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OIB GUIDELINE
6 Energy conservation and thermal protection Cost optimality OIB-330. 6-005/18-001
FEBRUARY 2018
GUIDELINES OF THE AUSTRIAN
INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING (OIB)
OiB gu
ide
line
s
Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering OIB-330.6-005/18-001 As at: 26.2.2018
OIB Proposal on cost optimality 2018
Authors c.p.t.:
Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering:
OIB: Rainer Mikulits, Wolfgang Thoma
Expert Advisory Council for construction engineering guidelines (SVBBTRL) of the OIB – Sub-committee for energy conservation and thermal protection:
Burgenland: Roland Schmidt
Carinthia: Johannes Hairitsch, Reinhard Katzengruber
Lower Austria: Andreas Zottl
Upper Austria: Robert Kernöcker
Salzburg: Joachim Weinberger
Styria: Robert Jansche, Friedrich Kainz
Tyrol: Thomas Schnitzer-Osl
Vorarlberg: Kornelia Rhomberg, Martin Brunn
Vienna: Christian Pöhn
Provincial Expert Group for the development and implementation of the EPBD in the Liaison Office of the Austrian Provinces:
Burgenland: Christian Taschner
Carinthia: Erich Mühlbacher
Lower Austria: Franz Angerer
Upper Austria: Gerhard Dell
Salzburg: Franz Mair
Styria: Dieter Thyr
Tyrol: Bruno Oberhuber
Vorarlberg: Martin Brunn
Vienna: Christian Pöhn
This guideline is based on the results of deliberations of the Provincial Expert Group appointed by the Conference of Directors of Provincial Government Offices with the aim of producing a proposal for harmonising the building regulations. The work undertaken by this group was coordinated by the Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering (OIB) in accordance with the mandate of the Conference of Directors of Provincial Government Offices within the meaning of Section 2(2)(7) of the statutes of the OIB and continued in the Expert Advisory Council for construction engineering guidelines. A resolution was passed on the guideline by the General Assembly of the OIB pursuant to Section 8(12) of the statutes.
Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering OIB-330.6-005/18-001 As at: 26.2.2018
OIB Proposal on cost optimality 2018
OIB document for verification of the
cost optimality of the requirements of OIB Guideline 6
and of the National Plan
pursuant to
Article 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU
First five-yearly revision
26.2.2018
This framework document is based on the results of the deliberations of the Provincial Group of Experts in the
Liaison Office of the Austrian Provinces appointed by the Conference of Directors of Provincial Government
Offices and of the Expert Advisory Council for construction engineering guidelines – Sub-committee for energy
conservation and thermal protection (SVBBTRL 6) of the Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering (OIB) to
coordinate the transposition of DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings.
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1 Introduction – Grounds – Results ............................................................................................................... 5 2 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 3 Definition of reference buildings (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1) ......................................................................... 8 3.1 Establishment of building categories (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/1) .................................................................................................................. 8 3.2 Representativeness of the office buildings in the SB field (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/2+3) ........................................................................... 8 3.3 Identification of the locations of the reference buildings (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/4 – Climatic zone) ...................................................... 8 3.4 Establishment of the geometry (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/4 – Size) ................................................................................................................. 9 3.5 Results for the current requirements – Residential buildings – Newly constructed (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/5+7 – Reporting on the
reference buildings) ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 3.6 Results for the current requirements – Service buildings – Newly constructed (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/5+7 – Reporting on the
reference buildings) ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 3.7 Results for the current requirements pursuant to OIB-RL 6: 2015 – Residential buildings – Existing stock (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/6
– Reporting on the reference buildings) ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 3.8 Results for the current requirements – Service buildings – Existing stock (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/6 – Reporting on the reference
buildings) ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 3.9 Minimum efficiency requirements for building elements (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/8 – Requirements for components and building
envelopes) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 3.10 Minimum efficiency requirements for building elements (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/9 – Requirements for the technical building
system) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 4 Identification of measures to improve energy performance (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2) ........................... 13 4.1 Energy efficiency measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+2 – Envelope quality) ................................................................... 13 4.2 Measures based on renewable energy sources – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+3 – Technical building system) .................. 14 4.3 Identification of packages of measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/4 – Measures/packages/variants of measures) ......... 15 4.4 Energy efficiency measures – Major renovations (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+2 – Envelope quality) ....................................................... 15 4.5 Measures based on renewable energy sources – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+3 – Technical building system) .................. 15 4.6 Identification of packages of measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/4 – Measures/packages/variants of measures) ......... 16 5 Application of the packages of measures and results (Del. Reg. – Annex I/3) .................................... 16 5.1 Building physics variations for new builds .................................................................................................................................................. 16 5.2 Building technology system variations (new builds) .................................................................................................................................. 17 5.3 Energy indicators for new builds (Del. Reg. – Annex III/Table 2).............................................................................................................. 18 5.4 Identification of the variations for major renovations................................................................................................................................. 21 5.5 Energy indicators for the variations for major renovations (Del. Reg. – Annex III/Table 1) .................................................................. 22 6 Calculation of the primary energy demand for each reference building not taking account of the
domestic electricity demand (Del. Reg. – Annex I/3) .............................................................................. 25 7 Calculation of the global cost in terms of net present value for each reference building not taking
account of the domestic electricity demand (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4)..................................................... 26 7.1 Collection of net cost data (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4(1))................................................................................................................................. 26 7.2 Discount rate (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4.2) ........................................................................................................................................................ 34 7.3 Choice of perspective (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4.3+4.4) .................................................................................................................................. 34 7.4 Calculation of costs for the regular replacement of components ............................................................................................................. 37 7.5 Calculation period/estimated useful life ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 7.6 Starting year for the calculations (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4) .......................................................................................................................... 37 7.7 Calculation of the energy costs in the cost calculation (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4) ..................................................................................... 37 8 Identification of a cost-optimal level for each reference building (Del. Reg. – Annex I/6) .................. 38 8.1 Identification of the cost-optimal spectrum ................................................................................................................................................. 38 8.2 Comparison with existing requirements in Austria ..................................................................................................................................... 52 9. Sensitivity analysis (Del. Reg. – Annex I/5) ............................................................................................. 53 9.1 Residential buildings – New builds ............................................................................................................................................................... 53 9.2 Residential buildings – Major renovations ................................................................................................................................................... 54
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ABBREVIATIONS
APB Apartment block
BC Basement ceiling
CD Cooling demand
CO2 Carbon dioxide emissions
CostOpt Document for verification of the cost optimality of the requirements of
OIB Guideline 6 and of the National Plan pursuant to Article 5 of
Directive 2010/31/EU
DeEnD Delivered energy demand
DoElD Domestic electricity demand
Del. Reg. Delegated Regulation
EDC Energy demand for cooling
EDH Energy demand for heating
EDHRef Energy demand for heating systems for reference equipment
EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
EW External wall
FED Final energy demand
fEP Energy performance factor
GFA Gross floor area
HDDs Heating degree days
HDH Heat demand for heating
HDHRef Reference heat demand for heating
HDHW Heat demand for hot water
lc Characteristic length
MFB Multi-family building
NRB Non-residential building
OIB-RL6 OIB Guideline 6. Energy conservation and thermal protection
OPD Operating power demand
PED Primary energy demand
PEDnonren. Non-renewable primary energy demand
PEDren. Renewable primary energy demand
PEDSHHW Primary energy demand for space heating and hot water
RB Residential building
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SB Service building
SFB Single-family building
SH+HW Space heating and hot water
STE Solar thermal energy
ThI Thermal insulation
TSC Ceiling of the topmost storey
UBC Basement ceiling U value
UEW External wall U value
UFA Useful floor area
UTSC Ceiling of topmost storey U value
UWIN Window U value
WIN Window
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1 Introduction – Grounds – Results
Article 5(2) of the EPBD (2010) – Directive 2010/31/EU – obliges the Member States to
calculate cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements using the
comparative methodology framework established in accordance with Article 5(1) and
relevant parameters and to compare the results of this calculation with the minimum energy
performance requirements in force (under OIB Guideline 6: 2015 in Austria’s case). The first
report was to be submitted by 30 June 2012 (as a result of the roughly 9-month delay in the
publication of the related documents, this date became 31 March 2013). The calculations
and report must be updated every 5 years.
This document represents the second report – issued in 2018 – in accordance with the
stipulations of the EPBD (2010), 5 years after the first report. This report was drawn up by
the Expert Advisory Council for construction engineering guidelines – Sub-committee RL6:
Energy conservation and thermal protection, in consultation with the Provincial Expert
Groups for the development and implementation of the EPBD.
It is worth stating explicitly that the results of this document represent a confirmation of the
results of the first report. The conclusions are that the existing requirements with regard to
the variables ‘heat demand for heating’, ‘final energy demand’ and ‘energy performance
factor’ should be retained and there is now a better representation of the requirements for
non-renewable primary energy demand satisfied in this way.
