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GHG INVENTORY - BMC and surroundings
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC and surroundings
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ProjectTeam
Authors Prof P.K.S. Mahanama (Director PCU, Dean, Faculty of Architecture,
University of Moratuwa)
Mrs. C. Chethika Abenayake Environmental Planner Mr. Amila B. Jayasinghe
Infrastructure Planner
Project Assistants Mr. B. Krishan Stannis Ms. K.Edith Shiromini
Field Survey Team & Workshop Facilitators
Mr. Winson Gnanatheepan Mr. Alaguraj Ramachandran Ms. J. Jeyadharani
Ms. Seetharam Karthikagini Mr. R. Ragaween
Technical Assistant Mr. R.A.J. Kithsiri
AAcckknnoowwlleeddggeemmeennttProject team desire to acknowledge the following resource persons for their enormous
contribution in producing this report:
− Her Excellency mayor, Municipal Commissioner and technical officers of Batticaloa Municipal Council
− Divisional Secretariats (DS) and technical officers of Manmunai North DSD,Eravur Pattu DSD, Eravur Town DSD, Manmunai P (Araipattai) DSD, Manmunai South - West DSD, Manmunai West DSD, Manmunai South & Eruvilpattu DSD, Porativu Parru DSD
− Central Environmental Authority-Batticaloa, Ceylon Electricity Board -Batticaloa, Department of Agriculture-Batticaloa, Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources-Batticaloa, Department of Forest-Batticaloa, Department of Industries-Batticaloa, Urban Development Authority-Batticaloa
− Citizens of BMC and other concerned DS Divisions
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TableofContentsSummary Table 1 - Community Information ………………………………………………..08
Summary Table 2 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector ………………………………….10
Summary Table 3 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Fuel or Activity Type …………………11
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 12
2. INTRODUCTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE ............................................... 13 2.1. What is climate change? ............................................................................................ 13 2.2. Climatic changes during the 20th century due to global warming ............................. 14 2.3. Climate change – Batticaloa Area ............................................................................. 16 2.4. Green House Gases (GHG) ....................................................................................... 19
3. EMISSION INVENTORY .............................................................................................. 20 3.1. Compilation of GHG inventory................................................................................. 20 3.2. Methods of estimation ............................................................................................... 21 3.3. Concepts adopted in preparation of GHG inventory ................................................. 22
3.3.1. Time bound ........................................................................................................ 22 3.3.2. Territorial limits ................................................................................................. 22 3.3.3. Sources of emissions .......................................................................................... 24 3.3.4. Types of gases .................................................................................................... 25 3.3.5. Sectors and categories ........................................................................................ 25
4. GREEN HOUSE GAS INVENTORY FOR BATTICALOA MC & SURROUNDINGS ........................................................................................................................................ 27
4.1. Sector one: Energy .................................................................................................... 27 4.1.1. Energy sector - Manufacturing industries & construction ................................. 28 4.1.2. Energy sector - Commercial/Institutional units categories ................................ 30 4.1.3. Energy sector - Residential category ................................................................. 33 4.1.4. Energy sector - Agriculture ................................................................................ 35 4.1.5. Energy sector – Fishery ..................................................................................... 38 4.1.6. Energy sector - Road transportation .................................................................. 41 4.1.7. Energy sector - Railway transportation.............................................................. 44
4.2. Sector two: Agriculture, Forestry & Other land use ................................................ 46 4.2.1. Livestock ............................................................................................................ 46 4.2.2. Agriculture ......................................................................................................... 49 4.2.3. Forestry and other land use change .................................................................... 51
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4.3. Sector three: Waste.................................................................................................... 55 4.3.1. Solid Waste ........................................................................................................ 55 4.3.2. Waste – Wastewater ........................................................................................... 58
