h p n cern it pdp cern arie van praag igh erformance etworking to-day arie van praag cern it/adc...
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H P N
CERN IT PDP
CERN
ARIE VAN PRAAG
igh erformance etworking
E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
TO-D
AY
Arie Van Praag CERN IT/ADC1211 Geneva 23 SwitzerlandE-mail a.van.praag@cern.ch
1 High Performance Networking as sign of its time.A Historical Overview of Hardware and Protocols
2 Yesterdays High Performance NetworksUltranet, HIPPI, Fibre Channel, Myrinet, Gigabit Ethernet
3 GSN ( the first 10 Gbit/s network and secure )
Physical Layer, Error Correction, ST Protocol, SCSI-ST
4 Infiniband ( the imitating 2.5 – 30 Gbit/s interconnect )
Physical Layer, Protocols, Network Management
5 SONET and some facts about DWDM, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, Physical Layers, Coupling to the WAN
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
S O N E T1972 The first Electro optical specifications and synchronization protocol are
published by an industry consortium called :Synchronous Optical NETwork or SONET. Bandwidth 3.125 Mbit/s
1985 SONET was adapted by the ANSI standards body T1 X1
as Synchronous Fibre Optics Network for Digital communications.
1986 CCITT ( now ITU ) joined the movement.
Implemented Optical Level Europe Electrical Line Rate Payload Overhead H Equivalent
ITU Level (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps)
1989 OC - 1 --- STS - 1 51.840 50.112 1.728 ---
1992 OC - 3 SDH1 STS - 3 155.520 150.336 5.184 STM- 1
1995 OC - 12 SDH4 STS - 12 622.080 601.344 20.736 STM- 4
1999 OC - 48 SDH16 STS - 48 2488.320 2405.376 82.944 STM- 16
2002 OC-192 SDH48 STS-192 9953.280 9621.504 331.776 STM- 64
OC-768 SDH192 STS-768 39613.120 39486.016 1327.064 STM-256
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
StandardsSONET is a multitude of standards:
It defines the Physical transfer and the protocols; ATM, POS,
It defines hardware Interfaces at different levels; Utopia, XSBI, XAUI, etc.
It defines the Bandwidth running up with a factor 4; SONET/SDH
It defines Wavelength for DWDM.
It defines switching layers as proposed by ISO;Level 2 VLAN DA SALevel 3 IP AddressesLevel 4 SessionsLevel 5-7 URLs, H.323 information etc.
It defines routing and switching strategies such that different manufacturers stay compatible without limiting design freedom.
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
SONET - ATM
CONNECTPacket Packet PacketMessage Data
LLC OUI PID Data Payload PADING UU/CPI+ Length FCS
BYTES 3 3 2 0 - 65.527 0 – 47 4 4
BYTES 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48
ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM
GFC = Generic Flow ControlVPI = Virtual Path IdentifierVCI = Virtual Channel IdentifierPTI = Payload Type IdentifierCLP = Cell Loss Priority
GFC VPI VCI PTI CLP Data
Bits 4 8 12 3 1
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igh erformance etworking
E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
SONET - POS
CONNECTUser Frame User Frame User FrameMessage Data
TOHSOH Data Payload Flag
POH ADDR CNT ProtocolSAPI Data Payload FCS Flag
1 1 1 2 POS 0 - 1500 X85 0 - 1600 4 1
HDLC Frame Header
Data Space in POS mode up to 32 K – 65 KWill this be good place to put IP and Ethernet data ?
may belet’s see it with 10GE
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ARIE VAN PRAAG
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
DWDM
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
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ARIE VAN PRAAG
igh erformance etworking
E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
What is Wavelength Multiplexing
Sending Multiple colors ( wavelength ) over a single fiber
How is it done ( simplified )Old Technology:but still much used
By heating the laser the reflecting resonance cavity is expanded which changes the frequency.
Problem: Stability
Modern Technology:
Using MEMS technology the mirror is moved by electro static forces, and as such expands the lasing cavity.The laser can be tuned with a DC voltage.
Arrayed Wavelength Gratins = ¼ Selection Platealso called “Phase Array”or “Phaser Plate”
Graded IndexReflex Plate
Or
Holographic Diffraction Plate
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
How the AWG works
DWDM Input
Field Lens
Wave-Guides Single Color
outputs
Field Lens with¼ interference
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ARIE VAN PRAAG
igh erformance etworking
E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
Problems with DWDM FibersFibers are still a medium with a lot of critical parameters, such that ongoing research
is an important factor to limit theme to a minimum by choosing materials and doping, and optimise production methods.