Due to the similarity of the results for new builds and larger-scale renovation for residential
buildings, service buildings and ‘minor renovations’ or ‘renovation of elements’, the previous
results are considered to have been confirmed by way of reasoning by analogy.
Flow chart: Procedure for performance of the cost optimality study – Timings and content outcomes
New-build RB Major renovations of
New-build SB Major renovations of
Component-by-component
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RB SB renovation
CostOpt 2013 CostOpt 2013 CostOpt 2014 Reasoning by analogy
Reasoning by analogy
Twin-track 10 line + EDHRef
16 line + fEP
Twin-track 17 line + EDHRef
25 line + fEP
Twin-track (adjusted for floor height)
10 line + EDHRef 16 line + fEP
Twin-track (adjusted for floor height)
17 line + EDHRef 25 line + fEP
Target
trajectory: 17 line + EDHRef
25 line + fEP
CostOpt 2018 CostOpt 2018 Reasoning by analogy
Reasoning by analogy
Reasoning by analogy
Twin-track 10 line + EDHRef
16 line + fEP
Twin-track 17 line + EDHRef
25 line + fEP
Twin-track (adjusted for room height)
10 line + EDHRef 16 line + fEP
Twin-track (adjusted for room height)
17 line + EDHRef 25 line + fEP
Target
trajectory: 17 line + EDHRef
25 line + fEP
‘Reasoning by analogy’ here means that, as a result of identical results, it was concluded
that further calculations would lead to equally identical results.
2 Definitions
In principle, the definitions under all OIB documents and Austrian standards (ÖNORMs)
apply. For ease of readability, the following brief definitions are given by way of introduction:
Heat demand for heating (HDH)
The quantity of heat that must be delivered to conditioned spaces to maintain the intended
temperature conditions. Calculated according to ÖNORM B 8110-6, which is to be
understood as the National Application Document (NAD) for EN 13790.
Reference heat demand for heating (HDHRef)
The quantity of heat that must be delivered to conditioned spaces to maintain the intended
temperature conditions. Calculated according to ÖNORM B 8110-6, applying the building
profile according to ÖNORM B 8110-5 and using the reference climate.
Heat demand for hot water (HDHW)
The default value for a residential building of 30 m² useful floor area corresponds to one
shower and washing hands several times a day. For other usage profiles, simple multiples or
fractions of this value were determined depending on the expected heat demand for hot
water. These default values are defined for each use profile in ÖNORM B 8110-5.
Energy demand for heating (EDH)
The energy required to cover the HDH and HDHW, taking into account the system losses
from the technical building system. Calculated according to ÖNORM H 5056, which is to be
regarded as the NAD for all parts of EN 15316. This value includes the auxiliary energy for
any pumps and a mechanical indoor air system for any period in which the heat recovery
contributes to a reduction in the heat demand for heating.
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Cooling demand (CD)
The quantity of heat that must be extracted from conditioned spaces to maintain the
intended temperature conditions. Calculated according to B 8110-6, which is to be
understood as the NAD for EN 13790.
Energy demand for cooling (EDC)
The energy required to cover the CD, taking into account the system losses from the
technical building system, calculated according to H 5058, which is to be regarded as the
NAD for all parts of EN 15316 et seq. This value includes the auxiliary energy for any
mechanical indoor air systems during the cooling period.
Domestic electricity demand1 (DoElD)
Default value entered as a statistical quantity.
Operating power demand (OPD)
Default value entered as a statistical quantity.
Final energy demand (FED)
Energy demand defined as the sum of EDH, EDC and DoElD or OPD.
In addition to the energy demand for heating, the final energy demand also includes the
domestic electricity demand and/or any operating power demand, energy demand for
cooling and energy demand for lighting, minus any final energy earnings but plus the
auxiliary energy demand required for this. The energy demand equates to the quantity of
energy that must be purchased (delivered energy demand).
Energy performance factor fEP
The energy performance factor is the quotient of the final energy demand and a reference
final energy demand (2007 specification).
Primary energy demand (PED or PEDSHHW)
The primary energy demand is the final energy demand including losses in all upstream
chains. The primary energy demand has a renewable (PEDren.) and a non-renewable
(PEDnonren.) portion. In this document, the PEDSHHW, the PEDSHHWren. and the PEDSHHWnonren.
as well as the PEDSHHW+BelEB, the PEDSHHW+BelEBren and the PEDSHHW+BelEB,nonren. express the
respective proportions of the variables in question that are required to be reported under the
EPBD.
Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2)
Total carbon dioxide emissions attributable to final energy demand, including those for
upstream chains.
1 The recording of domestic electricity demand or operating power demand was introduced in order to increase
the transparency of energy certification in the sense of the comprehensive specification of all potential elements of the overall energy demand required and to enable the offsetting of potential income from photovoltaic systems or similar facilities in Austria.
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3 Definition of reference buildings (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1)
The Guidelines recommend Member States to choose between specific examples of a
building category and virtual buildings. For the purposes of this verification of cost optimality,
in line with the 2013/14 edition only virtual buildings (with typical building dimensions) have
been chosen, especially given that the diversity of building types would seem to make it
impossible to select a physical example that could be regarded as typical.
3.1 Establishment of building categories (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/1)
In the Regulation, Member States are invited to establish reference buildings for the
following building categories: single-family buildings, apartment blocks and multi-family
buildings, office buildings and other non-residential building categories under Annex I
paragraph 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU (specifically: educational buildings, hospitals, hotels
and restaurants, sports facilities, wholesale and retail trade services buildings, other types of
energy-consuming buildings) for which specific minimum energy performance requirements
exist. In so doing, Member States are permitted to choose to derive the ‘other non-residential
building categories’ from the office building category. For the purposes of this verification of
cost optimality, the following building categories are distinguished between:
Single-family buildings (SFBs)
Multi-family buildings (MFBs)
Apartment blocks (APBs)
Service buildings (SBs)2
3.2 Representativeness of the office buildings in the SB field (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/2+3)
This was explained in detail in the first edition of this document.
3.3 Identification of the locations3 of the reference buildings (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/4 – Climatic zone)
In accordance with the stipulations of the National Plan 2013/14 and Cost optimality
2013/14, the present cost-optimality study is being carried out exclusively for the Austrian
reference climate. This is a climate with HDDs = 3 400 BC that was determined by averaging
across all seven of Austria’s climatic regions.
A detailed delineation of the climate, including the possibility of determining an hourly climate
for the heat pump calculations, as well as the standard outside and summer outside
temperatures, can be found in ÖNORM B 8110-5.
2 Proof that the office buildings are representative for other use profiles can be seen in Section 3.2.
3 ÖNORM B 8110-5 and ÖNORM B 8110-5 Supplemental Sheet 1.
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3.4 Establishment of the geometry (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/4 – Size)
The specifications used are the same as those from the first edition.
3.4.1 Establishment of the geometry for residential buildings
In order to ensure comparability with Cost optimality 2013/14, the same building geometries
were used for the present determination of cost optimality. Details on how these were
established can be found in the 2014 cost optimality study. The establishment of the
dimensions took place based on details from Statistics Austria for the numbers of SFBs,
MFBs and APBs and the average sizes of residences in each of Austria’s provinces.
Table 1: Mean useful floor area per residence and building type
Mean values SFB MFB APB
UFA 117.49 m2 65.20 m2 65.59 m2
Residences 1.17 5.46 17.93
GFA 171.48 m2 445.06 m2 1.469.75 m2
Table 2: Gross dimensions for residential buildings
Geometry Width Length Storeys Structure lc
SFB 12.00 m 14.29 m 1 Detached 1.03 m
8.00 m 10.72 m 2 Semi-detached 1.48 m
MFB 12.00 m 18.55 m 2 Detached 1.65 m
10.00 m 14.84 m 3 Semi-detached 2.04 m
APB 12.00 m 30.62 m 4 Semi-detached 2.73 m
12.00 m 20.42 m 6 Enclosed 3.60 m
Figure 1: Geometry and structure of the reference buildings
3.4.2 Establishment of the geometry for SBs
This was explained in detail in the first edition of this document.
