

88

Maintaining a Hard Disk Drive

• Perform comprehensive, regularly scheduled backups.

• Save a copy of the boot sector and partition table information.

• Have tools on hand for hard disk repairs.

• Use only disk tools certified for the hard disk drive and the OS.

89

Common Errors and Troubleshooting Utilities

• Errors – Abort, Retry, Fail– Connectivity problems– Lost boot and partition information– CMOS errors

• Utilities – Scandisk– SCSI BIOS disk utility

90

Chapter Summary • Floppy disk drive technology has changed little over the

years.• Floppy disk drives fail more often than any other computer

component.• Installing a hard disk drive requires you to partition the

drive, set the CMOS settings, and format the drive.• The fdisk utility is used to create partitions.• The geometry (CHS values) of a hard disk drive

determines its storage capacity.• Partition types include primary, extended, logical, and

active.• The active partition is used to initialize the OS.

91

Basic Monitor Operation

92

Internal CRT Operation

93

Screen Resolution and Pitch

94

Tuning the Monitor’s Display

95

Monitor Maintenance

• Do not work inside a monitor; it is dangerous.

• Properly ventilate the enclosure.

• Clean the face of the CRT gently.

• Do not push the monitor beyond its operating guidelines.

• Use energy-saving features.

96

Monitor Troubleshooting

• Check the cables, including the power and display cables.

• Check the front panel controls.

• Check the display drivers and reinstall them, if needed.

• Try another display adapter.

• Refer the problem to a specialist.

97

Comparing CRT and Flat-Panel Displays

98

How Flat-Panel Displays Work

• FPDs use transparent organic polymers sandwiched between polarizing filters with some form of backlighting.

• An electrical charge determines if light passes or not.

• Light-emitting diode (LED) displays have adjoining cells, each with a different color.

• Active-matrix displays have largely replaced passive-matrix displays (PMDs).

99

Installing and Maintaining FPDs

• In general, FPDs are installed and maintained the same as CRTs.

• You must use a compatible display card.• The operating system must have drivers.• Multisystem switches might be incompatible.• You should wipe the screen with a dry, soft

cloth to remove dust.• You should use an uninterruptible power

supply (UPS) and/or surge protector.

100

Early PC Card Display Adapters

• Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA)

• Color/Graphics Adapter (CGA)

• Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA)

101

Video Memory and Processor Demands

• The amount of memory determines the amount of color and resolution.

• Color depth multiplied by resolution determines the amount of memory needed.

• More colors at a higher resolution require more memory and processor power.

• Display coprocessors handle tasks that would normally slow down the PC.

102

Advanced Display Adapters

103

Video Memory

• Fast page-mode RAM (FPM RAM)

• Video RAM (VRAM)

• Extended data out DRAM (EDO DRAM)

• Window RAM (WRAM)

• Synchronous graphics RAM (SGRAM)

• Multibank DRAM (MDRAM)

104

Memory/Video Resolution

105

Display Drivers

• Text-based adapters under MS-DOS do not require software drivers.

• Microsoft Windows, OS/2, and other graphics-rich environments require drivers.

• Display drivers adjust the refresh rate, resolution, and other features.

• When installing a new card or operating system, you should check the manufacturer’s Web site for the latest display drivers.

106

Choosing a Display System

• Consider the maximum viewable area that you need.

• For faster graphics applications, use a fast graphics adapter with VRAM or WRAM.

• For multimedia systems, consider TV out, TV tuner, and hardware DVD acceleration.

• If desk space is limited, consider an FPD.• Consider the tradeoffs in cost and

performance.

107

Troubleshooting Display Systems

• Verify that power and adapter cables are properly attached and that the adapter is fully seated in the expansion slot.

• Boot the system. If you get an image but the computer does not load the operating system, suspect memory or drivers.

• Reset the card to 640 480 in 16-color VGA mode at 60-Hz refresh.

• Make sure you are not exceeding the approved monitor refresh rate.

• Try a different display adapter or monitor, or test on a different PC.

108

Chapter Summary

• Resolution is a function of horizontal pixels, vertical lines, and the refresh rate.

• Traditional monitors with CRTs have higher resolutions but take more desk space.

