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Going to Extremes:Going to Extremes:The project to develop unconventionalThe project to develop unconventionalgas extraction in Britaingas extraction in Britain
Paul MobbsPaul MobbsMobbs' Environmental InvestigationsMobbs' Environmental Investigations
http://www.fraw.org.uk/meihttp://www.fraw.org.uk/mei
The politics of “business as usual”is getting desperate...
The politics of “business as usual”is getting desperate...
“In the absence of information about thequality of the UK’s shale gas we haveassumed that shale gas would produce
similar emissions to those in the productionand processing of conventional gas.”
“In the absence of information about thequality of the UK’s shale gas we haveassumed that shale gas would produce
similar emissions to those in the productionand processing of conventional gas.”
The politics of “business as usual”is getting desperate...
“The currently available evidence indicates that the potential risks to public health from exposure
to the emissions associated with shale gas extraction are low if the operations are properly
run and regulated.”
“In the absence of information about thequality of the UK’s shale gas we haveassumed that shale gas would produce
similar emissions to those in the productionand processing of conventional gas.”
The politics of “business as usual”is getting desperate...
“Unconventional” resources
Unconventional oil and gas can't migrate to form underground reservoirs because the
source rock has a low permeability. Instead the rock strata where the oil/gas is formed
must be mined directly.
The existence of unconventional oil and gas is related to the types of rocks that make-up the UK. Like other minerals, unconventional
fuels can only be worked where they are found – and so we have to start by looking
at a geological map of Britain.
Sources of unconventional gas:
Differences in the underlying geology mean that the likelihood and impactsof unconventional gas development will differ across the area...
there is no “simple” explanation of potential or effects.
Shale gas Produced from impermeable “black” shales, mud-stones and clays – all of which have a high organic content. Impermeable nature of the rock prevents migration of the gas generated to a reservoir strata.
Coal-bedmethane(CBM/CSG)
Methane gas trapped in coal. Due to variations in coal seams and their history, not all coal seams contain usable gas, and variations in geology givevery differing quantities of gas.
Undergroundcoal gasifi‑cation (UCG)
Gasifying the coal in-situ underground, starved of oxygen, to produce methane, hydrogen & carbon monoxide rich “syngas”.
Sources of unconventional gas:
14th Onshore Licensing Round
In the UK most mineral rights are controlled by the state. The rights to exploit minerals are auctioned-off in regular "rounds". Many areas of Britain are already licensed, mostly for oil and gas (the North East and the Weald).
The last round granted licences for shale gas and CBM in Somerset, Lancashire, Wales, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire & Scotland. The 14th round seeks to open-up the rest of the UK to unconventional gas extraction.
The 14th round licences were due to be announced in 2012. The controversy over fracking has delayed that process, and the results have still not been announced.
Namurian
Tremadoc
Liassic
Liassicsubcrop
Oxfordclay
Kimmeridgeclay
Shale gas
The generic term "shale gas" is used to cover methane gas which can be recovered from a number of different low permeability rocks – shales, mudstones, siltstone and clays.
The most important characteristic is that they have a high organic content that has been "cooked" through the gas window – older rocks may contain more gas, younger rocks less.
Shale gas is produced using hydraulic fracturing (aka. 'fraccing' or'fracking') processes.
Most mediarepresentationsshow a directionalwell, or talk ofearthquakes. Thisis a major under-estimate of theimpacts of thefracking process.
The mostimpactful parts ofthe process havelittle to do with thegas well.
Shale gas
Shale gasMost mediarepresentationsshow a directionalwell, or talk ofearthquakes. Thisis a major under-estimate of theimpacts of thefracking process.
The mostimpactful parts ofthe process havelittle to do with thegas well.
Coal-bed methaneCoal less
than 1.2kmdeep
Coal morethan 1.2km
deep
Coal-bed methane (CBM, but in Australia usually called 'coal seam gas', CSG) uses similar techniques to shale gas wells to remove methane trapped in coal seams.
Rather like home water filters, the carbon in coal mops up the methane and binds it within the rock; CBM systems use drilled wells and chemicals to dislodge the gas and extract it. This can use 'fracking' technology, but need not where gas levels are high.
In the UK CBM currently being considered in former coalfield areas.
The driver for local gas development will be coal seams
This region is underlain by large areas of coal, in many places un-worked because they are too deep, or geologically problematic to be economically viable. The region has some shale gas potential, but it is difficult compared to other areas. ThereforeCBM exploitation – such as that seen in Australia – is the most likely development.
The driver for local gas development will be coal seams
South Wales
Underground coalgasification (UCG)
UCG "burns" coal underground,starved of oxygen. This createscarbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane gases – called syngas.
