glass in construction

GLASS

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BMC - V

Bansi Vekaria A0312Achal DadhaniaA0612Savan Ginoya A0912Khushbu Kondhiya A1512Deep Parsana A2112Shruti Ladani B4512Prithvirajsinh Bilkha B5312

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Content GLASSTYPE OF GLASSES According to its manufacturing process:

• Float Glass• Clear Glass• Soda lime glass• Lead Glass• Aluminosilicate Glass• Rolled Glass• Quartz Glass (Crystalline glass)• Borosilicate Glass• Reinforcement Glass• Wired Glass• Opal Glass

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Post Application Processes:• Offline Coating Glass• Self cleaning glass• Laminated Glass• Chemically Strengthened Glass• Thermally Toughened Glass• Low E-Glass

Post manufacturing process• Edge Treatment• Sand Blasting• Acid Etching• Pigmented glass• Bended Glass Tools Transfer of Stresses

Joinnery Material bonding Elements of glass

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GLASS • Inorganic • Homogeneous (product of fusion)• Rigid state without crystallizing (super cooled liquid)• The amorphous characteristic of liquid

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GLASS AS SOILD• Cooling increases viscosity• Eventually becomes Solid• Transformation temperature changes from plastic to brittle state

TRANSPARENCY IN GLASS• Solidification gained becoming micro-crystalline and opaque

• Oxides of silicon, boron, germanium, phosphorous arsenic,• When heated to the point of fusion and cooled in a controlled method, maintain an amorphous non-crystalline state

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Composition (general for silica glass)

• Silica (Quartz Sand)

• Sodium • Calcium • Magnesium • Alumina • Potassium

Silica; 72

Sodium; 14

Cal-cium;

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Magnesium; 4 Alumina; 0.7 Potassium; 0.3

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Components and its Properties

• Silica: Basic raw material (Sand) with varying functions• Sodium: Provides required strength• Calcium: It provides stability to the glass against atmospheric agents• Magnesium: Assures resistance to change in temperature and mechanical resistance• Alumina: Increase in mechanical resistance• Potassium: Resistance to thermal conditions

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According to the Manufacturing Process

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Manufacturing method/ process3 Steps• Melting• Forming• Controlled cooling - Annealing

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FLOAT GLASS• Float process makes it

possible to produce high quality clear glass with virtually flat surfaces.

• Thickness 2 to 19mm.• Can be colored during

manufacture, acc. to light transmittance value.

• Thermal fatigue resistance from 30-40˚C.

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CLEAR GLASS• Color purity= 1%• light transmission=

85%• infrared transmission=

70%• total transmission=

84%

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Soda Lime glass• Common glass • Used for flat glass• Colourless

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Lead glass• Low melting point and working temperatures• High refractive index and specific gravity• Used for radiation shielding(<80% PbO)• Soft surface – easy to decorate

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PATTERENED OR ROLL GLASS

• Texturing of glass surface can be done according to design.

• Ultimate bending strength lies slightly below float glass because of surface pattern.

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Fused Silica/Quartz Glass• High melting and working temperature• High Chemical resistance• Used for laboratory ware

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Alumino Silicate• Great chemical

durability(does not easily reacts with any kind of chemical contact ), thus can be used in products for daily use.

• Used in manufacture of glass fibres

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Borosilicate Glass• Resistant to chemical corrosion• Low thermal expansion co-efficient(i.e, it can suffer

sudden drastic temperature difference)• Used in domestic cooking utensils.(Oven ware,

Chemistry lab )

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PLASTIC REINFORCED GLASS• Plastic reinforced in glass fibers, increases

strength.• Polypropylene- Flexible, fatigue-resisting• Polyamides- Improves strength, heat distortion

temp.• Polycarbonates- Mechanical properties• Polyesters (Fiber Glass)- High impact strength,

Durability, Hardness• Epoxies- Strength, dimensionally stable,

chemically resistant• Phenolic Resins- Good stiffness and strength• Melamine formaldehyde resin- Dielectric strength• Silicone resin- High temp. resistance• Polyurethane Resins- Very flexible

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Wire glass• Wire mesh has been inserted during production.• Impact resistance similar to normal glass.• When broken, the mesh retains the pieces of glass.• Low cost fire glass• Steel wire mesh is sandwiched between two

ribbons of semi molten glass.

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Glass Pigments and its effectsCompounds ColorsIron oxides Green, brownsMagnesium oxides

Amber, amethyst, decolouriser

Cobalt oxides Deep blueGold chloride Ruby redSelenium compounds

Reds

Carbon oxides Amber/brownMix of manganese, cobalt, iron

Black

Antimony oxides WhiteUranium oxides Yellow green

(glows)Sulfur compounds

Amber/brown

Copper compounds

Light blue, red

Tin compounds WhiteLead with antimony

yellow

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Opal glass• Small particles in the

body of glass that disperse light.

• Glass appears milky.• Ingredients include

fluorides.• Used in light fixtures.

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CAR BRONZE GLASS• Introduction of cobalt

oxide and selenium accounts for color and reduced UV light transmission.