• FPDs require special graphics adapters.• Monitors enclose very high voltages, which can be

lethal.• The video card is the interface between the

expansion bus and the monitor.• 24-bit cards with VRAM or WRAM are required for

true color.

109

Chapter Overview

• Printer basics

• Printer ports

• Dot-matrix printers

• Ink-jet printers

• Laser printers

110

Printer Basics

• Printer resolution

• Speed

• Graphics and printer-language support

• Paper capacity

• Duty cycle

• Printer memory

• Cost of paper

• Cost of consumables

111

Common Printer Terms

• American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

• Font• Line print terminal (LPT) port• Laser Jet Printer Control Language (PCL)• PostScript• Resolution enhancement• Printing orientation• Duplexing

112

Printer Ports

• Ports can be serial, Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), or parallel, although parallel is the most common.

• The parallel port consists of a 25-pin male plug.• Parallel ports have some disadvantages.

– The data transfer rate is only 150 KB per second.– The parallel port uses system resources while

printing.– Parallel cables have a maximum effective length of 10

feet.

113

Dot-Matrix Printers

114

Maintaining a Dot-Matrix Printer

• Change the ribbon.

• Keep the printer clean.

• Keep the print head clean.

• Replace the print head if it fails.

115

Troubleshooting Dot-Matrix Printers

116

Ink-Jet Printers

• Spray ink onto paper to form images

• Provide good-quality, reasonably fast printing

• Produce color as well as black-and-white images

• Have replaced dot-matrix and thermal wax printers in the low-end market

117

Maintaining an Ink-Jet Printer

• Keep the printer clean.

• Replace ink cartridges as needed.

118

Troubleshooting Ink-Jet Printers

119

Laser Printers

• Are nonimpact devices that precisely place toner on paper

• Range from low-volume, personal use to high-volume, multiuser use

• Are similar to office copiers• Are more expensive to purchase, but

cheaper to operate• Use toner, which is more permanent than

ink

120

Laser Printer Components

• Paper transport

• Logic circuits

• User interface

• Toner and toner cartridges

• Photosensitive drum

• Laser beam

• Primary corona

• Transfer corona

• Fuser rollers

• Erase lamp

• Power supply

• Drivers and software

121

Computer-to-Printer Communication

1. The operating system sends a request to the printer.

2. The printer informs the operating system that it is online and ready to accept data.

3. The PC starts sending data.4. The printer informs the computer of any

problems it encountered.5. After the job is complete, the printer

acknowledges the receipt of all data.

122

The Laser Printing Process

123

Laser Printer Resolution

• High resolution means better quality printing.• Resolution is measured in dots per inch (dpi).• Horizontal and vertical resolution are generally

equal and are expressed as one measurement.– Resolution 600 = 600 dpi 600 dpi – Resolution 1200 = 1200 dpi 1200 dpi  

• Draft mode saves toner by printing at lower resolution.

124

Troubleshooting Laser Printers

• Ghost images• Black page• Black spots or streaks• Marks on every page• Printing too light• Memory overflow

error• Incomplete characters

• Melted plastic• Creased pages• Warped, overprinted,

or poorly formed characters

• Persistent paper jam indication

• Continued paper jam

125

Hardware Problems

• Print diagnostic and configuration information.

• Check for– Status lights– Menu warnings– Error messages

• Use the manual to translate problems indicated by the printer display.

126

Chapter Summary

• Dot-matrix printers are still used for printing multiple copies at once.

• Ink-jet printers provide good quality at an inexpensive price.

• Laser printers are more expensive initially but cheaper per page.

• Most printer problems can be resolved quickly by checking for incorrect connections, correcting improper use, or fixing paper jams.

• Key components of a laser printer are the photosensitive drum, erase lamp, primary corona, laser beam, transfer corona, and fuser rollers.

127

Types of Portables

• Today’s laptops compare favorably with desktop systems in many ways.

• Laptop computers feature a folding liquid crystal display (LCD), a built-in keyboard, and a pointing device.

• Notebook computers can use docking ports to overcome limitations.

• Subnotebook (palmtop) computers are limited in function.

128

Computer Cards

129

Portable Computer Hardware

130

Portable Computer Hardware (Cont.)