Rather like the process of making 'town gas', this option creates a complex mixture of pollutants – which can be flushed from the area by groundwater movement.
UCG is not a stable technology, and is one of the most 'extreme'of extreme energy sources.
South Wales
“...government can still be far too slow at gettingstuff done... I am determined to change this.Here's how: Cutting back on judicial reviews. Reducing government consultations. Streamlining European legislation. Stopping the gold-plating of legislation at home.Well, this country is in the economic equivalent ofwar today – and we need the same spirit. We needto forget about crossing every 't' and dotting every'i' and we need to throw everything we've got at winning in this global race.”
David Cameron's speech to the CBIMonday 19th November 2012
Unfortunatelypolitics isin denial
Experience tellsus that these
technologies arehighly damagingto human healthand the naturalenvironment...
...so why are wegoing ahead
with theseprojects?
2,000
7,000
12,000
Coal import Petroleum import Natural gas import Nuclear importElectrical power import Renewable import Coal PetroleumNatural gas Renewable Coal export Petroleum exportNatural gas export Renewable exports Total consumption (PJ)
0
Indigenous production
Commodity imports DECC statistics
DECC projections
Total primary energy consumption
PRIMARY ENERGY
Prim
ary
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n, P
J/ye
ar
3,000
8,000
1930
1915
1945
1960
1975
1990
2005
2014
2035
UK Primary Energy Supply – 1915 to 2013, & projections to 2035
2,000
7,000
12,000
Coal import Petroleum import Natural gas import Nuclear importElectrical power import Renewable import Coal PetroleumNatural gas Renewable Coal export Petroleum exportNatural gas export Renewable exports Total consumption (PJ)
0
☹ ☹post-colonial decline
resource boom-bust
cycle
political realignment
what next?
CYCLES
☺☺
Prim
ary
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n, P
J/ye
ar
3,000
8,000
1930
1915
1945
1960
1975
1990
2005
2014
2035
2,000
7,000
12,000
Coal import Petroleum import Natural gas import Nuclear importElectrical power import Renewable import Coal PetroleumNatural gas Renewable Coal export Petroleum exportNatural gas export Renewable exports Unconventional gas Total consumption (PJ)
0
Indigenous production
Commodity imports DECC statistics
DECC projections
Total primary energy consumption
OFGEM shale gas estimates
SHALE GAS
Prim
ary
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n, P
J/ye
ar
3,000
8,000
1930
1915
1945
1960
1975
1990
2005
2014
2035
Unfortunatelypolitics isin denial
Experience tellsus that these
technologies arehighly damagingto human healthand the naturalenvironment...
...so why are wegoing ahead
with theseprojects?
Scottish Expert Panel
Report (2014)
Atlantic Partnership
APPG Unconventional
Oil and Gas
Edelman
PEDLs
Catherine Fall
Zoe Shipton
David Cameronprime minister
deputy-chief of staff
Daniel Yergin US secretary
'great & the good' of politics & diplo macy in the USA,
UK and EU
former director
fossil fuels consultancy
Ben Moxham
Centrica
Hill & Knowlton
Policy Exchange
energy & climate advisor 2010-13
public affairs
2009-12
senior Conservatives
public affairs 2013
Riverstone
BP
Ian Cheshire
head enviro- nment 2005-7
Gas Works?