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3.5 Results for the current requirements – Residential buildings – Newly constructed (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/5+7 – Reporting on the reference buildings)
The following table sets out typical values for ‘Residential buildings – Newly constructed’,
which correspond to the currently applicable requirements under OIB-RL 6: 2015 (the
from/to values are the result of two different types of district heating and two different types
of heat pumps):
Table 3: Typical energy indicators for Residential buildings – Newly constructed
Building type HDHRef PEDSHHWnonren. CO2 Technical
building system [kWh/m2a] [kWh/m2a] [kg/m2a]
SFB
54.9
8.8 0.9 Pellet boiler
17.3-25.0 2.6-4.6 Local or district
heating
23.4-34.8 4.9-7.3 Heat pump
46.3
8.1 0.8 Pellet boiler
15.7-22.6 2.4-4.1 Local or district
heating
21.2-31.2 4.4-6.5 Heat pump
MFB
39.5
7.8 0.8 Pellet boiler
15.6-22.3
2.4-4.1
Local or district heating
27.3-38.5 5.7-8.1 Heat pump
37.4
7.6
0.8
Pellet boiler
15.2-21.8
2.2-4.0
Local or district heating
26.8-37.6 5.6-7.9 Heat pump
APB
30.7
5.6 0.5 Pellet boiler
12.4-17.9 1.9-3.3 Local or district
heating
21.8-30.8 4.6-6.4 Heat pump
29.8
5.6 0.5 Pellet boiler
12.2-17.6 1.9-3.2 Local or district
heating
21.5-30.3 4.5-6.3 Heat pump
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3.6 Results for the current requirements – Service buildings – Newly constructed (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/5+7 – Reporting on the reference buildings)
It can be seen from the flowchart in the chapter ‘Introduction – Grounds – Results’ that, as a
result of the identical results for ‘Residential buildings – Newly constructed’ in the first edition
of the present document and the current document for service buildings, the results from the
first edition of the present document can be used by way of reasoning by analogy.
3.7 Results for the current requirements pursuant to OIB-RL 6: 2015 – Residential buildings – Existing stock (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/6 – Reporting on the reference buildings)
The following table sets out typical values for ‘Residential buildings – Existing stock’, based
on a study of the default values for the establishment of the energy performance of private
households in connection with the micro-census (Statistics Austria).
Table 4: Typical EDH values for Residential buildings – Existing stock
HDHRef line Characteristic length (lc) Years Verbal evaluation
HDDs = 3 400 BC 1.15 m 1.72 m 2.58 m 1.90 m
61x(1+2.0/lc)
[Average value] 192 141 116 134 …-1990
Minimal thermal
protection or worse
33x(1+2.0/lc) 106 75 63 72 …-2007 Significantly improved
thermal protection
26x(1+2.0/lc) 85 60 50 57 …-2010 Energy-saving
building (=2008)
19x(1+2.5/lc) 73 51 40 48 …-2012 2010 requirement
under OIB-RL 6: 2007
16x(1+3.0/lc) 70 48 39 45 …-2014 2012 requirement
under OIB-RL 6: 2011
The following table sets out typical values for ‘Residential buildings – Major renovations’,
which correspond to the currently applicable requirements under OIB-RL 6: 2015 (the
from/to values are the result of two different types of district heating and two different types
of heat pumps).
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Table 5: Typical energy indicators for Residential buildings – Major renovations
3.8 Results for the current requirements – Service buildings – Existing stock (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/6 – Reporting on the reference buildings)
It can be seen from the flowchart in the chapter ‘Introduction – Grounds – Results’ that, as a
result of the identical results for ‘Residential buildings – Major renovations’ in the first edition
of the present document and the current document for service buildings, the results from the
first edition of the present document can be used by way of reasoning by analogy.
Building type HDHRef PEDSHHWnonren. CO2 Technical
building system [kWh/m2a] [kWh/m2a] [kg/m2a]
SFB
72.1
10.2 1.0 Pellet boiler
20.6-29.9 3.1-5.5
Local or district
heating
28.0-41.6 5.8-8.7 Heat pump
61.4
9.3 0.9 Pellet boiler
18.5-26.8 2.8-4.9 Local or district
heating
25.2-37.3 5.3-7.8 Heat pump
MFB
52.9
8.8 0.9 Pellet boiler
18.2-26.1 2.8-4.8 Local or district
heating
30.8-43.8 6.4-9.2 Heat pump
50.2
8.6 0.9 Pellet boiler
17.7-25.4 2.7-4.7 Local or district
heating
30.1-42.6 6.3-8.9 Heat pump
APB
41.9
6.4 0.6 Pellet boiler
14.4-20.9 2.2-3.8
Local or district
heating
24.7-35.2 5.2-7.4 Heat pump
40.7
6.3 0.6 Pellet boiler
14.2-20.5 2.1-3.8
Local or district
heating
24.3-34.6 5.1-7.2 Heat pump
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3.9 Minimum efficiency requirements for building elements (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/8 – Requirements for components and building envelopes)
The minimum requirements for single-component renovations are based on a renovation
plan that aims to achieve the nearly-zero energy level for major renovations after all potential
single-component renovations have been completed. There continues to be a free choice of
whether to draw up a renovation plan or to adhere to the relevant recommended U values.
3.10 Minimum efficiency requirements for building elements (Del. Reg. – Annex I/1/9 – Requirements for the technical building system)
The minimum requirements for single-component renovations of the technical building
system are based on a renovation plan that aims to achieve the nearly-zero energy level for
major renovations after all potential single-component renovations of the technical building
system have been completed. There continues to be a free choice of whether to draw up a
renovation plan or to use individual components in accordance with the reference equipment
for the technical building system.
4 Identification of measures to improve energy performance (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2)
Measures to increase the energy performance of buildings can generally be carried out in
multiple steps, e.g. by optimising the geometry of the building. For the purposes of the
present cost optimality calculations, only rectangular building geometries were used, which
in itself represented an optimisation. Further optimisation steps can be implemented in
respect of the envelope quality of the building and in respect of the quality of the technical
building system (ensured ex lege by means of the use of high-efficiency alternative systems
or, by way of deviation from this, by means of mandatory additional measures to generate
energy yields on site or by improvements to the efficiency of the technical building system).
All measures are applied to the following building geometries:
1. Small single-family building
2. Large single-family building
3. Small multi-family building
4. Large multi-family building
5. Small apartment block
6. Large apartment block
4.1 Energy efficiency measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+2 – Envelope quality)
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For the purposes of this verification of cost optimality, the following sub-measures are
distinguished between as measures to improve energy performance in respect of envelope
quality:
Optimisation of the envelope quality
o Improvement of the U values (The improvements in the envelope quality follow the principle that an increase in the thermal resistance of the external wall is rated at 1.5 at the ceiling of the topmost storey and at 0.5 at the basement ceiling. The window U value follows the basic relationship UWIN = 1.30 - (0.35-UEW)*2.):
Ceiling of the topmost storey External wall Window Basement ceiling
In this connection, HDHRef values are defined for the following levels:
1. HDHRef = 16 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
2. HDHRef = 14 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
3. HDHRef = 12 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
4. HDHRef = 10 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
5. HDHRef = 8 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
4.2 Measures based on renewable energy sources – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+3 – Technical building system)
For the purposes of this verification of cost optimality, the following sub-measures are
distinguished between as measures to improve energy performance in respect of technical
building systems (HSS = heat supply system; EC = energy carrier):
Use of high-efficiency alternative systems [4.3 a]
1. HSS: Pellet boiler / EC: Biomass [4]
2. HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from heating plant (renewable) [6]
3. HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from high-efficiency CHP (default
value) [8]
4. HSS: [Groundwater/water] heat pump / EC: Electricity mix Austria [5]
5. HSS: [Air/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]
Use of a conventional system in combination with the production of renewable energy at or near the site [4.3 b]
6. HSS: Condensing boiler plus solar thermal collector / EC: Natural gas [3]
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4.3 Identification of packages of measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/4 – Measures/packages/variants of measures)
The variants used are the same as those from the first edition.
4.3.1 RBs – New builds
This results in the following variations:
Location variation 1
Building geometry variation 6 6x1=6
Building physics variation 5 5x6=30
Building services variation 6 6x30=180
4.4 Energy efficiency measures – Major renovations (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+2 – Envelope quality)
For the purposes of this verification of cost optimality, the following sub-measures are
distinguished between as measures to improve energy performance in respect of envelope
quality, which are applied to a stock building that corresponds to the level of ‘Minimal thermal
protection’ (Tables 4 and 10) (this means that such measures may not be utilised for a cost-
optimal improvement to a better building stock level in terms of thermal energy without
verification):
Optimisation of the envelope quality
o Improvement of the U values (analogous to new builds)
Ceiling of the topmost storey External wall Window Basement ceiling
o Reduction of the thermal bridge effect due to the high envelope quality
In this connection, the following HDHRef values are defined for the building stock level:
1. HDHRef = 61 x (1 + 2.0/lc)
Furthermore, the following HDHRef values are defined for levels:
2. HDHRef = 25 x (1 + 2.5/lc)
3. HDHRef = 23 x (1 + 2.5/lc)
4. HDHRef = 21 x (1 + 2.5/lc)
5. HDHRef = 19 x (1 + 2.5/lc)
6. HDHRef = 17 x (1 + 2.5/lc)
7. HDHRef = 15 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
4.5 Measures based on renewable energy sources – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/1+3 – Technical building system)
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For the purposes of this verification of cost optimality, the following sub-measures are
distinguished between as measures to improve energy performance in respect of technical
building systems (HSS = heat supply system; EC = energy carrier):
Use of high-efficiency alternative systems [4.3 a]
1. HSS: Pellet boiler / EC: Biomass [4]
2. HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from heating plant (renewable) [6]
3. HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from high-efficiency CHP (default
value) [8]
4. HSS: [Groundwater/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]
5. HSS: [Air/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]
Use of a conventional system in combination with the production of renewable energy at or near the site [4.3 b]
6. HSS: Condensing boiler plus solar thermal collector / EC: Natural gas [3]
4.6 Identification of packages of measures – New builds (Del. Reg. – Annex I/2/4 – Measures/packages/variants of measures)
The variants used are the same as those from the first edition.