131

USB Ports

• Universal serial bus (USB) ports make it easier to add new devices to portables.

• The hot-swap capability supports printers, scanners, and other products.

• PMCIA USB cards also support older portables.

132

Batteries

• Nickel cadmium (NiCad) batteries are the oldest technology.

• Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are used in low-end systems.

• Lithium ion batteries last longer and are used in high-end systems.

• Lithium polymer, the newest technology, increases battery life and decreases weight.

• Proper battery disposal is important.

133

Power Management

• Suspend mode

• Hibernate mode

• Advanced Power Management (APM) standard

• Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) standard

134

Chapter Summary

• Portable computers include laptops, notebooks, and subnotebooks (palmtops).

• Different types of PC Cards provide support for a variety of functions.

• Display screens for portables are either dual-scan or active-matrix.

• USB ports make it possible to hot swap different USB devices.

• Power management has two modes: suspend and hibernate.

135

Modem Basics

• A modem allows computers to communicate over telephone lines by modulating and demodulating signals.

• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) uses a terminal adapter (TA) for high-speed digital connections.

• You should understand the following terms: Baud rate Bits per second (bps) IP address

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

136

Communication

137

Digital Communication

• Asynchronous communication does not use a common data clock.

• Synchronous communication uses the system clock at timed intervals.

138

How Communication Protocols Work

139

Hardware

• Internal modems

• Universal serial bus (USB) modems

• External analog modems

140

ISDN Terminal Adapters

• ISDN is an all-digital phone connection that carries voice and high-speed data transmissions.

• ISDN uses a TA instead of a modem.

• TAs are difficult to install.

141

The RS-232 Port

• The Electronic Industries Association (EIA) developed the RS-232 standard for low-speed data communication.

• The RS-232 cable uses either a 25-pin or 9-pin connector.

142

Telephone-Line Basics for Modems

• Half-duplex uses RJ-11 and has two wires, so it can send or receive only one signal at a time.

• Full-duplex uses RJ-12 and has four wires, so it can simultaneously send and receive.

• Multifunction modems can send faxes and handle voice mail.

143

Modem Installation

• Installing an internal modem expansion card requires you to check settings, install the board and drivers, and set up the command set.

• Installing an external modem requires you to connect to a COM port, plug in the cabling, and configure the software.

144

Modem Speeds

• Modem speed is measured in baud rate and bps.

• Baud rate is the number of voltage or frequency changes per second.

• Bps is the actual number of bits that are transmitted per baud cycle.

• CCITT (Comité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique) sets modem speed standards.

145

Fax Speeds

• Groups 1 and 2 pertain to slower analog devices.

• Group 3 is for digital equipment.

• Group 4 allows the highest resolution of output.

146

Information Transfer Protocols

• American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is an old protocol that uses the standard ASCII character set.

• Kermit was an early synchronous protocol that is rarely used today.

• Xmodem transfers data in 128-byte blocks and uses parity error checking.

• Ymodem transfers data in 1024-byte blocks.• Zmodem adds new features: crash recovery,

automatic downloading, and streaming file transfer.

147

Handshaking

• Handshaking negotiates the communication rules between modems.

• Modems on both ends must agree on the rules.

• Modems can handle flow control through hardware or software.

• Hardware flow control is faster and more dependable.

148

Modem Standards

• Modem standards include error detection and data compression standards.

• Manufacturers and standards committees develop communication standards.

• Bell Telephone developed early modem standards 103 and 212A.

• CCITT modem standards are commonly known as Vdot standards.

• The V.90 standard has replaced K56flex and x2 as the 56-Kbps modem standard.

149

Modem Commands

• The Hayes AT command set is an unofficial standard.

• Commands can be used for troubleshooting.

• The computer must be in terminal mode to use these commands.

150

Troubleshooting

151

Troubleshooting (Cont.)

152

The Internet

• The Internet is a worldwide network that uses TCP/IP.

• The World Wide Web (WWW) is a subset of the Internet.

• Web sites are hosted by computers that house the content.

• A browser is client software designed to access the WWW.

153

Electronic Mail

• E-mail requires the following: – E-mail server – User account on that server– Client program to send and receive e-mail– Account information

• You can configure a client program to automatically download e-mail.