2012vice president
lead non-exec director 2010-14
chief exec. 1998-07
managing partner
2007-
investors
Shale Gas
Europe
Task Force on
Shale Gas
secretariat
FTI Consultingsecretariat
Energy in Depth IPAA43 other
exploration ventures
finance/ management
policy
lobbying
previous connections
Relationships:
Entities:people
corporate
policy group
lobby/PR group
political group
publication
oil and gas operations
the label on the line states the nature of the relationship
agencies/ regulators
Halliburton
Shell
Chevron
Statoil
Total
Dow
Weir Group
funding
HM Government
Katie Waring
associate director
GDF Suez
membership/ fundingfunding
Energy UK
Fishburn Hedges
PR/lobbyists PEDLs
& fields
PEDLs
Francis Maude
paymaster general
co-founder/ board member
Huntsworth
public relations
group
board member
Alex Morton
adviser
housing, planning & urban 2010-2013
Ed Davey
special adviser 2012-13
Vince Cable
former chief economist
Chris Nicholson
Paul Hodgson special adviser
special adviser
Centre Forum
chief executive 2012-12
associate director 2006-13
Matthew Hancock
minister of state
Office for Unconventional
Gas and Oil
Amber Rudd
Maria Allen
special adviser
Burson-Marsteller
3 Legs Resources
Polish licences
PEDLs
Celtique Energy
Polish licences
Policy & PRUnconventional Oil & Gas
public affairs manager, 2007-13
Magellan Petroleum
Newgate Communications
Third Energy
PEDLs &
fields
Simon NayyarConservative Party publicity/candidate
Oliver Letwin
cabinet secretary
minister for government
policy
Porton Group
Big Society
Bank
PPS
Rathlin Energy
PEDLs
Connaught Oil & Gas owners
Weber Shandwick
Energy & Energy
Services
John Browne
chairman 2010-2015
Tamboran Resources
Irish licence
Alison Woodhouse
senior team
senior policy manager, -2013
Lynton Crosby
ongoing merger/takeover
of UK assets
Five Quarter Energy
Science Media Centre
James Wild
Michael Fallon
account director, 2009-12
former minister of state
Lucy Neville-Rolfe
PwC
non-executive director
under secretary of state
various reports on North Sea/
shale industry
auditors/financial services
National Grid
EDF
Egdon Resources
partnership
investors
Nick Boles
former director
Henry Jackson Society PfDG
Emily Dyer
researcher
signatory
academic
academic/ research institute
grant funding
Ed Vaizey
signatory/political council member
under secretary of state
minister of statesecretary
of state
Penny Mordaunt
associate
Town Planning Regulation (England)
Eric Pickles
secretary of state
under secretary of state
Planning Policy
Guidanceissues
special adviser 2012-14
PEDLs
former minister of state
Environmental Permits
issues
Chris Smith
Arup
Philip Dilley
former chairman
former chairman
chairman
consultancy
government
consultants
Coal Authority
UCG licences
Elizabeth Truss
special adviser
Consultancy & Finance
Academia/ Research
E.On
Nexen
Maersk Oil
NERC CDT Oil & Gas
Schlumberger
University of Birmingham
Royal Holloway
University of Exeter
University of Nottingham
Keele University
University of Southampton
University of Glasgow
University of Dundee
University of Newcastle
Nat. Ocean- ography Centre
University of Oxford
University of Strathclyde
University of Cardiff Gould
Research CentreReFINE project
Stephen de Souza
senior civil servant, 2000-13
R.E. division
corporate partners
core academic
partners
associate academic institutes
advisory stakeholders
fundingacademic partners
Conservative Party
CTF Partners/ Crosby Textor
2015 election campaign
fossil fuels, tobacco & other
corporate PR
Susan Kramer
advisory board
minister of state
moved infrastructure bill motion to allow
any substance to be deposited underground
funding
'scientists'
OMV
Conoco Philips
UCG
KEY
sustainable gas institute
Cambridge/ Manchester institutes
Heriot-Watt/ Oxford
institutes
Sarah Hogg
Frontier Economics
non-exec. chair
KPMGEuropean
Investment Bank
expert of the board global
senior adviser
George Osborne
Danny Alexander
Priti Patel
Julia Goldsworthy
special adviser
97% owned
Barclays Natural Res.
Invest's
Buccleuch Group
CBM exploration Canonbie
Cluff Geothermal
Mark Oddy
chief commercial
officerinvestor
energy director
Dermot Roddyprofessor
UCG licences
Paul Younger
Nigel Brandon
consultantprofessor
professor
Algy Cluff
UCG licences
non-exec. chair
CEO/ exec. chair
supporter
RA/RAE Shale Gas
Report (2012)
working group
expert panel
Ernest Rutter
Michael Holgate
advisory expertconsultant
Stuart Haszeldine
Richard Devies
Andrew Aplin
professor
professor
Peter Styles
professor
Mackay/Stone Shale & Climate Report (2013)
University of Hull
University of Leeds
Quentin Fisher
professor
Horizon Nuclear Power
non-exec. director
Nick Riley
Mike Stephenson
Rob Ward
G Frac Technologies
Carboniferous Ltd
Chris Green
petroleum geologist
David Mackay
Timothy Stone
author
author
director
Guardian 'Open 'Letter'
(2014)
Imperial College
Investing in
Britain’s future (2013)
orders EA to change licensing procedures
chairman
Royal Bank of Canada
(EU)Halite
Energy
gas storage in Lancashire
subsidiaries of RBC manage tar
sands investments
chair
chair
John Roberts
working group
'The Frackogram' 2015 Version 1.3.1, Paul Mobbs/Mobbs' Environmental Investigations, March 2015
http://www.fraw.org.uk/mei/archive/fracktured_accountability/ Released under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, Attribution, Share-alike Licence (2.0 UK)
chairman
Hanover Communications
Bell Pottinger
Vigo Communications
senior partner
energy & climate advisor, 2013-
lead non-exec director, 2015-
strategist
Nick Cleggdeputy
PM
Liberal Demo- cratic Party
Jonny Oates
chief of staff
director of comm.