Some Physical Problems Are:
Solutions: Much progress is made on connectors and on the fibers itself, better glass ( plastic ) material, sophisticated doping and cladding, and stress limiting production methods have limited most of this problems to a minimum.
Second Order Polarization Mode Dispersion: A dispersion of the polarization that is occasioned by chromatic Dispersion, only if there is Polarization Mode Dispersion. It is mainly a problem with very long distances.
Polarization Mode Dispersion: Simplified; Horizontal and Vertical polarization do not travel at the same speed which occasions pulse broadening. It is an unstable stochastic process that is due to all kind of stress on the fiber. It gets more sensitive at higher bit rates .
Chromatic Dispersion: The group delay per Unit Wavelength is not equal and gives different travel speeds to the channels. Chromatic Dispersion accumulates with distance.
Optical Return Loss: Change of material and interconnecting surfaces both reflect small parts of light, As different material may have a different index ( transfer speed ) a frequency shift is not excluded that may provoke cross-talk.
Brillouin Backscattering: Backwards reflexions from connectors and strong bends create in the laser an acoustic wave that travels in the fiber and occasions optical disturbances. The Doppler effect is source of frequency shift and increases the risk of cross talk or cross modulation.
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DWDM - EquipmentCapacity is up to 2048 and more Channels. Common in the Communication Industry is 1024
Each color with its modulation logic and its stabilization electronics is a plug in unit
Take 25 Units in a crate, and 10 crates in a rack = 4 racks Transmitters and 4 racks Receivers
CERN can solve its internal future data transport problems with bandwidth extension to 10 Gbit/s and higher using one stream per Fiber.
For external connections it is up to the Service Provider but 10GE in POS mode or 10GE in Native mode seems a good solution to communicate physics data to outside institutes and to handle GRID Data distribution.
Is DWDM technology a good solution for CERNTo ExpensiveTo ComplicatedTo Much MaintenanceTo Much Place
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
DWDM and some Simple Economic Aspects
Up to 1990 traffic was mainly some e-mail and remote maintenance.
1990 The web was born incrementing traffic. Fiber connections ware view, single stream and at best OC12/SDH4 at + 622 Mbit/s.
1995 – 2000 Enormous investments ware made in larger cables (1000 fibers and more). Cable laying ships ware build, and cables pulled all calculated at Single stream traffic.
1998 and later: bandwidth goes up OC48/SDH16 at 2.5 Gbit/s and even to OC192/SDH48 with 10 Gbit/s and DWDM and multiplies the capacity by 1000 such that a 100 fiber cable now moves 1 000 000 streams at 10 Gbit/s.Overcapacity let prices fall and communication companies go bankrupt on their enormous investments.
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
Optical Switching
LUCENT CALIENT
MIRRORS ARE POSITIONEDBY ANALOG VOLTAGES
THE LIGHT BEAM HAS TO BE TARGETED AT A SINGLE MODE FIBER OF A VIEW MICRONS.
Conclusion:EVEN IF INTEGRATED THIS WAY OF SWITCHING IS VERY SENSITIVE TO THE STEERING VOLTAGE AND TO TEMPERATURE
Can it be done more Reliable ?
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
More Stable Optical Routing Switches
Switching Speed + 12 msec.
OMM
If there is a On/Off Mechanism we are back to a Binary Function.
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
Solid State Optical SwitchIn Gallium Arsenid (GaAs) optical properties can be
influenced by an electric field.
The electrical influenced refraction index delays the passing light.
A voltage gradient in multiple waveguides turns the wavefront ( ¼ λ interference ) and with it the direction of the output beam.
The result is an “Optical Phase Array” or “Beam Deflector”
Can be produced with Semiconductor manufacturing technology, no moving parts.
Switching speed 20 to 30 nsec.
Fast enough to do IP routing of 10 Gbit/s and 40 Gbit/s networks.
Format independence gives high scalability.
Large switches possible ( 64 X 64 ) demonstrated.