154

Internet Protocols and Services

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used to transfer files.• TCP/IP is the standard suite of protocols used on the

Internet.• Each host on an IP network requires a unique 32-bit

binary address.• Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide the connection

between dial-up users and the Internet.• Domain Name System (DNS) identifies domain names

on the Internet.• A DNS server matches DNS names to IP addresses.

155

Getting Connected

• Different types of connections require different hardware and support.

• A firewall between a computer and the Internet provides security.

• ISPs provide services and connections.

• A browser allows you to access and view Web pages.

156

Using the PING Command

157

Chapter Summary

• Modems convert parallel digital data to and from serial analog data.

• Modems can be installed internally or externally.• Modem speeds are measured in bps.• AT commands are used to manually communicate with

and test a modem.• The Internet provides information and services that are

made available through browsers.• The Internet uses DNS and TCP/IP to route traffic.• The PING command can be used to troubleshoot IP

networks.

158

BIOS

159

Boot Sequence

160

Chips – Conversion of Data

161

Video Adopter

162

Preparing to Upgrade: the Configuration Sheet

163

Sample computer configuration sheet (Students to fill the information in next

three slides for their systems)• Computer name ……………………………….• BIOS ……………………………….• Primary Users ……………………………….• Processor ……………………………….• RAM ……………………………….• Monitor ……………………………….• Sound Card ……………………………….• Cache ……………………………….• Video Card ……………………………….• Modem ……………………………….

164

Contd.

Device IRQ I/O Base Address

DMA channel

Device drivers

165

Contd

Drive Cylinders Heads Sector/Track

Capacity Partitions

166

Chapter Overview

• The Right Tools for the Job

• Planning and Performing Regular Maintenance

• Maintaining the Windows System Environment

167

Assembling a Complete Toolkit

• Good preparation can save hours of guessing and frustration.

• A complete toolkit includes the following: – Hardware toolkit– Software toolkit– Spare parts– Technical library

168

Hardware Toolkit

• Screwdrivers• Torx driver• Nut driver• Tweezers• Needlenose

pliers• Chip removers• Tube or plastic

bag• Compressed air

• Electrostatic discharge (ESD) tools

• Multimeter• Flashlight• Hemostats• Power-on self test

(POST) card• Laptop computer and

phone cord• Blank floppy disks

169

Software Toolkit

• Bootable floppy disk with essential files

• Additional files on disk as needed

• Operating system disks

• Software utilities

170

Spare Parts

• Power supply

• 1.44-MB floppy disk drive

• Display card

• Cables

• Goodie bag

171

Technical Library

• Documentation and manuals

• Notes and research from previous jobs and technical training

• Other resources, such as Microsoft TechNet

172

Outside Resources

• Attend seminars and get further technical training.

• Network with colleagues, using e-mail and newsgroups.

• Search the World Wide Web.• Locate private Internet forums specific to your

interests.• Practice to keep your skills sharp.• Read technical books, magazines, and

e-zines.

173

Technical Support

• Telephone– Generally for novice and home users– More effective if you have the problem

computer in front of you when you call– Usually provided free for a limited time only

• Online – Web sites– Online forums– Troubleshooting wizards

174

Working Safely

175

Power and Safety

• Power is the primary safety hazard in servicing computers.

• ESD can destroy sensitive equipment.

• A properly grounded computer prevents transmission of electromagnetic interference (EMI).

• High voltages often exist in power supplies and monitors.

176

Guidelines when Working with Computer Equipment

• Avoid wearing jewelry.

• Do not use liquids around electrical equipment.

• Do not use 3 prong-to-2 prong power plug adapters.

• Replace worn or damaged power cords immediately.

• Do not rest anything on a power cord.

• Avoid using extension cords.

• Keep electrical covers intact.

• Keep air vents clear.• Do not remove

covers from high-voltage items unless absolutely necessary.

177

Fire

• If a fire is not extinguished within 30 seconds, exit the building and then call for help.

• Know the emergency procedures at your workplace.

• Know the nearest fire exits and the location of fire extinguishers.

• Know how to use the right fire extinguishers for each type of fire.

• Avoid overloading electrical outlets.