4.4. Analysis & Conclusion.............................................................................................. 59
5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION MEASURES TO RESPONSE CLIMATE CHANGE (CC) IMPACTS.......................................................................... 69
5.1. Recommended Mitigation Measures in National Level Draft GHG Inventory ........ 69 5.1.1. Agriculture Sector .............................................................................................. 70 5.1.2. Forestry Sector ................................................................................................... 71 5.1.3. Energy Sector ..................................................................................................... 71 5.1.4. Waste Sector ...................................................................................................... 72 5.1.5. Transport Sector ................................................................................................. 72 5.1.6. Land Use Sector ................................................................................................. 73
5.2. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions in BMC & vicinity area ........ 77 5.2.1. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions from Energy Sector........ 77 5.2.2. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions from Agriculture, Forestry
and Other Land Uses ......................................................................................... 82 5.2.3. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions form Solid/liquid waste . 86
6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 89
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ListofTablesTable 3.1.: Types of industries in Study Area ......................................................................... 26
Table 4.1.: Types of industries in Study Area ......................................................................... 28
Table 4.2.: Number of samples obtained from Industries ........................................................ 28
Table 4.3.: Annual energy consumption by Industries in Study Area ..................................... 29
Table 4.4.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources .......................................... 29
Table 4.5.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka ........................... 29
Table 4.6.: Emissions from use of energy for industrial sources in Study Area...................... 29
Table 4.7.: Number of samples obtained from Commercial Activities ................................... 30
Table 4.8.: Annual energy consumption by commercial and institutional units according to type of energy source in Study Area ...................................................................... 30
Table 4.9.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources .......................................... 31
Table 4.10.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka ......................... 31
Table 4.11.: Emissions from use of energy for commercial sources in Study Area ................ 31
Table 4.12.: Type of energy source using by family for lighting & cooking other than electricity in Study Area ..................................................................................... 33
Table 4.13.: Annual energy consumption by residential units, according to type of energy source in Study Area ........................................................................................... 33
Table 4.14.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources ........................................ 34
Table 4.15.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka ......................... 34
Table 4.16.: Emissions from use of energy for residential units in Study Area ...................... 34
Table 4.17.: Cultivated area according to the seasons in Study Area ...................................... 35
Table 4.18.: Annual energy consumption by paddy cultivation, according to type of energy source in Study Area ........................................................................................... 35
Table 4.19.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources ........................................ 36
Table 4.20.: Emissions from use of energy for agriculture in Study Area .............................. 36
Table 4.21.: Type of fishery boats according to the source of energy use in Study Area ....... 38
Table 4.22.: Annual energy consumption by fishery boats, according to type of energy source in Study Area ...................................................................................................... 38
Table 4.23.: Calorific value & emissions factors for energy sources ...................................... 39
Table 5.24.: Emissions from use of energy for fishery sector in Study Area .......................... 39
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Table 4.25.: Annual energy consumption by vehicle, according to type of energy source in Study Area .......................................................................................................... 42
Table 4.26.: Calorific value & emissions factors for energy sources ...................................... 43
Table 4.27.: Emissions from use of energy for vehicles in Study Area .................................. 43
Table 4.28.: Average amount of monthly fuel sold within in Study Area ............................... 43