4.6.1 RB – Major renovations
This results in the following variations:
Location variation 1
Building geometry variation 6 6x1=6
Building physics variation 1+6=7 7x6=42
Building services variation 6 6x42=252
5 Application of the packages of measures and results (Del. Reg. – Annex I/3)
5.1 Building physics variations for new builds
The variants used are the envelope quality variants from the first edition.
5.1.1 Identification of the building physics variations for residential buildings
The following variants have been selected:
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Table 6: Packages of measures – Building physics – New residential buildings
HDHRef line HDHRef
16 16 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
14 14 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
12 12 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
10 10 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
8 8 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
The following equivalent insulation thicknesses or window U values result, for example when
decoupling structural conditions and insulating effect:
Table 7: Results – Building physics – New residential buildings
HDHRef line dEW,EIT,0.032,AVE UWIN,AVE
16 13.0 cm ± 2.8 cm 1.074 W/m2K ± 0.081 W/m2K
14 15.5 cm ± 3.2 cm 1.001 W/m2K ± 0.066 W/m2K
12 19.1 cm ± 3.7 cm 0.928 W/m2K ± 0.052 W/m2K
10 24.6 cm ± 4.4 cm 0.856 W/m2K ± 0.038 W/m2K
EIT = Equivalent insulation thickness 0.032 … λ = 0.032 W/mK AVE = Average
5.2 Building technology system variations (new builds)
The variants used are the same as those from the first edition, with account being taken of
the required proportion of renewables under the current requirements in the case of the gas
condensing boiler via solar thermal energy.
5.2.1 Identification of the technical building system variations for residential buildings (new builds)
The following variations have been selected:
Table 8: Packages of measures – Technical building systems – New residential buildings
Heat supply systems [HSS] / Energy carrier [EC]
HSS: Pellet boiler / EC: Biomass [4]
HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from heating plant (renewable) [6]
HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from high-efficiency CHP (default value) [8]
HSS: [Groundwater/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]
HSS: [Air/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]
HSS: Condensing boiler plus solar thermal collector / EC: Natural gas [3]
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5.3 Energy indicators for new builds (Del. Reg. – Annex III/Table 2)
According to OIB Guideline 6: 2015, the current requirement for the HDHRef value is the line
‘HDHRef = 14 x (1 + 3/lc)’.
5.3.1 Energy indicators for new residential buildings Based on Table 2 of Annex III to the Delegated Regulation, this results in the establishment
of the following reference buildings for the category of New builds, with the final energy
demand given only being that for space heating and hot water and with results being given
for the reference climate.
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Table 9: Results – Building physics + technical building systems – New residential buildings
New builds
Building geometry
(proportion of window
space) Gross floor area
Requirements
(SH+HW)
Technical
building systems
(SH+HW)
Final energy
demand
(SH+HW)
Single-family building
Sub-category 1 1
2
3
4
5
6
107.7 kWh/m2a
129.5 kWh/m2a
102.7 kWh/m2a
102.7 kWh/m2a
42.8 kWh/m2a
34.2 kWh/m2a
Small
14.29 x 12.00 x 1
(16%)
171.50 m2 Line 14 and
reference
equipment
Sub-category 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
97.5 kWh/m2a
118.6 kWh/m2a
94.1 kWh/m2a
94.1 kWh/m2a
40.1 kWh/m2a
32.5 kWh/m2a
Large
10.72 x 8.00 x 2
(11 %)
171.50 m2
Line 14 and
reference
equipment
Multi-family building
Sub-category 1 1
2
3
4
5
6
95.1 kWh/m2a
112.3 kWh/m2a
92.2 kWh/m2a
92.2 kWh/m2a
45.6 kWh/m2a
37.1 kWh/m2a
small
18.55 x 12.00 x 2
(17 %)
445.20 m2
Line 14 and
reference
equipment
Sub-category 2 1
2
3
4
5
6
92.9 kWh/m2a
109.7 kWh/m2a
90.1 kWh/m2a
90.1 kWh/m2a
44.9 kWh/m2a
36.7 kWh/m2a
Large
14.84 x 10.00 x 3
(14 %) 445.20 m2
Line 14 and
reference
equipment
Apartment block
Sub-category 1 1
2
3
80.2 kWh/m2a
91.6 kWh/m2a
78.3 kWh/m2a
Small 30.62 x 12.00 x 4
(21 %) 1.470.00 m
2
Line 14 and
reference
equipment
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4
5
6
78.3 kWh/m2a
39.8 kWh/m2a
32.9 kWh/m2a
Sub-category 2 1
2
3
4
5
6
79 kWh/m2a
90.3 kWh/m2a
77.3 kWh/m2a
77.3 kWh/m2a
39.4 kWh/m2a
32.7 kWh/m2a
Large
20.42 x 12.00 x 6
(18 %) 1.470.00 m2
Line 14 and
reference
equipment
Explanatory
notes
High-efficiency alternative systems
[4.3 a] in accordance with OIB-RL6:
2015 edition
Conventional system in
combination with the production of
renewable energy at or near the
site [4.3 b] in accordance with OIB-
RL6: 2015 edition
Energy carrier
2 Pellet boiler --- Biomass [4]
3 District heating --- District heating from heating
plant (renewable) [6]
4 District heating --- District heating from high-
efficiency CHP (default value) [8]
5 [Groundwater/water] heat pump --- Austria’s electricity mix [5]
6 [Air/water] heat pump --- Austria’s electricity mix [5]
1 --- Condensing boiler with solar
thermal collector
Natural gas [3]
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5.4 Identification of the variations for major renovations
5.4.1 Building physics – Residential buildings – Existing stock
The following HDHRef values can be defined for the existing building stock:
Table 10: Typical HWB values for Residential buildings – Existing stock
HDHRef line Characteristic length (lc)
Years Verbal evaluation HDDs = 3 400
BC 1.15 m 1.72 m 2.58 m 1.90 m
61 x(1+2.0/lc)
[Average] 167 132 108 125 …-1990 Minimal thermal
protection or worse
33x(1+2.0/lc) 90 71 59 68 …-2007 Significantly improved
thermal protection
26x(1+2.0/lc) 71 56 46 53 …-2010 Energy-saving building
(=2008)
19x(1+2.5/lc) 60 47 37 44 …-2012 2010 requirement
under OIB-RL 6: 2007
16x(1+3.0/lc) 58 44 35 41 …-2014 2012 requirement
under OIB-RL 6: 2011
5.4.2. Building physics – Residential buildings – Major renovations
The following HDH lines are used for major renovations:
Table 11: HDHRef lines – Residential buildings – Major renovations
HDHRef line HDHRef
23 23 x (1 + 2.5/lc)
21 21 x (1 + 2.5/lc)
19 19 x (1 + 2.5/lc)
17 17 x(1 + 2.5/lc)
15 15 x (1 + 3.0/lc)
5.4.3 Technical building systems – Residential buildings – Existing stock
The default equipment under OIB Guidelines is used for existing building stock.