178

Environmental Issues

• Batteries

• Toner and cartridge kits

• Circuit boards

• Chemical solvents

• Monitors (cathode-ray tubes, or CRTs)

179

Developing Maintenance Plans and Procedures

• Develop and document logical plans and procedures for every class of computer and operating system in your organization.

• Develop a regular maintenance plan.

• Automate tasks where possible.

• Keep proper records.

180

Cleaning

• A computer-friendly environment is basically dust-free, smoke-free, well-ventilated, and temperature- and humidity-controlled.

• Clean non–computer-friendly areas more frequently.

• Try to improve non–computer-friendly environments.

• Assemble a basic cleaning kit.

181

Monitors

• Periodically clean and dust monitors.• Use simple cleaning solutions such as one drop of

dishwashing liquid in one quart of water. • Do not use sprays, solvents, or commercial cleansers.• Use a screen saver or power-conservation features.• Do not work inside a monitor cabinet unless specifically

trained.• Do not change settings or operate the monitor with the

cover removed.

182

Hard Disk Drives

• Avoid rough handling.

• Do not move the hard disk drive while platters are spinning.

• Do not expose hard disk drive internals to open air and dust.

• Perform regular data backups and disk maintenance tasks.

183

Floppy Disk Drives

• Guard against environmental and mechanical damage.

• Replace rather than fix floppy disk drives.

• Do not expose disks to magnets.

• Do not touch the surface of a floppy disk.

• Avoid smoking near a computer.

• Clean read/write heads with special head-cleaning disks and solutions.

184

Keyboards and Pointing Devices

• Keep keyboards and pointing devices clean to prolong their life.

• Avoid drinks around keyboards.• Use a handheld vacuum to clean dust

from keyboard crevices.• Avoid spray cleaners.• Remove the ball of a mouse or trackball

and clean the rollers. • Avoid touching the end of a light pen.

185

Dot-Matrix Printers

• Adjust print-head spacing and tension on the print-head positioning belt.

• Clean the print head, roller surfaces, platen, and gear train of the paper-handling motor.

• Lubricate gears with light oil on a foam swab and turn the platen to distribute oil.

• Lubricate rails with light oil and move the carriage assembly to distribute oil.

186

Ink-Jet Printers

• Adjust the print-head spacing and tension on the print-head positioning belt.

• Clean the printer and its mechanisms, roller surfaces, the platen, the ink-jet print head, and the gear train of the paper-handling motor.

• Lubricate gears with light oil on a foam swab and turn the platen to distribute oil.

• Lubricate rails with light oil and move the carriage assembly to distribute oil.

187

Laser Printers

• Vacuum to remove dust and toner buildup from the interior.

• Clean rollers with a damp cloth and clean the gear train with a foam swab.

• Lubricate gears with light oil and distribute oil through the gear train.

• Clean the writing mechanism thoroughly with compressed air.

• Wipe the laser lens with lint-free wipes to remove fingerprints and stains.

• Clean the corona wires with a foam swab dipped in alcohol.

188

Preventive Maintenance Schedule

189

Preventive Maintenance Schedule (Cont.)

190

Types of Viruses

• File infectors

• Boot sector viruses

• Trojan horses

• Macro viruses

• Polymorphic viruses

191

Guidelines for Antivirus Programs

• Get the right version for the operating system.• Consider enabling the basic input/output system

(BIOS) setting that disables boot-sector writes.• Use caution with unknown floppy disks and

computers.• When connected to the Internet, run an antivirus

program at all times.• When loading programs, trust no one.• Keep the antivirus program updated.

192

Disk Cleanup

193

Using Scandisk for Drive Integrity

194

Organizing Files with Disk Defragmenter

195

File Backups

• Data loss is inevitable because drives fail and critical files become corrupt.

• Developing a good backup plan is one of your most valuable services.

• Automating backups wherever possible ensures that they happen.

• Microsoft Windows ships with a built-in backup program.

• You can back up to tape, another hard disk drive, or removable media.

196

Backup Types

197

Backup Plan Issues

• Select hardware based on the amount of data and frequency of backup.

• Use different backup types to balance backup and restore times.