Table 4.29.: Emissions of use of vehicular fuel consumption in Study Area ......................... 44
Table 4.30.: Emissions factors for energy sources .................................................................. 44
Table 4.31.: Emissions from use of energy for train transportation in Study Area ................. 44
Table 4.32.: Livestock population in Study Area .................................................................... 47
Table 4.33.: Emissions factors for livestock ............................................................................ 48
Table 4.34.: Emissions from livestock in Study Area ............................................................. 48
Table 4.35.: Paddy Cultivated area according to the seasons in Study Area ........................... 49
Table 4.36.: Emissions factors ................................................................................................. 50
Table 4.37.: Emissions from agriculture sector in Study Area ................................................ 50
Table 4.38.: Net annual land use change (1999-2010) in Study Area ..................................... 52
Table 4.39.: Default factors 141,817 ....................................................................................... 52
Table 4.40.: Emissions from land use change in Study Area .................................................. 52
Table 4.41.: Composition of Solid Waste in Study Area ......................................................... 56
Table 4.42.: Country specific composting of solid waste ........................................................ 56
Table 4.43.: Default factors for open dumping ........................................................................ 56
Table 4.44.: Default factors for open burning.......................................................................... 57
Table 4.45.: Emissions from solid waste in Study Area .......................................................... 58
Table 4.46.: Country specific factors for Wastewater generation & emission ....................... 58
Table 4.47.: Emissions from waste water in Study Area ......................................................... 58
Table 4.48.: Overall GHG emission by sector in Study Area .................................................. 59
Table 4.49.: Overall GHG emission in Energy sector in Study Area ...................................... 59
Table 4.50.: Overall GHG emission in AFOLU in Study Area…………………………… 60
Table 4.51.: Overall GHG emission in Waste sector in Study Area........................................ 60
Table 5.50.: GHG Emissionsin Study Area as a Percentage of Country Levels………… 61
Table 5.51.: Summary of GHG Emissions by Sector for 20 Year time Horizons ................... 66 Table 5.52.: Summary of GHG Emissions by Fuel or Activity Type for 20 Year time
Horizons .............................................................................................................. 67
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ListofFiguresFigure 2.2: Surface air temperature increase 1960-2060 ......................................................... 14
Figure 2.3: Average Rainfall By Ten Years in Batticaloa area ............................................... 16
Figure 2.4: Key changes in monsoon rainfall in Batticaloa area ............................................. 17
Figure 2.5: Average Annual Temperature By Ten Years in Batticaloa area ........................... 18
Figure 2.6: Number Of Days Having Temperature >36OCin Batticaloa area ........................ 18
Figure 4.1.: Harvesting Machines ............................................................................................ 35
Figure 4.2.: Interview with fisherman to find out avg.. Fuel consumption ............................. 38
Figure 4.3.: Interviews in fuel station, to find out fuel sold information ................................ 41
Figure 4.4: Livestock activities in study area .......................................................................... 46
Figure 4.5: Agriculture activities in study area ........................................................................ 49
Figure 4.6: Annual Emissions of GHG by All Sources ........................................................... 61
Figure 4.7: Annual Emissions of GHG by Sector.................................................................... 62
Figure 4.8 : Annual Emissions of GHG by Source .................................................................. 63
Figure 4.9 ..: Percentage Distribution of Annual Emissions of GHG by Source .................... 64
Figure 4.10 ..: Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector 20 Year Time Horizons ........................ 67
Figure 4.11 ..: GHG Emissions by Fuel or Activity Type for 20 Year time Horizons ............. 68
Figure 4.11 ..: GHG Emissions by Fuel Type for 20 Year time Horizons ............................... 68
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AbbreviationAFOLU : Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses
BMC : Batticaloa Municipal Council
BOD : Biological Oxygen Demand
CC : Climate Change
CCCI : Cities and Climate Change Initiatives
DSD : Divisional Secretariat Division
GHG : Green House Gas
GWh : Giga Watt hours
Ha : Hectare
IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
kt : Kilo tons
KWh : Kilo Watt Hour
N/A : Not Available
TJ : Tonne Joule
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SSuummmmaarryyTTaabbllee11‐‐CCoommmmuunniittyyIInnffoorrmmaattiioonnName of city or local region Batticaloa Municipal Council Area and surrounding