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5.4.4. Technical building systems – Residential buildings – Major renovations
By way of analogy with New builds, the following variations have been selected:
Table 12: Package of measures – Technical building system variants – Residential buildings
– Existing stock
Heat supply systems [HSS] / Energy carrier [EC] in accordance with OIB-RL6: 2015
edition
HSS: Pellet boiler / EC: Biomass [4]
HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from heating plant (renewable) [6]
HSS: District heating / EC: District heating from high-efficiency CHP (default value) [8]
HSS: [Groundwater/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]
HSS: [Air/water] heat pump / EC: Austria’s electricity mix [5]
HSS: Condensing boiler plus solar thermal collector / EC: Natural gas [3]
5.5 Energy indicators for the variations for major renovations (Del. Reg. – Annex III/Table 1)
According to OIB Guideline 6: 2015, the current requirement for the HDHRef value is the line
‘HDHRef = 21 x (1 + 2.5/lc)’:
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Table 13: Results – Building physics + technical building systems – Residential buildings –
Major renovations
New builds
Building geometry
(proportion of window
space)
Gross floor area Requirements
(SH+HW)
Technical
building systems
(SH+HW)
Final energy
demand
(SH+HW)
Single-family building
Sub-category 1 1
2
3
4
5
6
128.0 kWh/m2
151.3 kWh/m2
120.1 kWh/m2
120.1 kWh/m2
48.0 kWh/m2
37.6 kWh/m2
Small 14.29 x 12.00 x 1
(16 %)
171.50 m2
21 line and
reference
equipment
Sub-category 2
Large
10.72 x 8.00 x 2
(11 %)
171.50 m2
21 line and
reference
equipment
1
2
3
4
5
6
115.0 kWh/m2
137.6 kWh/m2
109.2 kWh/m2
109.2 kWh/m2
44.7 kWh/m2
35.5 kWh/m2
Multi-family building
Sub-category 1 1
2
3
4
5
6
109.2 kWh/m2
128.6 kWh/m2
105.7 kWh/m2
105.7 kWh/m2
49.6 kWh/m2
39.8 kWh/m2
Small 18.55 x 12.00 x 2
(17 %)
445.20 m2
21 line and
reference
equipment
Sub-category 2 1
2
3
4
5
6
106.3 kWh/m2
125.3 kWh/m2
102.9 kWh/m2
102.9 kWh/m2
48.7 kWh/m2
39.2 kWh/m2
Large 14.84 x 10.00 x 3
(14 %)
445.20 m2
21 line and
reference
equipment
Apartment block
Sub-category 1
Small
30.62 x 12.00 x 4
1.470.00 m2
21 line and
reference
equipment
1
2
3
91.1 kWh/m2
104.0 kWh/m2
88.9 kWh/m2 (21 %)
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4
5
6
88.9 kWh/m2
43.1 kWh/m2
35.1 kWh/m2
Sub-category 2
Large
20.42 x 12.00 x 6
(18 %)
1.470.00 m2
21 line and
reference
equipment
1
2
3
4
5
6
89.8 kWh/m2
102.5 kWh/m2
87.6 kWh/m2
87.6 kWh/m2
42.6 kWh/m2
34.9 kWh/m2
Explanatory notes High-efficiency alternative systems [4.3 a]
in accordance with OIB-RL6: 2015 edition
Conventional system in
combination with the
production of renewable
energy at or near the site
[4.3 b] in accordance with
OIB-RL6: 2015 edition
Energy carrier in accordance with
OIB-RL6: 2015 edition
2 Pellet boiler --- Biomass [4]
3 District heating --- District heating from heating plant
(renewable) [6]
4 District heating --- District heating from high-efficiency
CHP plant (default value)
5 [Groundwater/water] heat pump --- Austria’s electricity mix [5]
6 [Air/water] heat pump --- Austria’s electricity mix [5]
1 --- Condensing boiler with
solar thermal collector Natural gas [3]
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6 Calculation of the primary energy demand for each reference building not taking account of the domestic electricity demand (Del. Reg. – Annex I/3)
In Austria, energy performance is calculated in accordance with the common general
framework as set out in Annex I to Directive 2010/31/EU.
For this purpose, in Austria the energy performance of a building is determined on the basis
of the calculated quantity of energy that is annually required to meet the different needs as
part of the use of the building and is reflected by the energy demand for heating and cooling
(energy needed to avoid overheating) to maintain the standardised temperature conditions of
the building and by the heat demand for hot water.
The energy performance of a building in Austria is illustrated transparently on both pages of
the energy performance certificate, in particular through the labelling of the specific values
for heating demand, primary energy demand, carbon dioxide emissions and the energy
performance factor on the first page and by stipulating the overall and detailed results on the
second page. Primary energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions are calculated using
conversion factors laid down at national level, and the energy performance factor by
comparison of the delivered energy demand (calculated as the final energy demand for the
building less the final energy yields generated on the site of the building) for the actual
building with the final energy demand of an identical building with the reference envelope
and technical building system.
Table 14: Conversion factors according to OIB Guideline 6: 2015
Energy carrier fPE
[-]
fPE,nonren.
[-]
fPE,ren.
[-]
fCO2
[g/kWh]
Natural gas 1.17 1.17 0.00 236
Biomass 1.08 0.06 1.02 4
Electricity (Austria’s mix) 1.91 1.32 0.59 276
District heating from heating plant (renewable) 1.60 0.28 1.32 51
District heating from high-efficiency CHP (default
value) 0.94 0.19 0.75 28
The methodology relies on the relevant European standards and is laid down in Austria on a
national basis by the following Austrian standards (ÖNORMs):
ÖNORM B 8110-5 ‘Thermal insulation in building construction – Part 5: Model of climate and user profiles’ (Date of issue: 1.3.2011)
ÖNORM B 8110-6 ‘Thermal insulation in building construction – Part 6: Principles and verification methods – Heating demand and cooling demand’ (Date of issue: 15.11.2014)
ÖNORM H 5050 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Calculation of the energy performance factor’ (Date of issue: 1.11.2014)
ÖNORM H 5056 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Energy use for heating systems’
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(Date of issue: 1.11.2014)
ÖNORM H 5057 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Energy use for ventilation systems of residential and non-residential buildings’ (Date of issue: 1.3.2011)
ÖNORM H 5058 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Energy use for cooling systems’ (Date of issue: 1.3.2011)
ÖNORM H 5059 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Energy use for lighting’ (Date of issue: 1.1.2010).
These documents take all aspects of Annex I(3) and (4) of Directive 2010/31/EU into
account, with the use profiles being more detailed than required by the categories from
Annex I(5) of Directive 2010/31/EU.
7 Calculation of the global cost in terms of net present value for each reference building not taking account of the domestic electricity demand (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4)
The methods used are the same as those from the first edition.
7.1 Collection of net cost data (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4(1))
By way of introduction to this section, the authors would like to make clear that the present
verification of the cost optimality of the applicable requirements under OIB-RL6: 2015 is in
no way intended as a cost-related assessment of various construction methods and building
technologies, especially since the selection of construction method and building technology
may also be influenced by a range of other aspects that may be without an alternative under
certain circumstances. For example, the desire for district heating can only be fulfilled if
district heating is actually available, while the desire for biomass heating can only be granted
in areas where air pollution control regulations do not preclude such systems; and finally, the
desire for a groundwater heat pump can only be fulfilled in areas where water protection
laws do not prevent such systems. We would like to observe at this point that the cost
optimality calculations are based on the assumption that a renovation is required in any case
(with the result that there would be no need to include costs that would have to be paid
anyway in the partial life-cycle cost calculation).
The present calculations are generally based on the partial absorption costing system. This
means that only those cost elements that are directly (e.g. thermal insulation) or indirectly
(e.g. plumbing works) related to the improvement in energy performance are included in the
calculation.
The cost data are compiled by collection from the following primary sources and apply in
principle per m2 of component area:
Austrian Federal Guild of Construction
Master builders (passive house planners)
Master builders (brick construction)
General contractor for apartment blocks
Interest groups (energy)
Own data (OIB, Austrian Farmers’ Social Security Authority (SVB))
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On the basis of these data, the construction costs for new builds and the renovation of
existing buildings were calculated for the following design types (in alphabetical order):
Wood frame construction (thermal conductivity as per dataholz.com and ÖNORM B 8110-7)
Solid wood construction (thermal conductivity as per dataholz.com and ÖNORM B 8110-7)
Reinforced concrete construction (thermal conductivity as per ÖNORM B 8110-7)
Brick construction (thermal conductivity as per ÖNORM B 8110-7)
In the same manner, the costs for windows of the following materials were collected (in
alphabetical order):
Wooden windows
Aluminium-clad wooden windows
Plastic windows
Aluminium windows
In addition, the costs for technical building system variants and their maintenance were
collected, as well as costs for the following supplementary works in connection with
renovations:
Removal and installation of windows
Follow-up measures resulting from window replacements (e.g. windowsills and ledges)
Plumbing works as a result of additional thermal insulation measures
To meet the requirements of the various construction methods and building equipment
types, cost functions were defined and any residual values were taken into account. The
calculations were then made on the basis of the average cost functions.
Disposal costs were not taken into consideration, since their impact was shown to be
insignificant in test calculations, due to the discounting effect.