• Use normal backup at regular intervals, with incremental or differential backups between normal backups.

198

Backup Plan Gotchas

• Store backup copies in a safe, environmentally sound location.

• Make sure copies are secure.• Keep long-term backups as protection

against virus attacks.• Make sure that critical files are not open at

backup time.• Make sure that new backup components

work with old backup copies.

199

Using Windows Backup Tools

200

Backing Up Registry and Core System Files

• In Microsoft Windows 2000 and Microsoft Windows NT, select the System State option. – This option requires proper permissions.– System state data can only be backed up

locally.

• In Microsoft Windows 98 and Microsoft Windows Me, use the Registry Checker command-line application.

201

The Windows System File Checker

• Tracks changes to all system files and ensures that any replacement files are valid

• Notifies the system administrator when improper file replacement is attempted

• Verifies the integrity of system files

• Extracts and replaces corrupt or missing files

202

Creating ERDs and Startup Disks

• All Windows 98 installations should have a startup floppy disk. – The same startup floppy disk can be used on

multiple computers.– A startup disk can be created using Add/Remove

Programs in Control Panel.

• All Microsoft Windows 2000 installations should have an ERD.– An ERD can be used only on the computer it was

created for.– An ERD can be created using the Windows 2000

backup utility.

203

Chapter Summary

• Assemble a complete toolkit.

• Advance your skills.

• Practice preventive maintenance.

• Develop a backup plan.

• Protect against viruses.

• Regularly test, repair, and defragment the hard disk drive and the file system.

204

Chapter Overview

• Computer Disassembly and Reassembly

• Upgrading a Computer

205

Preparing to Work on a Computer

• Documentation is key to preparation.

• Collect the following before starting a job: – Computer configuration sheet– Computer and motherboard documentation– List of all installed expansion cards – Operating system (OS) documentation– A plan of action that includes a checklist of

tasks, tools, and parts

206

Questions to Ask Before Starting a Job

• Is this the right computer?• Why am I taking it apart?• Do I have everything necessary to do the job?• Do I need more information before starting

the job?• Are there any proprietary hardware

components in this machine?• Do any of these tasks require the assistance

of a third-party technician?

207

Tools and Components

• Assemble a toolkit that contains standard tools and a DOS boot floppy disk.

• During planning, ensure that you have all items required.

• Have on hand: – The original OS disks– A rescue disk for the version of Microsoft

Windows you are working with– The correct utilities for the OS version – Virus-checking utilities, with up-to-date

signature files

208

Disassembling a Computer

• Removing the computer case gives you access to memory, expansion slots and cards, and the CPU.

• Each computer brand has some custom components or layout.

• Use the manual and other documentation that came with the computer.

• The extent to which you have to disassemble a computer depends on the specific problem or repair.

209

Procedure for Disassembling a Computer

1. Make a complete backup of necessary OS and working files.

2. Document the system (hardware and software).

3. Create a clean work area with plenty of room and light.

4. Gather all the necessary tools for the job. 5. Implement all proper safety procedures. 6. Turn off the computer.

210

Procedure for Disassembling a Computer (Cont.)

7. Disconnect the power cables.

8. Wear an antistatic wrist-grounding strap.

9. Locate the screws for the cover.

10.Remove the screws.

11.Remove the cover from the computer.

12.Document the location of expansion cards and drives.

211

Procedure for Disassembling a Computer (Cont.)

13.Remove all the cards and place them in antistatic bags.

14.Document the location and connections for each drive.

15.Remove the interface and power connection cables.

16.Remove the drives from their bays.

17.Remove the motherboard.

212

Reassembling a Computer

• Follow the disassembly procedure in reverse order.

• Do not force connectors into place. • Do not force expansion cards into the slots. • When removing cables, remember the pin 1

locations.• Connect the cables to the drives before installing

the drives in the bays.• Test the system before replacing the cover.

213

Preparing to Upgrade: the Configuration Sheet

214

Memory

• As programs and hardware get faster, memory is more important.

• Memory upgrades are simple to perform.• Purchasing the right type of memory is critical.• Consider memory chip format, speed, extended data out

random access memory (EDO RAM), parity, and cache memory.

• Check the motherboard documentation to determine the memory type, population scheme, and location of memory slots.