1. Batticoloa Municipal Council i.e. Manmunai North DSD
2. Eravur Pattu DSD
3. Eravur Town DSD
4. Manmunai Pattu (Araipattai) DSD
5. Manmunai South - West DSD
6. Manmunai West DSD
7. Manmunai South & Eruvilpattu DSD
8. Porativu Parru DSD
Country Sri Lanka Inventory year 2010 Reporting date 2011 May Population (year round residents) 398,160 Land area (sq. kilometers) 1,418.17 Urbanized area (sq. kilometers) 75.09 Heating degree days (18°C base)* Avg : 31°C per day (std. dev 2.57)
More than 18°C : 365 More than 25°C : 365 More than 30°C : 238 More than 35°C : 11
Building gross floor areas (m2)* Residential Commercial / Institutional Industrial
N/A
Name, status and address of reporter
Project Consultancy Unit, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Name, status and address of third party verifier (if applicable)
UN Habitat – Regional office for Asia and Pacific, Fukuoka
Other information, e.g., websites of fuller inventory report or emissions reduction program
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BMC
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SSuummmmaarryyTTaabbllee22‐‐GGrreeeennhhoouusseeGGaassEEmmiissssiioonnssbbyySSeeccttoorr
SCOPE CO2 CH4 N2O Other TOTAL GWP (20 years) (1) ( 56 ) ( 280 )
Units kt CO2 e. kt CO2 e. kt CO2 e. kt CO2 e. kt CO2 e. ENERGY a) Stationary Combustion
Electricity (incl. T&D losses)
1,2,3 3.942698 0.089889 0.192617
4.23
District energy, CHP, and energy from waste
1,2,3 - - -
0
Commercial & Institutional
1 0.077874 0.025355 0.000759
0.10
Residential 1 31.368384 41.148315 0.991057 173.51 Manufacturing Industries & Construction
1 0.031700 0.178114 0.001187
0.21
Fishery 1 25.504688 3.620607 0.724105 29.85 Agriculture 1 16.647426 1.846046 0.138387 18.63 b) Mobile Combustion Road transportation: LDVs
1 - - -
0
Road transportation: trucks
1 2.749850 0.045740 0.114350
2.91
Road transportation: other
1 8.743805 1.533421 0.246934
10.52
Railways 1 0.150418 0.000562 0.000339 0.15 Domestic aviation 3 - - - 0 International aviation 3 - - - 0 Domestic marine 3 - - - 0 International marine 3 - - - 0 Other 1 - - - 0 c) Fugitive Sources INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
1 - - -
0
AFOLU 1 112.345307 574.973530 8.108702 695.43 WASTE Solid waste disposal on land
1,3 0.716584 552.097098 0.098021
552.91
Wastewater handling 1,3 - 1.233114 0 1.23 Waste incineration 1,3 - - 0 0 TOTAL 202.28 1,276.79 10.62 1,489.69
((Note: -- Indicate source not available or insignificant in the study area)
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SSuummmmaarryyTTaabbllee33‐‐GGrreeeennhhoouusseeGGaassEEmmiissssiioonnssbbyyFFuueelloorrAAccttiivviittyyTTyyppee
Activity Data Emissions Factor Total GHGs Value Units Tier Value Units Tier t CO2 e ENERGY Electricity (on-site renewable) GWh N/A - t CO2 e /
GWh N/A 0
Electricity (grid) 82.28 GWh 2 51.35
t CO2 e / GWh 2 4,225.20
Natural gas 0 TJ - - t CO2 e / TJ - 0 Fuel oil 0 TJ - - t CO2 e / TJ - 0 Coal 0 TJ - - t CO2 e / TJ - 0 Gasoline 17.41 TJ 2 243.6 t CO2 e / TJ - 4,239.97 Diesel 3,062.72 TJ 2 11.19 t CO2 e / TJ 2 34,271.87 Jet Fuel 0 TJ - - t CO2 e / TJ - 0 Marine Fuel 0 TJ - - t CO2 e / TJ - 0
Kerosene 1,277.96 TJ 2 22.75
t CO2 e / TJ 2 29,070.53
LPG 92.55 TJ - 23.06 t CO2 e / TJ 2 2,134.06 Fuel wood 834.95 TJ - 199.02 t CO2 e / TJ 2 166,171.00 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Industrial Products 0 kt - t CO2 e / kt - 0 WASTE Solid waste disposal on land 47,760,000.00 kt 1 11.58 t CO2 e / kt 2 552,911.70
Wastewater handling 2,313,309.60 kt BOD 2 0.53 t CO2 e / kt BOD 2 1,233.11
Waste incineration 0 kt - - t CO2 e / kt - 0 AFOLU Livestock activities 464,138.00 kg 1 1.22 t CO2 e / kt 2 567,100.01 Agriculture activities 41,762.00 Ha 2 382.70 t CO2 e / Ha 2 15,982.22 Land use change 68,837.70 t C 3 1.63 t CO2 e / kt 3 12,345.31 TOTAL 1,469,685.00
((Note: -- Indicate source not available or insignificant in the study area)
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1. INTRODUCTIONThere are well-researched scientific evidences and global awareness that greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere have a significant effect on the climatic ecosystem services. Kyoto protocol is a global agreement in mitigating greenhouse gases releases in order to save the earth from negative consequences of climate change. GHG inventory is a mandatory requirement of annex I parties ratified under Kyoto protocol but has became a high priority among policy makers in annex II countries as well.
Cities and Climate Change Initiatives (CCCI) which implemented by UNHABITAT introduced a national project to formulate City Development Strategies to respond climate change in Sri Lankan cities. Negombo Municipal Council (NMC) and Batticaloa Municipal Council (BMC) are the two selected demonstrative projects in the country at first phase of this programme. University of Moratuwa with the support of UNHABITAT prepared the first two city level GHG emission inventories in Sri Lanka respectively for NMC and BMC keeping a remarkable step in localizing national climate change action plan and building local government consensus on emerging climate change issues. This report presents the GHG inventory prepared for BMC and its surroundings.
This report is an informative database which expected to update serially, for Batticaloa Municipal Council (BMC) and the concerned seven DS Divisions at the vicinity. The series of reports may effectively asses the City GHG emission levels and performance of mitigations whiles this act as the benchmark study.
