hail to the chief
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Hail to the ChiefHail to the Chief
Jumpstart Assignment
Describe the following political cartoon.
Describe What’s Happening in the Cartoon
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Executive Branch: Inception
• The Articles of Confederation: combined executive and legislative branches
• The Virginia Plan: proposed separate executive and legislative branches
• Some feared a strong executive branch could lead to tyranny or monarchy
• Checks on executive power Pennsylvania delegate James Wilson
Demographic Characteristics of U.S.
Presidents• 100% male• 97% Caucasian• 97% Protestant• 82% of British
ancestry• 77% college educated
• 70% politicians• 63% lawyers• >50% from the top 3%
wealth and social class• 0.5% born into
poverty• 69% elected from
large states
http://www.presidentsusa.net
Constitutional Qualifications Must be at least
35 years old
Must have lived in the United States for 14 years
Must be a natural born citizen
And that’s it!!!
The President’s Term• Until 1951, the Constitution placed no limit on the number of
terms a President might serve.• Presidents limited the number of terms served to two. This
tradition was broken by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 when he ran for and won a third term in office. He then went on to be elected to a fourth term in 1944.
• The 22nd Amendment placed limits on presidential terms. A President now may not be elected more than twice or only once if they became President due to succession.
Chapter 13, Section 1Chapter 13, Section 1
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Presidential Term of Office
• The two-term precedent• The 22nd Amendment
President Franklin D. Roosevelt was
elected to four terms
George Washington set
the two-term precedent
Presidential Benefits $400,000 taxable salary $50,000/year expense
account $100,000/year travel
expenses The White House Secret Service
protection Camp David country
estate Air Force One personal
airplane Staff of 400-500
Christmas at the White House, 2004
Presidential RolesPresidential Roles
Head of StateHead of State
Chief Diplomat; Symbol of the US Chief Diplomat; Symbol of the US
Head of StateHead of State
Queen Elizabeth and President Reagan, 1983
President Kennedy speaks at Berlin Wall, 1963
Chief ExecutiveChief Executive
Administrator of the federal government Administrator of the federal government
Chinese Presidents Visit to the US
Chief ExecutiveChief Executive
President Bush holds cabinet meeting in October, 2005
President Clinton with Janet Reno, the first female Attorney General,
February, 1993
Commander in ChiefCommander in Chief
Civilian commander of the US Armed Forces
Civilian commander of the US Armed Forces
Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-Chief
President Bush aboard U.S.S. Lincoln, May, 2003
President Johnson decorates a soldier in Vietnam, October, 1966
Chief LegislatorChief Legislator
National agenda setter; proposes bills for consideration in Congress
National agenda setter; proposes bills for consideration in Congress
Chief LegislatorChief Legislator
President Clinton delivers the State of the Union Address, 1997
President Roosevelt signs into law the Social Security Act, 1935
Political Party LeaderPolitical Party Leader
Head of the party who assists in member’s elections or appointment to office
Head of the party who assists in member’s elections or appointment to office
Barack Obama delivers his Inaugural address in front millions in Washington and millions more on worldwide TV.
Political Party LeaderPolitical Party Leader
President Reagan & Vice-President Bush accepting their party’s nomination in 1980
Crisis ManagerCrisis Manager
Lead country through disasters, both natural and man-made
Lead country through disasters, both natural and man-made
President Barack Obama wipes away a tear during his speech at the event "Together We Thrive: Tucson and America" honoring the January 8, 2011 shooting victims
Crisis ManagerCrisis Manager
Vice-President Johnson sworn in aboard Air Force One
after President Kennedy’s assassination, 1963
President Bush at Ground Zero after 9-11
Moral PersuaderMoral Persuader
The White House as a bully pulpit (From President T. Roosevelt, meaning a platform from which to persuasively advocate and agenda. Word “bully” means superior.”
The White House as a bully pulpit (From President T. Roosevelt, meaning a platform from which to persuasively advocate and agenda. Word “bully” means superior.”
Moral PersuaderMoral Persuader
President Lincoln during the Civil War, 1862
President Roosevelt and the “Bully Pulpit,” 1910
Role of the Vice PresidentRole of the Vice President
Role of the Vice PresidentRole of the Vice President____ 1. The vice president is also the president of the Senate._____2. The vice president is also head of the judicial branch and presides over the Supreme Court.____ 3. The vice president and cabinet are part of the legislative branch.____ 4. The vice president is first in the line of succession to the presidency.____ 5. The Constitution notes only one official role for the vice president.____ 6. The qualifications for the vice presidency are not the same as those for the presidency.____ 7. The vice president administers the oath of office to the president.
Presidential Disability
Chapter 13, Section 2Chapter 13, Section 2
• Sections 3 and 4 of the 25th Amendment provide procedures to follow when the President is disabled.
• The Vice President is to become acting President if:(1) the President informs Congress, in writing, “that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office,” or (2) the VP and a majority of the members of the Cabinet inform Congress, in writing, that the President is thus incapacitated.
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The 25th Amendment
• Deals with instances in which the president dies or becomes disabled
• Established an order of succession
• Set rules for choosing a new vice-president
Lyndon Johnson takes the presidential oath of office after the
assassination of JFK
Presidential Succession Act of 1947 Provides an official line of Provides an official line of
succession should succession should something happen to the something happen to the President or Vice President.President or Vice President.
Non-Natural-Born citizens are ineligible Must have been confirmed by Senate 14 VP’s have went on to become
President. 5 of our last 11 Presidents were once VP.