• Two basic formats for memory are single inline memory modules (SIMMs) and dual inline memory modules (DIMMs).

215

SIMM Formats

• Contains memory in 8-bit chunks• A 32-bit processor requires four SIMMs

Contains memory in 32-bit chunks A 32-bit processor requires one SIMM

30-Pin SIMM30-Pin SIMM

72-Pin SIMM72-Pin SIMM

216

DIMM Formats

• DIMMs are easier to install than SIMMs.

• A “key” or notch cut into one edge prevents incorrect installation.

• When you buy a DIMM, you must know the exact memory type.

• DIMMs are found in larger memory sizes than SIMMs.

217

Memory Considerations

• Memory speed is measured in nanoseconds (one-billionth of a second). – The lower the number, the faster the chip speed.– All chips in the same computer should run at the

same speed.– Typical speeds are 50, 60, 70, and 80 nanoseconds.– The motherboard documentation should list the

appropriate speed.

218

EDO RAM

• EDO RAM can improve read times and overall performance by up to 30 percent.

• The chip outputs data from one address while setting up a new address.

219

Parity

• Parity is used to check the reliability of data. – Parity requires an additional bit.– Memory can be purchased with or without parity;

the cost is higher with parity.– System specifications indicate if parity is

required.– Parity and nonparity chips cannot be mixed.– Some systems allow parity to be turned on or off

in the basic input/output system (BIOS).

220

Cache Memory

• L1 cache is built into the processor and cannot be changed.

• L2 cache can be built into the processor or on the motherboard.

• Check the motherboard documentation to determine if you can upgrade the L2 cache.

221

Installing a SIMM

222

CPU Upgrades

• CPU upgrades are becoming less common.• The first task is to determine if the CPU can be

upgraded and which CPU upgrade will work.• The motherboard documentation specifies compatible

CPUs.• Check on required BIOS upgrades or jumper

settings.• A new motherboard is required for upgrading a 386 to

a Pentium or a Pentium to a Pentium III, or for CPUs from different manufacturers.

223

General Procedure for Installing a CPU

1. Turn off the computer and unplug the power cord.

2. Disconnect external devices (AC power and monitor power).

3. Follow the appropriate electrostatic discharge (ESD) safety precautions.

4. Remove the cover of the computer.5. Locate the socket for the CPU on the

motherboard. 6. Remove the old processor.

224

General Procedure for Installing a CPU (Cont.)

7. Install the new processor by aligning the chip properly.

8. Set any jumpers or switches on the motherboard. 9. Reconnect any peripherals (keyboard, mouse,

monitor).10. Replace the cover and power up the computer.11. Make changes to the BIOS, if required, using the

complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) setup program.

225

Additional Considerations for Installing a New CPU

• Some CPU upgrades require installing a new voltage regulator and cooling fan.

• In motherboards that support more than one CPU, all CPUs must be of the same type and from the same manufacturer.

• Some Pentium II and later motherboards have a special card that is inserted in any empty CPU slot.

226

Expansion Cards

• Install an expansion card to add faster video, add more ports, or improve sound quality.

• Ensure that the expansion card will work in the system to be upgraded.

• Ensure that the appropriate drivers are available for the OS.

227

Considerations for Installing an Expansion Card

• Ensure that adding a new card is the most cost-effective way to upgrade.

• If no expansion slots are available, free up space by – Replacing single-port cards with one

multifunction card– Using a Small Computer System Interface

(SCSI) card and a chain of SCSI devices– Using a universal serial bus (USB) if available

228

Considerations for Installing an Expansion Card (Cont.)

• Ensure that the card fits in the slot and matches the bus type of the motherboard.

• Document available I/O ports and interrupt requests (IRQs) on the system.

• Ensure that enough RAM is available to support the device and driver.

• Ensure that a direct memory access (DMA) channel is available if required.

• Identify potential conflicts with other cards and devices.

• Obtain the appropriate driver for the OS.

229

Installing a Non–Plug and Play Expansion Card

1. Read the expansion card documentation and note special requirements.

2. Check the computer configuration to determine available I/O addresses and IRQs.

3. Configure jumpers or switches on the card if required.

4. Turn off the computer and unplug the power cord.

230

Installing a Non–Plug and Play Expansion Card (Cont.)