• Colour purity= 7%light transmission= 71%infrared transmission= 48%total transmission= 69%

Also used in storing some of the UV sensitive chemicals.

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DARK GREY GLASS• Design to have low

light transmission through it.

• High infrared transmission thought it.

• Thermal Insulation• For Privacy and solar

reflectance performances.

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ACCORDING TO POST APPLICATION

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Surface treatments

1)Offline Coating Magnetron Sputtering• Physical coating• Metal Oxides, bombarded on the surfaces of the

glass• Employed on surfaces with cavity, insulating

glass unit, protection from moisture

Evaporization• Condensing of metal coatings on glass

surfaces

Sol-gel process• Chemical coating• Dipped in liquid, metal compounds adheres

glass surface• Solar controlled glasses, low degree of

reflectance

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Self cleaning glass.• Keeps itself free from dust through natural process.• Film of titanium dioxide.• Photo catalytic stage• Hydrophilic stage.

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Laminated Glass1) Laminated safety Glass• At least 2 panels bonded with an intermediate layer, PVB

(Polyvinyl Butyral)

• Anti-Vidal glazing• Anti-intruder glazing• Bullet resistant

glazing• Explosion resistant

glazing• Alarm glass• Heated Glass

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Chemically Strengthened glass• Chemical pre-stressing of a glass by ionic

exchange• Glass immerses in hot molten salt• Exchange of smaller sodium ions, leads

compressive strength on the surface• High resistance to mechanical and thermal loads

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Thermally Toughened safety Glass• Heated to its transformation pt. (640˚C)• Suddenly blasted to cold air• Surface cool faster contracts quicker than the

core• Additional compressive stress on the surface,

higher ultimate bending stresses• While overloaded fractures into numerous

pieces

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Low E-Glass

• Allows Light to come in but resists heat to pass through.

• So no transfer of heat maintains the temperature in the inside in the hot and cold weather.

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ACCORDING TO THE POST MANUFACTURINGPROCESS

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Acid Etching• Matt finishes, degrees of matt finish, time the acid is

in contact with the surface• Pattern pictures, roughness, transparency decreases

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Sand Blasting• Matt finish, • Optical effects • Translucent

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Edge works• Safety • aesthetics

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Glass Blocks

• Glass bricks are produced for both wall and floor applications.

• Allows light to pass through maintaining the privacy.

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Tools used for cutting

Cutting Wheel for Circle Cutter

Glass PliersGlass Cutters

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Transfer of Stresses• Fixing , load carrying

connections

1. Contact• Compressive forces

perpendicular to contact face via contact

• Pre-compressed contact face, external tensile forces up to neutralization of the pre-stress

• Contact fixing face, materials compressive load displaced in relation between each other, vibration or severe deformation

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2. Friction• Transfer the mechanical

inter locking• Axial force, thrust, shear

transmitted roughly linear

• Glass cannot be placed directly on steel, friction joint requires strength of elastic and fatigue interlining cushion.

• Thus buffer soft metals, fiber reinforcement plastic or natural materials- permanent within elastic zone

• Joint failures Moisture infiltration, sliding contact Thermal expansion

Failing of the clamping

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JOINNERY

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Glazing Doors and Window with WOOD

SINGLE GLAZED WITH WOODEN STOP

SINGLE GLAZED WITH GLAZING COMPOUND

DOUBLE GLAZED WITH REMOVEBLE STROM PANEL

Double glaze with removable storm panel

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DOUBLE GLAZED WITH SEALED INSULATING GLASS

DOUBLE GLAZED WITH EXTERIOR STROM SASH

TRIPLE GLAZED WITH SEALED INSULATINGGLASS AND REMOVABLE STROM PANEL

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TRIPLE GLAZED WITH HEAT MIRROR

TRIPLE GLAZED WITH SAEALED INSULTING GLASSAND EXTERIOR STROM SASH

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Wood with Glass

Extruded Plastic with Glass

Glazing with PLASTIC section

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EPDM-Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer

Type of plastic section, but smaller in size

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Aluminium with Glass Steel with Glass

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MATERIAL BONDING

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Putty• Used for joining glass• Joint is stiff as fine

cracks appear in putty, which leads to absorption of moisture by capillary action.

• Compressive forces can be transmiited via putty joint

• Can accommodate very minor relative deformations.

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Overlaps• E.g. Glass shingles or

labyrinth seals, to keep out non-pressurized water or slow down air movement.

• Ideal for protection against driving rain in flexible structure or as movement joint between segments of building.

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Adhesive Seals• Joint creates a sealed

connection without the need for external contact pressure.

• Functions under the action of tensile loads.

• A suitably elastic profile should be glued over the joint.

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Glass Sealants• Is silicon-based liquid, gel, or

foam product, applied to glass surfaces in order to fill microscopic pores and create an anti-static, anti-fog, and high-gloss shield.

• adhere to the smooth glass exterior without the use of abrasion or primer.

• Dries to a transparent finish. • Forms a moisture barrier that

causes water to bead up and run off without leaving residue behind.

• Reduce the passage of heat or cold through the glass.

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Bended glass

• Heated again at around 550degree Celsius giving it the required curved shape to it.• Takes the shape of the mould.