After extensive analysis of the cost data collected, the following costs were used as the
basis for the following cost calculations, taking into account, in particular, those costs which
represent additional costs compared to the applicable requirements:
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Wall systems with EIFS EPS grey (with solid wood construction; only insulation variable)
Solid wood construction base with no service cavity
Table 15: Layering of the solid wood construction base with no service cavity
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
EPS F grey 0.032 €1.00/cm
0.012 Engineered wood panel 0.130
>0.120 Mineral wool in wood frame 0.035/0.120
0.100 Solid wood 0.130
0.025 Gypsum plasterboard 0.250
Internal
Solid wood construction base with service cavity
Table 16: Layering of the solid wood construction base with service cavity
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
EPS F grey 0.032 €1.00/cm
0.012 Engineered wood panel 0.130
>0.120 Mineral wool in wood frame 0.035/0.120
0.100 Solid wood 0.130
>0.030 Mineral wool in laths 0.035/0.120
0.025 Gypsum plasterboard 0.250
Internal
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Wall systems with EIFS EPS grey (with wood frame construction; only insulation variable)
Wood frame construction base with no service cavity
Table 17: Layering of the wood frame construction base with no service cavity
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
EPS F grey 0.032 €1.00/cm
0.012 Engineered wood panel 0.130
>0.120 Mineral wool in wood frame 0.035/0.120
0.025 Gypsum plasterboard 0.250
Internal
Wood frame construction base with service cavity
Table 18: Layering of the wood frame construction base with service cavity
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
EPS F grey 0.032 €1.00/cm
0.012 Engineered wood panel 0.130
>0.120 Mineral wool in wood frame 0.035/0.120
0.016 Chipboard 0.130
>0.030 Mineral wool laths 0.035/0.120
0.025 Gypsum plasterboard 0.250
Internal
Wall systems with EIFS EPS grey (with reinforced concrete and brick construction; only
insulation variable)
Reinforced concrete construction
Table 19: Layering of the reinforced concrete construction with EIFS EPS grey
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
EPS F grey 0.032 €1.00/cm
0.170 Reinforced concrete 2.300
0.020 Gypsum plaster 0.570
Internal
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Vertically perforated brick construction base
Table 20: Layering of the vertically perforated brick construction with EIFS EPS grey
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
EPS F grey 0.032 €1.00/cm
>0.250 Vertically perforated brick 0.089
0.015 Gypsum plaster 0.570
Internal
Wall systems with EIFS MW-PT mineral wool (with reinforced concrete construction; only
insulation variable)
Reinforced concrete construction
Table 21: Layering of the reinforced concrete construction with EIFS MW-PT mineral wool
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
MW-PT mineral wool 0.040 €1.20/cm
>0.170 Reinforced concrete 2.300
0.020 Gypsum plaster 0.570
Internal
Wall system with filler brick construction
Filler brick construction base
Table 22: Layering of the filler brick construction
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
0.040 Insulating plaster 0.120
Filler brick
0.066 €2.20/cm
0.015 Gypsum plaster 0.570
Internal
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Ceiling system
Solid wood ceiling
Table 23: Layering of the solid wood ceiling
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
Mineral wool or EPS 0.036 €1.88/cm
0.100 Solid wood 0.130
0.025 Gypsum plasterboard 0.250
Internal
Wood joist ceiling
Table 24: Layering of the wood joist ceiling
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
Mineral wool or EPS 0.036 €1.88/cm
>0.020 Engineered wood panel 0.130
>0.160 Mineral wool between joists 0.035/
0.120
0.025 Gypsum plasterboard 0.250
Internal
Reinforced concrete ceiling
Table 25: Layering of the reinforced concrete ceiling
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
Mineral wool or EPS 0.036 €1.88/cm
0.200 Reinforced concrete 2.300
0.020 Gypsum plaster 0.570
Internal
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Brick ceiling
Table 26: Layering of the brick ceiling
External d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
Mineral wool or EPS 0.036 €1.88/cm
0.210 Ceiling brick 0.545
0.020 Gypsum plaster 0.570
Internal
Basement ceiling
Reinforced concrete
Table 27: Layering of the reinforced concrete floor
Internal d [m] Material λ [W/mK] Costs
0.050 Screed 1.330
0.030 Impact sound insulation 0.035
0.200 Reinforced concrete 2.300
Thermal insulation 0.035 €1.18/cm
External
Windows
The costs for windows were collected for
Aluminium windows,
Wooden windows,
Aluminium-clad wooden windows, and
plastic windows
and in the dimensions
1.23 m x 1.48 m
1.80 m x 1.40 m
1.23 m x 2.20 m
For measures that would be implemented anyway, a U value of 1.30 W/m2K is assumed.
From these cost data, average costs of €17.79/m2 in new builds and €24.56/m2 in
renovations (for supplement, see below) per 0.1 W/m2K were determined to be better than
1.3ؘ W/m2K.
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Building services
The following values were used for the costs of the technical building systems:
Table 28: Average costs for technical building systems
SFB MFB APB
Gas 6 193 to 7 300 6 846 to 9 397 11 653 to 36 000
Pellets 13 870 to 18 300 17 548 to 23 400 29 840 to 59 900
Air/water heat pump 11 651 to 16 099 21 497 to 29 155 41 057 to 57 023
Groundwater/water
heat pump
16 026 to 23 010 27 000 to 39 145 43 000 to 73 866
District heating (DH) 10 633 to 15 221 12 760 to 16 169 23 556 to 29 089
For solar thermal energy, system costs of €1.093/m2 of gross floor area were used.
Maintenance costs
The following values were used for the specific maintenance costs:
Table 29: Maintenance costs per year by HSS
Gas Pellets
Air/water heat
pump
Groundwater/
water heat
pump DH
SFB €75 €330 €40 €50 €0
MFB €175 €370 €150 €150 €0
APB €260 €500 €150 €150 €0
VAT
20 % VAT was added to all costs in the field of residential buildings.
Renovation costs
For renovation costs, 75 % higher costs were assumed for structural improvements in order
to account for the value expenses involved in renovations. For building services
improvements, identical costs were assessed as for new builds, especially given that any
additional costs in this connection were assessed as costs that would be incurred in any
case.
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7.2 Discount rate (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4.2)
Pursuant to EN 15459 the following variables are to be used to determine the discount rate:
Table 30: Basic variables for cost optimality according to EN 15459
Inflation rate Ri Annual currency depreciation, expressed in %
Discount rate Rd Defined value, to enable a comparison of the monetary value
at various times
Market interest
rate R The interest rate agreed with the lender, expressed in %
Real interest rate RR
Market interest rate, adjusted for the inflation rate. The real
interest rate may vary during the course of the calculation
period (dynamic calculation)
According to this provision, the real interest rate is to be calculated as a function of the
market interest rate and inflation, and the discount factor as a function of the real interest
rate. In this calculation, the real interest rate is RR = (R - Ri) / (1 + Ri/100), with R
corresponding to the market interest rate and Ri to the inflation rate. Likewise, the discount
factor is Rd(p) = [1 / (1 + RR / 100)]p, with p meaning the number of years to be taken into
account.
The following tables result in a discount rate of 2.19 ± 0.38 %.
7.3 Choice of perspective (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4.3+4.4)
The Regulation allows Member States to choose between the ‘Calculation of global costs for
a financial perspective’ and the ‘Calculation of global costs for a macroeconomic
perspective’.
For Austria, the option of ‘Calculation of global costs for a financial perspective’ was selected
for residential buildings, although, based on test calculations, it is expected that the
discrepancy vis-à-vis the results for the ‘Calculation of global costs for a macroeconomic
perspective’ will be insignificant.
Below is the development of inflation in Austria in the years since 2004 according to data
from Statistics Austria:4
4 Statistics Austria.
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Table 31: Inflation rates – Austria – 2004 to 2016
Below is the development of the market interest rate in Austria in the years since 2004
according to the data on the development of the Euribor:5,6
Table 32: Market interest rate – Austria – 2004 to 2016
Marktzins (für 30 Jahre fix) Market interest rate (for 30-year fix)
This results in the following progression of the real interest rate:
5 See de.euribor-rates.de (June 2017).
6 See current reporting on the Supreme Court judgment on the obligation to pass on negative interest rates.
Year Inflation
2004 2.10 %
2005 2.40 %
2006 1.50 %
2007 2.20 %
2008 3.30 %
2009 0.60 %
2010 1.90 %
2011 3.30 %
2012 2.60 %
2013 2.00 %
2014 1.70 %
2015 1.00 %
2016 0.90 %
Year
Market
interest
rate
2004 4.08 %
2005 4.09 %
2006 4.70 %
2007 5.88 %
2008 6.13 %
2009 4.83 %
2010 3.05 %
2011 3.30 %
2012 3.74 %
2013 2.34 %
2014 2.36 %
2015 2.12 %
2016 1.86 %
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Table 33: Real interest rate – Austria – 2004 to 2016
Realzinssatz Real interest rate
This results in the following progression of the discount rate:
Table 34: Discount rate – Austria – 2004 to 2016
Year
Real interest
rate
2004 1.93 %
2005 1.65 %
2006 3.15 %
2007 3.60 %
2008 2.74 %
2009 4.20 %
2010 1.13 %
2011 0.00 %
2012 1.11 %
2013 0.34 %
2014 0.64 %
2015 1.11 %
2016 0.95 %
Year Discount rate
2004 1.93 %
2005 1.79 %
2006 2.24 %
2007 2.58 %
2008 2.61 %
2009 2.88 %
2010 2.62 %
2011 2.29 %
2012 2.16 %
2013 1.98 %
2014 1.85 %
2015 1.79 %
2016 1.73 %
AVE 2.19 ± 0.38 %
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7.4 Calculation of costs for the regular replacement of components
The methods used are the same as those from the first edition.
7.5 Calculation period/estimated useful life
The following useful lives were used for the calculations:
Table 35: Component useful lives in years
ThI – TSC EIFS WIN ThI – BC Brick wall
(mono)
Technical
building
systems
60 40 40 60 90 30
We would like to observe at this point that the useful lives given relate exclusively to the
varied structural elements.
7.6 Starting year for the calculations (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4)
The starting year for the calculations is 2017.