5. Follow the appropriate ESD safety precautions.

6. Remove the cover from the computer.

7. Install the card in a free slot and power up the computer.

8. Replace the cover.

9. Power up the computer.

10.Install any software drivers or applications.

231

Installing a Plug and Play Expansion Card

• Plug and Play allows for changes to computer configuration with minimal intervention.

• Plug and Play devices allow the system to configure the card.

• To allow Plug and Play devices to work immediately, the computer hardware, OS, and card must all be Plug and Play compliant.

• Some systems require enabling Plug and Play in the system BIOS.

232

Considerations for Installing Hard Disk Drives

• Ensure that the drive fits. If not, use a SCSI, USB, or parallel port interface drive.

• Ensure that the system BIOS supports the size of the new drive.

• Ensure that the drive controller supports the new drive.

• Ensure that you have enough cables to install the drive.

233

Preparing to Install an Integrated Device Electronics

(IDE) Drive • Hardware preparation consists of ensuring

that – You have the correct drive– The drive fits into the computer– You have the proper cables to connect the

drive

• Software preparation consists of having a floppy boot disk with the format and fdisk utilities.

234

Installing an IDE Drive

1. Collect all necessary documentation for the drive and computer.

2. Back up any data you want to keep.

3. Turn off the computer and unplug the power cord.

4. Follow the appropriate ESD precautions.

5. Open the computer case.

235

Installing an IDE Drive (Cont.)

6. Check the documentation and set the jumpers for the drive, if required.

7. Connect the cable to the drives.

236

Installing an IDE Drive (Cont.)

8. Connect the power connection cable.

9. Install the drive in its bay.

10.Reconnect the computer power and boot up the system. Run the CMOS setup program if necessary.

237

Additional IDE Drive Installation Considerations

• Set up and test a drive before final installation in the bay.

• Avoid ESD and protect the drive from overheating.

• Use disk management software in older systems that require it.

238

Additional Steps After the Physical Installation

1. Boot the computer from the bootable floppy disk, and run fdisk to create and set the partitions.

2. Format the drive. If it is the only drive, format it with system files.

3. Replace the cover on the computer.

239

Operating System Driver Installation

• Device driver setup is no longer a complex task.

• Microsoft Windows 98, Microsoft Windows Me, and Microsoft Windows 2000 have reduced the need for manual intervention.

• Windows recognizes and configures Plug and Play devices automatically.

• A wizard installs the appropriate drivers and resolves any device issues.

240

Using the Add/Remove Hardware Wizard

241

Motherboard Installation Considerations

• Replacing the motherboard may be the most inexpensive way to completely overhaul a computer.

• Some motherboards are proprietary and can be replaced only with one made by the same manufacturer.

• The motherboard must fit into the existing case. • The motherboard must have the same built-in COM and

LPT ports as the old one.• You should determine if the new motherboard has a

built-in video card.

242

Motherboard Installation Considerations (Cont.)

• The new motherboard must accommodate the existing expansion cards.

• The power supply connector should be as close to the power supply as possible.

• The existing drives must work with controllers on the new motherboard.

• The memory on the old motherboard must work with the new one.

• The upgrade should meet your current and future requirements.

243

Replacing a Motherboard

• Replacing a motherboard is similar to building a computer.

• The procedure is as follows: 1. Complete an installation checklist.

2. Follow the steps for disassembling a computer.

3. Check the settings on the new motherboard.

244

Replacing a Motherboard (Cont.)

4. Install the new motherboard.

5. Reconnect the case switches.

6. Follow the steps for computer reassembly (outlined in Slide 9).

7. Test the computer to ensure that it boots.

8. Complete the final testing and close the case.

245

Chapter Summary

• Preparation is key to a successful upgrade or repair. Document everything.

• Have a complete toolkit and take safety and ESD precautions.

• Memory is probably the simplest upgrade performed by a technician.

• Installing a new CPU and installing an expansion card are common ways to upgrade older computers.

• Installing a new drive is not difficult when you follow the procedure carefully.

• Installing a new motherboard completely overhauls the computer.