128 wave-guides
* According to CHIARO Networks
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
10GE
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
10 Gigabit Ethernet
Standard IEEE 802.3ae is accepted 17 June 2002 June 2002First Commercial hardware: may be 4 Q 2002 2003
The 10 Gigabit Ethernet started in 1999 in the IEEE 802.3 working group
Study GroupFormed 802.3 Ballot80.3ae
FormedSponsor
Ballot
First Draft Final Draft 80.3aeStandard
1999 2000 2001 2002
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
Payload: 10 Gbit/s
10 GE Physical
Transfer: Full Duplex
Media: Fiber only ( for the moment at least )
PMD
PMAWIS
PCS 64B/66B PCS 8B/10BPCS 64B/66B
PMD
PMAPMD
PMA
MEDIUM10GBase-W
MEDIUM10Gbase-X
MEDIUM10GBase-R
XGMII
MDI MDI MDI
Physical Coding Sublayer
Physical Medium Attachment
Medium Dependent Interface
WAN Interface Sublayer
Physical Medium Dependent
10 Gigabit Media Independent Interface 2X 32bit data + 2X 5 bit Control
WAN compatible framing
Retime, SerDes, CDR
Optical Transceiver
Connecting medium
Fiber type etc
Upcoding 8B/10B or 64B/66B
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
10GE Optical & Fiber TypeSTACK 10 GE LAN Phy 10 GE WAN Phy
Serial WWDM Serial
MAC 10.0 Gbit/s 10.0 Gbit/s 10.0 Gbit/s
PCS 64B/66B 8B/10B64B/66B
SONET FramingScrambling ( X7 + X6 + 1 )
PMA Interface XSBI XAUI XSBI
PMD1550 nm DFB1310 nm FP
850 nm VCEL1310 nm CWDM
1550 nm DFB1310 nm FP
850 nm VCEL
Line Rate 10.3 Gbit/s 4X 3.125 Gbit/s 9.953 Gbit/s
Wavelength:
1275.7 nm, 1300.2 nm, 1324.7 nm, 1349.2 nm.
3.125 Gbit/s / channel
OC – 48/SDH16 2488.320
OC – 192/SDH48 9953.280
OC – 768SDH/192 39813.12
PMD Type of Fiber Target DistanceOptical TRC Meters
850 nm serial Multi Mode 65
1310 nm CWDM Multi Mode 300
1310 nm CWDM Single Mode 10 000
1310 serial Single Mode 10 000
1550 serial Single mode 40 000
Standard Interface foreseen For 4X INFINIBAND
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
Problems with CWDM or WDWM
Chromatic Dispersion travel speed in a fiber is not equal for all colors
Wavelength Drift Transmitter Data drifts out of the filter slot and can not be received
Wavelength Drift wavelength comes in the region where couples to other channels ( cross-talk )
Chromatic Dispersion Source of limited distance covered, and stops use of fiber amplifiers
Wavelength Drift The receiver filter drifts and does not select the correct wavelength
Conclusion 10 GE will only be popular if a cheap and reliable single fiber single wavelength solution is available
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ARIE VAN PRAAG
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
10 GE Networking
Protocol: TCP/IP follows IEEE 802.3 full 48 bit addressing
Frame size: 1500 Bytes Ethernet
Bandwidth: 12.5 Gbit/s
10 Gbit/s = 830 000 frames of 1500 bytes, or 1.2 s / frame.
= 2 X 830 000 Interrupts/s for transmission and for reception.
Without an Operating System Bypass it will be extremely difficult
OC-3OC-12
OC-48OC-192
OC-768
MIPS Needed forCommunication
Applications
GP MIPS Trend
1 0.7 0.5 0.35 0.25 0.18 0.13 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.02
1 000 000
100 000
10 000
1000
1000
10
Technology
MIPS
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
Syst
em C
apac
ity (M
bit/s
)
10 6
10 5
10 4
10 3
10 2
10 1
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year
Optical DWDM CapacityEthernetInternet Backbone
T1
T3
OC-3c
OC-12c
OC-48c
10-GE
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
GigE
OC-192c
135 Mbit/s
565 Mbit/s
1.7 Gbit/s OC-48c
10 Gbit/s 1024
10 Gbit/s 160
10 Gbit/s 32
10 Gbit/s 16
10 Gbit/s 8 10 Gbit/s 410 Gbit/s 2
I/0 Rates=
Optical Wavelength
Capacity
OC-768c 40-GE
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
EZ-Chip a SolutionTOP = Task Operating Processor
Existing Technology for 10 Gbit networks
Ready for next generation for 40 Gbit Networks
32 TOP search engines, 64 processors total
Onboard Memory up to 5 MByte 256 to 512 bit wide with 200 MHz clock
Processes all 7 network layers:Level 2 VLAN DA SA Level 3 IP
Addresses Level 4 SessionsLevel 5-7 URLs,
H.323 information etc.
