go higher arts lang 2010 1 ppt
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Go Higher Arts
Introduction to Language
Mary E. ClintonSchool of English
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HousekeepingNo Food or Drink in any of the Classrooms
Prompt start at 11.00 a.m.
No extensions given unless formally requested via the office
Reading and/or exercises each week (except week 6 and
week 12)
1 trial essay at week 6 of approx 1,500 words
1 assessed piece of work at the end of term 3,000 words
Contact via mec@liv.ac.uk
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Blended Learning
Virtual and in class
Lectures Seminars
Workshops
Tutorials
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Pro-Active Learning
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Reflective Learning Journal Done every two weeks
Based on an ILP done in week 2
Encourages pro-active open independent
learners
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The benefits of developing your
skills in reflective learning Reflective learners are more likely to
develop a deeper understanding of their
subject and to achieve higher grades as aresult.
Reflective learners tend to:
B
e motivated, know what they are trying toachieve and why
Be pro-active in extending their understanding
of new topics and subjects
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What is Linguistics ? Linguistics is the scientific study of
language.
It includes both written and spoken
language.
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Types of Linguistics
Theoretical (general) Linguistics
Applied Linguistics
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Theoretical Linguistics
studies language structure (grammar), and meaning
(semantics).
The study of grammar encompasses morphology
(formation and alteration of words)
and syntax (the rules that determine the way words
combine into phrases and sentences).
Phonology, which is the system used to represent
language through abstract 'sounds', also forms part ofthis field.
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Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistics compares languages (comparative linguistics)
and explores their histories, in order to find universal
properties of language and to account for its developmentand origins (historical linguistics).
Slightly separate from general linguistics is the sub-field of
phonetics, the study of how sounds are produced and
perceived.
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Applied Linguisticsputs linguistic theories into practice in areas
such as: foreign language teaching,
speech therapy,
Corpus Linguistics
Lexicography and Translation,
Discourse Analysis,
Conversational Analysis
Speech Pathology.
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Applied Linguistics and
Computersy Many areas of applied linguistics today involve the explicit
use of computers.
ySpeech synthesis and speech recognition use phonetic and
phonemic knowledge to provide voice interfaces to
computers.
y Applications of computational linguistics in
y machine translation, computer-assisted translation,
y natural language processing
y corpus linguistics
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Divisions, Specialties, and Subfields
Phonetics, the study of the sounds of human language .
Phonology (or phonemics), the study of patterns of a language's basic sounds .
Morphology, the study of the internal structure of words
Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences.
Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word
combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of
sentences.
Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise)
in communicative acts.
Discourse analysis, the study of sentences organized into texts.
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IntersectionsWithin the subfields specific areas may include Language acquisition, the study of how language is acquired
Historical linguistics orDiachronic linguistics, the study of languages whose
historical relations are recognizable through similarities in vocabulary, word
formation, and syntax
Psycholinguistics, the study of the cognitive processes and representations
underlying language use
Sociolinguistics, the study of social patterns of linguistic variability
Clinical linguistics, the application of linguistic theory to the area ofSpeech-
Language Pathology
Neuro linguistics the study of the brain networks that underlies grammarand communication
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Variation and Diachronic
Survey differences among the languages of the
world.
diachronic linguistics examines how
language changes through time,
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Contextual Linguistics Contextual linguistics may include the study
of linguistics in interaction with other
academic disciplines.
Whereas in core theoretical linguistics
language is studied for its own sake, the
interdisciplinary areas of linguisticsconsiderhow language interacts with the
rest of the world.
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Contextual LinguisticsySociolinguistics,
yanthropological linguistics and linguistic
anthropology
yCritical discourse analysis is where
rhetoric and philosophy interact with
linguistics and real life situations .
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Contextual LinguisticsyPsycholinguistics and neuro-linguistics
combine medical science and linguistics.
yOther cross-disciplinary areas of linguistics
include language acquisition, evolutionary
linguistics, computational linguistics and
cognitive science.
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A (brief) History of LinguisticsSome big names
Ancient
Tolkappiyanaar
Bharthari
19th Century
Jakob Grimm
Karl Verner
August Schleicher
Johannes Schmidt
20th Century
Ferdinand de Saussure
Edward Sapir Zellig Harris
Leonard Bloomfield
Contemporary
Noam Chomsky
Michael Hoey
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Tolkappiyanaar
The South Indian linguist Tolkappiyanaar (c.
3rd BCE)
yHe wrote the Tolkppiyam, the grammar of
Tamil, which is also still in use today.
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Bharthari ( Hindu Philosopher and
Poet c. 450-510 CE)
y He theorized the act of speech as
being made up of four stages:
1. 1.conceptualization of an idea,
2. 2. its verbalization and sequencing
3. 3.delivery of speech into
atmospheric air, all these by thespeaker
4. 4.the comprehension of speech by
the listener, the interpreter.