7.7 Calculation of the energy costs in the cost calculation (Del. Reg. – Annex I/4)
The following data were calculated from Statistics Austria’s figures on total domestic energy
consumption, ‘Proportional use of all energy carriers in all households, total and by intended
use, 2003-2016’.
Table 36: Energy prices for the determination of cost optimality7 (gross prices)
Energy carrier [EUR/kWh] [% p.a.]
Pellets 0.048 2.1 %
DH (HWrenewable) 0.160 1.3 %
DH (CHPdefault value) 0.140 1.3 %
Electricity 0.195 2.4 %
7 Statistics Austria, Proportional use of all energy carriers in all households, total and by intended use, 2003-
2016.
Diskontsatz Discount rate
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Gas 0.078 3.6 %
The costs indicated for the energy price increases are adjusted for inflation in the
calculations based on these increases.
In addition, all calculations (apart from the sensitivity analyses) were also carried out for a
3 % constant or 0 % constant energy price increase (minus inflation in each case).
8 Identification of a cost-optimal level for each reference building (Del. Reg. – Annex I/6)
The methods used are the same as those from the first edition.
8.1 Identification of the cost-optimal spectrum
The methods used are the same as those from the first edition.
8.1.1 Residential buildings – New builds
In the following four result summaries, all values for life-cycle costs over primary energy
demand (Figure 2: Life-cycle costs over total primary energy demand), non-renewable
primary energy demand (Figure 3: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary energy
demand), renewable primary energy demand (Figure 4: Life-cycle costs over renewable
primary energy demand) and carbon dioxide emissions (Figure 5: Life-cycle costs over
carbon dioxide emissions) that represent a high-efficiency, alternative system are depicted
as blue dots, while those that represent an optimum for the solution and for the building type
in question are also outlined in red. For those cases for which no high-efficiency, alternative
system is used, the grey dots (and the grey dots with red outline for the optimums) are used.
Those dots that represent an increase from the ‘Building envelope’ package of measures are
joined up via a thin line (blue, grey), which appear in the order 8th line – 10th line – 12th line
– 14th line – 16th line – 26th line (each from left to right). In the case of investment costs,
only those costs that exceed the minimum requirements (U value requirements) are taken
into account.
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Figure 2: Life-cycle costs over total primary energy demand for space heating and hot water
Primärenergiebedarf gesamt - Neubau Total primary energy demand – New builds
Figure 3: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary energy demand for space heating and
hot water
Primärenergiebedarf nicht erneuerbar - Non-renewable primary energy demand –
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Neubau New builds
Figure 4: Life-cycle costs over renewable primary energy demand for space heating and hot
water
Primärenergiebedarf erneuerbar - Neubau Renewable primary energy demand – New
builds
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Figure 6
Value range: 0-150 kWh/m2a
Figure 3
Value range: 0-150 kWh/m2a
Figure 7 Value range: 0-10 kg/m
2a
Figure 5
Value range: 0-150 kWh/m2a
Figure 5: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide emissions for space heating and hot water
In order to clarify the result for non-renewable primary energy demand in combination with
high-efficiency, alternative systems and for carbon dioxide emissions, the value range was
limited in the following two figures (Figure 6: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary
energy demand, Figure 7: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide emissions).
In addition, the highest optimum is highlighted by a vertical red line and labelled with its
value.
Kohlendioxidemissionen - Neubau Carbon dioxide emissions – New builds
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Figure 6: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary energy demand for space heating and
hot water, magnified for a value range for exclusively high-efficiency, alternative systems
Primärenergiebedarf nicht erneuerbar -
Neubau
Non-renewable primary energy demand –
New builds
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Figure 7: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide emissions for space heating and hot water,
magnified for a value range for exclusively high-efficiency, alternative systems
In order to determine the cost-optimal reference heat demand for heating by way of analogy
to 2013/2014 or the cost-optimal spectrum derived therefrom, the procedure was as follows:
In a first step, the design types were weighted based on expert surveys from the construction industry, as follows:
Solid wood construction with no
service cavity 8.0 %
Reinforced concrete
construction with EIFS EPS
grey
35.0 %
Solid wood construction with
service cavity 2.0 %
Reinforced concrete
construction with EIFS MW-PT
mineral wool
5.0 %
Wood frame construction with no
service cavity 8.0 %
Vertically perforated brick
construction with EIFS EPS
grey
37.5 %
Wood frame construction with
service cavity 2.0 % Filler brick construction 2.5 %
In order to also weight all high-efficiency alternative systems, this was applied to the
Kohlendioxidemissionen - Neubau Carbon dioxide emissions – New builds
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reference heating demand. The energy performance of private households was based on an apportionment of 48 % for fossil ECs, 6 % for biomass, 33 % for local and district heating and 13 % for heat supply by means of heat pumps, taking into account ambient heat.
For high-efficiency, alternative systems, this gives rise to the following weightings:
EC SFB small SFB large MFB small MFB large APB small APB large
Pellets 11.5 % 11.5 % 11.5 % 11.5 % 11.5 % 11.5 %
Local heating
– biomass 63.5 % 63.5 % 63.5 % 63.5 % 0.0 % 0.0 %
District heating
– CHP 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 63.5 % 63.5 %
Air/water heat
pump 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 %
Groundwater/
water heat
pump 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 %
If you take account of the cost-optimal spectrum with an energy value up to 15 % lower and
then relate this result to the reference heat demand for heating (by way of analogy to
2013/14), the result is the following cost-optimal spectrum according to the Delegated
Regulation, in which it is assumed that the technical building system consists of reference
equipment:
Cost-optimal spectrum – Residential buildings – New builds
11.17 HDH line to 9.49 line (-15 %)
For a uniform 3 % energy price increase: 10.33 HDH line to 8.78 line
For a uniform 0 % energy price increase: 11.70 HDH line to 9.95 line
If a more efficient technical building system is used or if energy is generated on or near the
site, a higher reference heat demand for heating may be applied in accordance with the
current specifications under OIB-RL6: 2015, with the maximum being the 16 HDH line for
the reference heat demand for heating. In any case, the non-renewable primary energy
demand of
PEDSHHWnonren 41 kWh/m2a
must be adhered to. Up to now, the requirement was established via PED 160 kWh/m2a,
with account being taken of the domestic electricity demand via a set of conversion factors
under OIB-RL6: 2011. However, the guideline states the following in this regard: ‘For
assessing cost optimality, the non-renewable proportion of the “primary energy” is taken
into account.’ It goes on: ‘This is not inconsistent with the definition of “primary energy” in
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the Directive, since in relation to the total energy performance of a building, both the non-
renewable portion and the total amount of primary energy used to run the building must be
indicated. The corresponding primary energy conversion factors are to be established at
national level, taking into account Annex II to Directive 2006/32/EC (1).’ In order to ensure
comparability with other information provided by Member States, this information will be
provided in the future.
The development
10.64 (CostOpt 2013) 11.17 (CostOpt 2018; 9.49 = -15 %)
results in a change of less than 5 % to the cost optimum. The actual requirement value for
the reference heat demand for heating of 10 x (1 + 3.0/lc) remains clearly within the cost-
optimal spectrum.
It is worth mentioning at this point that the European Commission’s recommendations of
August 2016 expressly stated the usefulness of taking domestic electricity into account.
8.1.2 Residential buildings – Major renovations
In the following four result summaries, all values for life-cycle costs over primary energy
demand (Figure 8: Life-cycle costs over total primary energy demand), non-renewable
primary energy demand (Figure 9: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary energy
demand), renewable primary energy demand (Figure 10: Life-cycle costs over renewable
primary energy demand) and carbon dioxide emissions (Figure 11: Life-cycle costs over
carbon dioxide emissions) that represent a high-efficiency, alternative system are depicted
as blue dots, while those that represent an optimum for the solution and for the building type
in question are also outlined in red. For those cases for which no high-efficiency, alternative
system is used, the grey dots (and the grey dots with red outline for the optimums) are used.
Those dots that represent an increase from the ‘Building envelope’ package of measures are
joined up via a thin line (blue, grey), which appear in the order 15th line – 17th line – 19th
line – 21st line – 23rd line – 25th line – 61st line (each from left to right). In the case of
investment costs, only those costs that exceed the minimum requirements (U value
requirements) are taken into account.