Caroline Collett PR
St. Brides Media & Finance
director
director
Westbourne Communications Lexington Communications
UCL
upstream research company
Exxon
Atlantic Triassic Research Project
University of Durham
University of Aberdeen
University of Cambridge
Fluvial Systems Research
Environment Agency
Lancashire Monitoring Project
University of Liverpool
minister of state
Barton Willmore
LLP
Pinsent Masons
LLP
RPS Group
general advice to the industry on development and legal methods to deal
with protest
University of Bristol
Loughborough University
OUGO FOI
Emails
secretary of state
under secretary of state Jeremy Heywood
facilitating regulation/deregulation
organised dinner with officials and industry figures in Lancashire
Energy Assets Group
Chris Masters
Kenneth Sorbie
Heriot-Watt University
Robert MairRichard Selley
partnership
BGS
Tony GraylingattendeeIPPR
associate director 1999-06
chief secretary to the treasury
issuedpolicy
chancellor
treasury board
member
exchequer secretary to the treasury
Paul Deighton
Goldman Sachs
manage US shale investments
commercial secretary
to the treasury 2012-
head of climate change
CEO
orders changes
to planning procedures
BASF
Stephen Green
minister for trade 2010-12
non-exec director
James Sassoon
commercial secretary
to the treasury 2010-12
Spencer Ogden Oil & Gas
Recruitmentnon-exec director
Neil O'Brien
special adviser
director, 2008-12
SG Warburg
APPEA
australian shale gas lobbyists
Clean Coal Syngas
LLP
BCG Energy
UCG licences
Europa Oil & Gas
PEDLs &
fields
partnership
lapsed UCG
licences
lapsed UK UCG licences
inter- national
UCG projects
Wardell Armstrong
LLP
UCG studies
UCG Engineering
Shale Energy
plc
PEDLs
Coastal Oil & Gas
UK Methane
partnership
Alkane Energy
PEDLs
PEDLs
Reach CSG
partnership
Hutton Energy
PEDLs
Aurora Energy
ResourcesPEDL
chief technical
officer
Enegi Oil plc
Irish licence
Guy Robinson
Tara Singh
UCG Associ-
ation
funding/ members
INEOS
UK Onshore
Operators Group
Dart Energy
senior policy adviser
chairman
professor
BGS Natural Environment
Research Council
Manchester modelling
centre
University of Manchester
BHP Billiton
Areva
Saudi Aramco
Tullow Oil
Woodford
I. Carbonates Research Ctr.
University of Southampton
University of Edinburgh
funding
Petrobras
BG GroupICRC
Shale Gas Hub
HSBC
CEO 2003-06 chair 2006-10
professor professor professor professor professor
professor
director PR/media
European Commission
Robert Hull deputy sec. general European Economic & Social Committee, 2002-06 regional growth
fund bid for Five Quarter's
UK UCG projects
Coal Mine
Methane
EU regional growth fund bid
director
NW Energy
Task Force
Guardian Open Letter
funding
PR
Cuadrilla
secretariat
Institute of Directors
WWF UK
Peel Gas & Oil
IGas Energy
partnership
secretary of state
secretary of state
commercial manager
partnership
Low Carbon Contracts Co.
memo. of. understandingCluff Natural
Resources
'TheFrackogram
2015'March 2015
...becausesometimes aflowchart justisn't enough!
Available todownload asan A3, A2 orA1 posterfrom myweb site.
× Energy We'll still have to import significant quantities of energy security? from outside the UK, especially oil (or uranium if the
government tries to go nuclear).
× Prices? The market is fully globalised, so we'll still pay a price related to global oil/gas prices – unconventional gas doesn't mean lower domestic gas prices.
× Economy? Economic problems are created by the imbalancebetween global growth, energy/resource prices, and ecological limits which creates “uneconomic growth” – simply increasing UK energy supply isn't the solution to that greater problem.
The current debate ignores the fact that the demand for resources is rapidly depleting supply – we're at the “limits to growth”
What will 'extreme energy' do for us?
To conclude...
Our present economic difficulties will not go away if we try to apply the “old” economic rules – developed in an era where limits to resource production/use did not apply.
Our future economy depends on internalising ecological limits to our demand for energy and resources.
What we're talking about is not “de-industrialisation”, it's a retooling of economics and commerce to work within ecological limits...
Developing every last drop of fossil fuels does not help to do this.
Paul MobbsPaul MobbsMobbs' Environmental InvestigationsMobbs' Environmental Investigations
http://www.fraw.org.uk/meihttp://www.fraw.org.uk/mei
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