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Jakob GrimmJakob Ludwig Carl Grimm (4 January 1785 20 September 1863)
German philologist, jurist and mythologist.
He is best known as the discoverer ofGrimm's
Law (1822) , the principle of consonantal shiftsin pronunciation in Historical Linguistics.
the author (with his brother Wilhelm ) of the
monumentalDeutsches Wrterbuch (DWB,
The "German Dictionary cfOED )
Deutsche Mythologie (Teutonic Mythology1835)
Children's and Household Tales (Kinder- und
Hausmrchen 1812 ) aka Grimms Fairy Tales
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Grimms Law Not for now, but hold onto to later
Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops change into voiceless
fricatives.
Proto-Indo-European voiced stops become voiceless stops.
Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirated stops become voiced
fricatives; ultimately, in most Germanic languages these voiced
fricatives become voiced stops.
The chain shift can be abstractly represented as:
b b p f d d t g g k x g g
k x
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Karl Verner
Karl (Adolph)Verner (7
March 1846 5 November
1896)
Verners law (1875) . describes
a historical sound change in the
Proto-Germanic languagewhereby voiceless fricatives *f,
*, *s, *h (including *h ),
when immediately following an
unstressed syllable in the same
word, underwent voicing andbecame respectively the
fricatives *b, *d, *z, *g(and
*g)
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August Sch
leich
er
August Schleicher
(19 February 1821 6 December 1868)
His great work was A Compendium
ofthe Comparative Grammar of
the Indo-European Languages, in
which he attempted to reconstructthe Proto-Indo-European language.
He created the Tree Model
(German Stammbaumtheorie),
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Stammbaumtheorie
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Johannes Schmidt
Johannes Schmidt (July 29,
1843 July 4, 1901)
He developed the Wellentheorie
('wave theory') of language
development.
In historical linguistics, the wavemodel orwave theory is a model
of language change in which new
features of a language spread from
a central point in continuously
weakening concentric circles,similar to the waves created when a
stone is thrown into a body of
water.
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Diagram from: Johannes Schmidt, 1872. Die
Verwandtschaftsverhltnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen.
Weimar: H. Bhlau.
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Ferdinand de Saussure the founder of modern
structural linguistics
Course in GeneralLinguistics (1916)
Semiotician
(26 November 1857 22 February 1913)
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Edward Sapir a leader in American
structural linguistics,
was one of the firstwho explored the
relations between
language studies and
anthropology Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis,
(January 26, 1884 February 4, 1939)
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SapirWhorfhypothesis A theory of the relationship between language and
thought expounded in its most explicit form by the American anthropological
linguists Edward Sapir (18841939) and Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897
1941). Also known as the theory of linguistic relativity, the hypothesis
states (in the words of Whorf) that we dissect nature along lines laid down by
our native languages . . . by the linguistic systems in our minds. The differences
in world-view imposed by different languages have, however, proved extremely
difficult to elucidate or test experimentally, and the fact of successful bilingual
translation weakens the force of the theorys claims; as a result, the Sapir
Whorf hypothesis has made little impact on contemporary psycholinguistics,
though the 1990s saw a renewed interest from cognitive psycholinguists and
others.
Crystal, D. (2008) ADictionary ofLinguistics and Phonetics 6th
Edition. p. 422
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Zellig Harris
Zellig Sabbettai Harris (October 23,
1909 May 22, 1992) linguist,
mathematical syntactician, and
methodologist of science.
structural linguistics and discourse
analysis and for the discovery oftransformational structure in
language.
sublanguage grammar, operator
grammar, and a theory of linguistic
information.
Leonard Bloomfield
Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887
April 18, 1949) structural linguistics.
His influential textbookLanguage,
published in 1933, presented a
comprehensive description of American
structural linguistics.
He made significant contributions to Indo-
European historical linguistics, the
description of Austronesian languages
, and description of languages of the
Algonquian family.
Bloomfield's approach to linguistics wascharacterized by its emphasis on the
scientificbasis of linguistics, adherence to
behaviourism , and emphasis on formal
procedures for the analysis of linguistic
data.
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Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky
1928- Present
Institute Professor and Professor of Linguistics at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
transformational grammar ortransformational-
generative grammar (TGG) (1957)
that each sentence in a language has two levels of
representation a deep structure and a surface
structure.[
The deep structure represented the core semantic
relations of a sentence, and was mapped on to the
surface structure (which followed the phonological
form of the sentence very closely) via
transformations.
LAD Language acquisition device
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Michael Hoey Michael Hoey is Baines
Professor of English Language
and Director of the Applied
English Language Studies Unitat the University of Liverpool.
Since 2007 he has also been
Dean of the Faculty of Arts and
Pro Vice Chancellor since
2009.
Computation and corpus
linguistics
Patterns in text
lexical priming
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Review
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