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Figure 8: Life-cycle costs over total primary energy demand for space heating and hot water
Primärenergiebedarf nicht erneuerbar -
Größere Renovierung
Non-renewable primary energy demand – Major renovations
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Figure 9: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary energy demand for space heating and
hot water
Figure 10: Life-cycle costs over renewable primary energy demand for space heating and
hot water
Primärenergiebedarf nicht erneuerbar -
Größere Renovierung
Non-renewable primary energy demand –
Major renovations
Primärenergiebedarf erneuerbar - Größere
Renovierung
Renewable primary energy demand –
Major renovations
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Figure 9
Value range: 0-150 kWh/m2a
Figure 12
Value range: 0-50 kWh/m2a
Figure 13
Value range: 0-10 kg/m2a
Figure 11: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide emissions for space heating and hot water
Kohlendioxidemissionen – Größere
Renovierung
Carbon dioxide emissions – Major
renovations
In order to clarify the result for non-renewable primary energy demand in combination with
high-efficiency, alternative systems and for carbon dioxide emissions, the value range was
limited in the following two figures (Figure 12: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary
energy demand for space heating and hot water, magnified for a value range for exclusively
high-efficiency, alternative systems, Figure 13: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide
emissions for space heating and hot water, magnified for a value range for exclusively high-
efficiency, alternative systems).
In addition, the highest optimum is
highlighted by a vertical red line and labelled with its value.
Figure 11
Value range: 0-30 kg/m2a
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Figure 12: Life-cycle costs over non-renewable primary energy demand for space heating
and hot water, magnified for a value range for exclusively high-efficiency, alternative
systems
Primärenergiebedarf nicht erneuerbar -
Größere Renovierung
Non-renewable primary energy demand –
Major renovations
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Figure 13: Life-cycle costs over carbon dioxide emissions for space heating and hot water,
magnified for a value range for exclusively high-efficiency, alternative systems
Kohlendioxidemissionen – Grössere
Renovierung
Carbon dioxide emissions – Major
renovations
In order to determine the cost-optimal reference heat demand for heating by way of analogy
to 2013/2014 or the cost-optimal spectrum derived therefrom, the procedure was as follows:
In a first step, the design types were weighted based on expert surveys from the construction industry, as follows:
EIFS/Rain screen with EPS grey 80.0 % EIFS/Rain screen with MW-PT
mineral wool
20.0 %
In order to also weight all high-efficiency alternative systems, this was applied to the reference heating demand. The energy performance of private households was based on an apportionment of 47.5 % for gas, 5.8 % for pellets, 33.3 % for local and district heating and 13.4 % for heat supply by means of heat pumps, taking into account ambient heat.
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For high-efficiency, alternative systems, this gives rise to the following weightings:
EC SFB small SFB large MFB small MFB large APB small APB large
Pellets 11.01 % 11.01 % 11.01 % 11.01 % 11.01 % 11.01 %
Local heating
– biomass 63.55 % 63.55 % 63.55 % 63.55 % 0.0 % 0.0 %
District heating
– CHP 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 63.55 % 63.55 %
Air/water heat
pump 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 %
Groundwater/
water heat
pump 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 % 12.72 %
If you take account of the cost-optimal spectrum with an energy value up to 15 % lower and
then relate this result to the reference heat demand for heating (by way of analogy to
2013/14), the result is the following cost-optimal spectrum according to the Delegated
Regulation, in which it is assumed that the technical building system consists of reference
equipment:
Cost-optimal spectrum – Residential buildings – Major renovations
18.94 HDH line to 16.01 line (-15 %)
For a uniform 3 % energy price increase: 18.18 HDH line to 15.45 line
For a uniform 0 % energy price increase: 20.34 HDH line to 17.29 line
If a more efficient technical building system is used or if energy is generated on or near the
site, a higher reference heat demand for heating may be applied in accordance with the
current specifications under OIB-RL6: 2015, with the maximum being the 16 HDH line for the
reference heat demand for heating. In any case, the non-renewable primary energy demand
of
PEDSHHWnonren. 44 kWh/m2a
must be adhered to. Up to now, the requirement was established via PED 200 kWh/m2a,
with account being taken of the domestic electricity demand via a set of conversion factors
under OIB-RL6: 2011. However, the guideline states the following in this regard: ‘For
assessing cost optimality, the non-renewable proportion of the “primary energy” is taken into
account.’ It goes on: ‘This is not inconsistent with the definition of “primary energy” in the
Directive, since in relation to the total energy performance of a building, both the non-
renewable portion and the total amount of primary energy used to run the building must be
indicated. The corresponding primary energy conversion factors are to be established at
national level, taking into account Annex II to Directive 2006/32/EC (1).’ In order to ensure
comparability with other information provided by Member States, this information will be
provided in the future.
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The development
16.94 (CostOpt 2013) 18.94 (CostOpt 2018; 16.01 = -15 %)
results in a change of approximately 10 % to the cost optimum. The actual requirement
value for the reference heat demand for heating of 17 x (1 + 2.5/lc) remains well within the
cost-optimal spectrum.
8.2 Comparison with existing requirements in Austria
The following two sub-chapters compare the results of this document with the already very
high level of efficiency of the current thermal-energy requirements for new builds and major
renovations:
8.2.1 Residential buildings – New builds
It can be seen from all the cases examined that the difference between the requirements
applicable today and the cost-optimal spectrum has fallen to a value of less than 30 % as a
result of continuous readjustments of the requirements for new builds.
The results are both a confirmation of the definition of the nearly-zero energy house level for
new builds within the meaning of Article 9 of the Directive and a confirmation of the
establishment of the phased plan until this level is reached.
The consistent use of high-efficiency, alternative systems already guarantees a non-
renewable primary energy requirement of less than 41 kWh/m2a. This means that, since the
initial definition of the nearly-zero energy house level for new builds, a very high proportion
of newly constructed buildings already meet these requirements.
8.2.2 Residential buildings – Major renovations
It can be seen from all the cases examined that the difference between the requirements
applicable today and the cost-optimal spectrum has fallen to a value of less than 20 % as a
result of continuous readjustments of the requirements for major renovations.
The results are both a confirmation of the definition of the nearly-zero energy house level for
major renovations in 2020 within the meaning of Article 9 of the Directive and a confirmation
of the establishment of the phased plan until this level is reached.
The consistent use of high-efficiency, alternative systems already guarantees a non-
renewable primary energy requirement of less than 44 kWh/m2a. This means that, since the
initial definition of the nearly-zero energy house level for new builds, a very high proportion
of buildings that undergo major renovations already meet these requirements.
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9. Sensitivity analysis (Del. Reg. – Annex I/5)
In the following sections, the reliability of the results obtained is tested by varying the energy
price increase rates, the investment costs and the discount rate.
9.1 Residential buildings – New builds
9.1.1 Energy price increase increased by 15 %
10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 10.99
9.1.2 Energy price increase reduced by 15 %
10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 11.21
9.1.3 25 % increase in investment costs for thermal-related measures
10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 11.57
3 % increase: 10.64 (2013) 10.33 (2018) 11.26
9.1.4 25 % decrease in investment costs for thermal-related measures
10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 9.56
3 % increase: 10.64 (2013) 10.33 (2018) 9.21
9.1.5 25 % increase in discount rate
10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 11.24
3 % increase: 10.64 (2013) 10.33 (2018) 10.80
9.1.6 25 % decrease in discount rate
10.64 (2013) 11.17 (2018) 10.55
3 % increase: 10.64 (2013) 10.33 (2018) 9.58
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Figure 14: Results of the sensitivity analysis (New-build RBs)
[EP = Energy price; IK = Investment costs; DS = Discount rate]
Sensitivitätsanalyse - WG Neubau Sensitivity analysis – New-build RBs
CostOpt2013 CostOpt2013
EP: -15% EP: -15 %
CostOpt2017 CostOpt2017
EP: +15% EP: +15 %
IK: -25% IC: -25 %
IK: +25% IC: +25 %
DS: -25% DR: -25 %
DS: +25% DR: +25 %
9.2 Residential buildings – Major renovations
9.2.1 Energy price increase increased by 15 %
16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 18.72
9.2.2 Energy price increase reduced by 15 %
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16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 19.32
9.2.3 25 % increase in investment costs for thermal-related measures
16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 20.48
3 % increase: 16.94 (2013) 18.18 (2018) 19.70
9.2.4 25 % decrease in investment costs for thermal-related measures
16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 17.22
3 % increase: 16.94 (2013) 18.18 (2018) 16.88
9.2.5 25 % increase in discount rate
16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 19.78
3 % increase: 16.94 (2013) 18.18 (2018) 18.86
9.2.6 25 % decrease in discount rate
16.94 (2013) 18.94 (2018) 18.16
3 % increase: 16.94 (2013) 18.18 (2018) 17.70
Figure 15: Results of the sensitivity analysis (RBs – Renovations)
[EP = Energy price; IK = Investment costs; DS = Discount rate]
Sensitivitätsanalyse - WG Größere Renovierung
Sensitivity analysis – Major renovations
of RBs
Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering OIB-330.6-005/18-001 As at: 26.2.2018
OIB Proposal on cost optimality 2018 Page 56 of 60
EP: -15% EP: -15 %
CostOpt2017 CostOpt2017
EP: +15% EP: +15 %
IK: -25% IC: -25 %
IK: +25% IC: +25 %
DS: -25% DR: -25 %
DS: +25% DR: +25 %
Austrian Institute of Construction Engineering OIB-330.6-005/18-001 As at: 26.2.2018
OIB Proposal on cost optimality 2018
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