Vice President
Joe Biden-D
Speaker of the House
John Boehner - R
President Pro Tempore of the Senate
Patrick Leahy-D
Secretary of State
John Kerry-D
Secretary of the Treasury Jacob Lew-Ind
Presidential Powers of the United States
Constitutional Powers
Powers/duties are very limited “executive power” – enact/enforce
law1. Military Power2. Diplomatic Power3. Appointment Power4. Veto Power
Formal Powers of the President
Constitutional or enumerated powers of the presidency
Found primarily in Article II of the Constitution
Formal Powers: Commander-in-Chief
(National Security Powers)
Commander in Chief of the Army & Navy Commander in Chief of the state militias (now
the National Guard) Commission all officers
Formal Powers: Commander-in-Chief -
Examples Abraham Lincoln as Commander in
Chief during Civil War FDR during WWII Eisenhower sends army to
segregate HS in Little Rock, AR (1957)
George W. Bush deploys National Guard reservists in Iraq
Formal Powers: Chief Executive(Administrative Powers)
“Faithfully execute” the laws Require the opinion of heads of executive
departments Grant pardons for federal offenses except for
cases of impeachment Nominate judges of the Supreme Court and all
other officers of the U.S. with consent of the Senate
Fill vacancies that may happen during recess of the Senate
Formal Powers: Chief Executive -
Examples Washington created the first cabinet
(1789) President Ford pardoned Richard
Nixon (1974) President Reagan appoints first
female Supreme Court Justice (1981)
Formal Powers:Foreign Affairs(National Security Powers)
Appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls
Make treaties subject to Senate confirmation
Receive ambassadors
Formal Powers:Foreign Affairs -
Examples President Kennedy negotiates the
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the USSR
Formal Powers: Chief Legislator(Legislative Powers)
Give State of the Union address to Congress
Recommend “measures” (legislation) to the Congress
Upon “extraordinary occasions” convene both houses of Congress
Adjourn Congress if House and Senate can not agree on adjournment
Formal Powers:Chief Legislator (cont.)
Presidential Veto
Veto Message within 10 days of passing the House of origin
Pocket Veto - President does not sign within 10 days
Congress can override with 2/3 majority from both Houses
Veto Politics Congressional override is difficult (only 4%)
Threat of veto can cause Congress to make changes in legislation
Formal Powers:Chief Legislator -
Examples George Washington gave the first
State of the Union address FDR and the New Deal Obama and Stimulus Plan
JUDICIAL POWERS Grant reprieves and pardons for
federal offenses (except impeachment)
Nominate federal judges (including Supreme Court Justices), who are confirmed by the Senate
• Those powers not explicitly written in the Constitution
• Similar to “necessary and proper” powers of Congress
• In the modern era (since 1933), the President’s informal powers may be significantly more powerful than his formal powers
Informal Powers
Executive Orders• Orders issued by the
President that carry the force of law
• Clinton’s “Don’t ask don’t tell” gays in the military policy
• FDR’s internment of Japanese Americans
• GWB trying suspected terrorists in military tribunals
Notice for Japanese “relocation,” 1942
Executive Agreements
• International agreements, usually related to trade, made by a president that has the force of a treaty; does NOT need Senate approval
• Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana in 1803 • GWB announced cuts in
the nuclear arsenal, but not in a treaty; usually trade agreements between
US and other nations
Executive Privilege• Claim by a president that he has the right to decide
that the national interest will be better served if certain information is withheld from the public, including the Courts and Congress
• United States v. Nixon (1973) – presidents do NOT have unqualified executive privilege (Nixon Watergate tapes)
Questions for Discussion• Why are informal powers more important
than formal powers, particularly to modern presidents?
• Identify several advantages and disadvantages of the use of the president’s informal powers.
• Has the use and perhaps abuse of the informal powers created an “Imperial Presidency?” Defend your answer.
War & PeaceWar & Peace - Whose Power - Whose Power Is It?Is It?War & PeaceWar & Peace - Whose Power - Whose Power Is It?Is It?
The War Powers Struggle Between The War Powers Struggle Between the President and Congressthe President and Congress
Constitutionally Constitutionally Speaking:Speaking:
War PowersWar Powers
War Powers - PresidentWar Powers - PresidentCommander in Chief of the Army & NavyCommander in Chief of the state militias (now the
National Guard)Commission all
officersAppoint ambassadors,
ministers and consulsMake treaties subject to
senate confirmationReceive ambassadors
Indirect War Powers – President “Faithfully execute” the laws Require the opinion of heads of executive
departments Recommend “measures” to the congress Upon “extraordinary occasions” convene
both houses of congress
War Powers - Congress Declare war Raise & support army
& navy Ratify treaties (Senate) Advise & consent of
ambassadors (Senate) Make rules concerning
captures on land & water
Organize, arm, train & provide for the militia
Suppress insurrections & repel invasions
Indirect War Powers-Congress Make all laws necessary and proper for
carrying out the expressed powers of the Constitution
Regulate commerce with foreign nations Originate tax bill (House) Collect taxes, duties, excises (both Borrow (both) Define and punish offenses against the law
of nations
War Powers Resolution - Purpose Full intent of the framers Insure “collective judgment” between
Congress and the President occurs when US armed forces are introduced into hostilities
Cites necessary and proper clause to grant Congress authority in WPR
The War Powers ResolutionThe War Powers ResolutionThe War Powers ResolutionThe War Powers Resolution
1. President must consult w/ Congress before introducing armed forces into hostilities
2. Consult with Congress regularly until troops removed
3. If war not declared, President must submit report to Congress within 48 hours of troop deployment
4. President must remove troops after 60 days (+30 days for withdrawal) if Congress has not declared war
1. President must consult w/ Congress before introducing armed forces into hostilities
2. Consult with Congress regularly until troops removed
3. If war not declared, President must submit report to Congress within 48 hours of troop deployment
4. President must remove troops after 60 days (+30 days for withdrawal) if Congress has not declared war
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