Capacity 8 X GigE or 1 X 10GE or 1 X OC192
Future versions
Ready for 8X 10GE or 1 X 40 GE or OC768
queuing
TOPmodifyengines
TOPresolveengines
TOPsearchengines
TOPparseengines
MAC
memory
memory
memory
memory
Externalmemory
NP-1
LINK/SWITCH Fabric
LINK/SWITCH Fabric
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
Does the I/O have the bandwidth
Data given by PCI-SIG
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IP to SON
ET Header
Conversion
MAC
SNAP
PAYLOAD
DES. ADDR. 6
SRC-ADDR. 6
M LENGTH 4
DSAD 2
SSAD 2
ctl x03 1
org x00 3
ETHERTYPE 2
IP
Packet
40
GSN
SONET/SDHOC48c PPPHDLC IP FramesConversion
Hardware
Processor
PPP Prot. Field 2
Address 8
Control8
PPP IP Packet
Flag8
Flag8
FCS16 / 32
Compliant to RFC 2615IP - Internet Protocol IPv4: 020b
PPP PADDING
IP
Packet
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POS Packing
17280 Bytes
Section
Line
TRANSPORT OVERHEAD
576 Bytes
9rows
16640 Bytes
16704 Bytes
9rows
SONET/SDH Payload
Up to 64 full Ethernet Frames
FIXEDHEADER
63 Columns
OVERHEAD
FRAME FRAMEFRAME
SONET/SDH Payload Envelope (SPE)
ATM is not efficient anymore at bandwidth over 1 GHz, and even less in safe mode.
The previous High Speed Way to move Ethernet packets over SONET/SDH used Byte Stuffing at 2.5 MByte/s for OC48/SDH16 in POS mode. It is also used in OC192/SDH48
An extension on the 10GE standard to be accepted by ANSI and UCI will transfer 10GE Packets directly over OC192/SDH48. The difference in bandwidth will be covered with by inserting IDLE’s at regular distances in the Ethernet data stream.
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10GE direct on OC192c
PPP IP IPCONNECTData Padding PPP
CONNECTPPP IP Data IP Padding PPP
CONNECTEthernet IP Data IP Padding Eth.
CONNECTIP Data IP IP packet
Ethernet Frame
PPP packet
SONET
CONNECTEthernet IP Data IP Padding Eth.
CONNECTIP Data IP
CONNECTEthernet IP Data IP Padding Eth.
IP packet
Ethernet Frame
SONET
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Economics of 10 GE
$0
$2
$4
$6
$8
$10
$12
$14
$16
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
USD
per
Meg
a BW
OC-192 OC-48 10Gig 1Gig
SONET
Ethernet
Ethernet offers a superiorsuperior price/performanceand TCOTCO over alternative technologies(SONET/ATM)
Up to 10:1 price advantage in upfront costs
Up to 5:1 advantage in bandwidth provisioning expenses
Up to 5:1 advantage in annual maintenance
Provides bandwidth on demand without costly truck rolls
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch
ProductsProducts start to arrive on the market now, mostly “Prove of Concept” commercially available are view.
Silicon: Infineon, Sierra, Agilenta, Broadband and some small development houses are all advertising NIC’s and SERDES circuits, sometimes for 10 GHz/s and for 40 GHz/s.
No general interfaces NIC’s are around and will not be before PCI-X2 is available
Switches and routers are announced. The most common are line concentrators with 10 X GE to 1X 10GE
10GE Alliance makes a large effort by organizing compatibility workshops with all manufacturers concerned.
It also does a general marketing job to show products and its compatibility efforts ( plug Fest ) on trade shows.
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10 GigE Examples
Examples of Future Applications by Ciscoand the 10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
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And the Last Mile
New VHDL technology will such allow a bandwidth good enough for 10/100 Base T Ethernet
And 802.17 introduces “Virtual Concatenation” for efficient packing of non corresponding frame sizes
Example: SONET STS 1 = 51.84 Mb/s, STS 3 = 155.52 Mb/s.Standard: With RPR
Ethernet 100 Base T needs STS 3 and wastes 55.52 Mb/s Ethernet 100 Base T can use STS1 and wastes 3.6 Mb/s
RESULT: Your future Internet connection will be cheaper for the Service provider, and such for the user, to use the same old phone line that brings 10/100 Base T Ethernet to the end user.
VHDL using standard twisted telephone wire is developing rapidly to faster and higher reliability with new technology standards ( moving from “Discreet Multitone Modulation” to “Quadrature Amplitude Modulation” )
The Metropolitan Network will move to double arbitrated ring structures ( 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring )
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Grid and the NetworkAs Grid started the interconnections planned used
OC12 at 622 Mbit/s and OC3 at 155 Mbit/s.
with a single exception at OC48 at 2.5 Gbit/s
To move the large data files from LHC Experiments
Research and Academic Institutes•CESNET (Czech Republic)•Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) – France•Computer and Automation Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA SZTAKI)•Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy)•Helsinki Institute of Physics – Finland•Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies (IFAE) - Spain•Istituto Trentino di Cultura (IRST) – Italy•Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin - Germany•Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI)•Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg - Germany•Stichting Academisch Rekencentrum Amsterdam (SARA) – Netherlands•Swedish Research Council - Sweden
Industrial Partners•Datamat (Italy)•IBM-UK (UK)•CS-SI (France)
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10 GE and the GRID
We can now foresee that in the
near Future Grid communications
will move to 10 GE Ethernet.
But this depends if there are
sufficient good quality
Single Mode Fiber available
And if Service Providers are ready
To Handle Gigabit Ethernet.
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E-Mail: a.van.praag@cern.ch 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05
Standards & Popularity( made in 1995 and extended 2000 )
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet
T base 100
Fibre Channel
ATM ( as computer interconnect )
HIPPI
HIPPI-Serial
GSN ( Gigabyte System Network )
PCI / PCI-X /
10 Gigabyte Ethernet
Infiniband
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10 GE Conclusions10GE is Ethernet, the name everybody knows. Also the manager that decides the IT
Budget.
The Single Stream version connects the Local Network, to the Metropolitan Network and to the Wide Area Network within one protocol environment.
The small 1500 Byte frames will stay a handicap in local data handling and RDMA will only solve half of the problem. TOE engines are necessary, but some transfer latency stays
Using PPP encapsulation in POS mode every standard communication channel can be used immediately, including DWDM channels
WWDM is difficult to stabilize, and can not easily be coupled to telecommunication channels.
We will see 10GE at CERN, as backbone for the network, as backbone in the computer-center and as a data-link between LHC experiments and the central computing facilities.
Two standards for data transfer: 4 parallel streams using WWDM and a single stream.
10GE Silicon with 110 nm and 90 nm technology is able to handle the bandwidth and will come at reasonable prices. The optical parts will stay high price, even if moved to VCSEL’s
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References:
10GEA 10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance, http://www.10gea.org/ with many white papers and links to other cites.
Ethernet becomes king of the networking world, L. E. Frenzel, Electronic Design, December 9, 2002, p 45-52.
IEEE P802.3ae 10Gb/s Ethernet Task Force http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/ae/index.htmlThis is the IEEE working group that made the 802.3ae standard
Strategic Directions Moving the Decimal Point: An introduction to 10 Gigabit Ethernet. B Tolley, Cisco, Jan.5, 2001.http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/techno/lnty/etty/ggetty/tech/10gig_wp.htm
The jump to 40GB Ethernet, P. Judge, Oct. 5, 2002 ZDNET (UK)
Guide to WDM Technology,A. Girard, et all, EXFO Electro Engineering Inc. Quebec City, Canada, 2000, ISBN 1-55342-000-4
Design Trade-offs for Arrayed Waveguide Grating DWDM MUX/DMUX Jane Lam, Ph.D. and Liang Zhao, Ph.D. Lamwhitepaper.pdf
Digital MEMS switch for planar photonic crossconnects, L. Fan, et all, OMM, Inc San Diego, 1999, OCIS codes 060.1810 http://www.omminc.com/technology/whitepapers.html. And much more interesting documentation on this site.
Optical Phased Array Technology for High-Speed Switching, http://www.chiaro.com/pdf/CHI100_OPA_1.pdfwith more interesting white papers under http://www.chiaro.com/proof_points/index.jsp
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END LAST
PART
Thank you for your attention during this long and not always easy material,where my hope is that you learned about 10 Gbit/s problems and highlights
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