This GHG Inventory has documented as per the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories produced by Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as per the recommendations of United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change and the ‘International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities, 2010’ (Draft, June 2010)1 developed jointly by UNEP, UN-HABITAT, World Bank and supported by Cities Alliance.
GHG inventory report includes a set of standard reporting tables as specified in the ‘International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities, 2010 (Draft, June 2010) covering three GHG gases with a written report that documents the methodologies, assumptions and data used to compute the estimates. The findings were discussed with local stakeholders and developed participatory GHG mitigation plan for way forward.
1 VERSION 2.1, 28 JUNE. 2010. Information from: Soraya Smaoun (UNEP) soraya.smaoun@unep.org, Raf Tuts (UN-HABITAT) Raf.Tuts@unhabitat.org, Daniel Hoorweg (World Bank) dhoornweg@worldbank.org
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines “climate change” as “a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and / or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer”.
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I, Glossary of Terms: http://ipcc wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Print_Annexes.pdf.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines climate change as the change that can be attributed “directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”.
UNFCCC Article 1, Definitions: http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1349.
php
2. INTRODUCTIONTOCLIMATECHANGESCIENCE2.1. What is climate change?
Climate is the long-term2 average of weather patterns observed for a particular region. It
includes the variation of temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind and other climatic
variables. Climate change can be either natural or anthropogenic forced.
The natural factors as continental drift, volcanoes,
ocean currents, the earth's tilt, and comets and
meteorites have been causing a gradual climate
change, more like a natural process of change.
Anthropogenic factors which are the human
activities change the environment have accelerated
this change and thus making it a global concern.
According to the IPCC reports, modern climate
change is dominated by human influences, which
are now large enough to exceed the bounds of
natural variability. The biggest and probably the
root anthropogenic cause of climate change is
exponential increase in emissions of Greenhouse
Gases, thereby leading to global warming.
Various hypotheses for anthropogenic climate change have been argued for last decades.
Currently the scientific consensus on climate change is that human activity is very likely the
cause for the rapid increase in global average temperatures over the past several decades.
These perturbations primarily result from emissions associated with energy use, but on local
and regional scales, urbanization and land use changes are also important. Cities being
subjective to intensive energy consumption account for large quantities of GHG emissions.
Transportation, waste management and conversion of green fields to brown fields are very
important among all.
2 According to the World Meteorological Organization, 30 years or more
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2.2. Climatic changes during the 20th century due to global warming
Some recent trends and observed climatic variability confirms that the global climate is
changing. The following are some of the impacts observed due to global warming during the
20th century.
A rise of global sea level by an average annual rate of 1-2 mm during the 20th century
Decrease of snow cover by 10%.
Intensification of the hydrological cycle and the increase of precipitation by 0.5 – 1.0%
per decade over most mid and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.
Decrease of rain fall by 0.3 % per decade on the average, over much of the subtropical
land areas. Over tropical lands, rainfall is likely to increase by 0.3% per decade.
Increase in the frequency and severity of drought in recent decades in parts of Asia and
Africa.
Increase in the frequency and intensity of El Nino events during the last 2-3 decades
Lengthening of the growing season by about 1-4 days per decade, during the last 4
decades in the Northern Hemisphere.
Earlier plant flowering, bird arrival, emergence of insects and earlier dates of the
breeding season.
Increased frequency of coral reef bleaching, especially during El Nino events.
It is projected that that the global average temperature will increase by from 1.4oC to
5.8oC between 1990 and 2100. The projected increase from 1990- 2025 and 1990-2050 is
0.4-1.1oC and 0.8oC to 2.6oC respectively
Source: Ratified UNFCCC in 1994
Figure 2.2: Surface air temperature increase 1960-2060, Source: IPPC, Working Paper Series
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Projected concentrations of CO2 during the 21st century are two to four times the pre-industrial level
SOURCE: IPCC Synthesis Report, Part V, Robert Watson
Projected temperatures during the 21st century are significantly higher than at any time during the last 1000 years
SOURCE: IPCC Synthesis Report, Part V, Robert Watson
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2.3. Climate change – Batticaloa Area
Climate scenario analysis is based on climate data obtain from Batticaloa observation Station
of Meteorology Department from 1970 to 2009.
Decadal rainfall records evident a sharp increase during the period from 1985 to 2008
compared to 1970 -1985
Figure 2.3: Average Rainfall By Ten Years in Batticaloa area, Source: Based on Metrological Department Data
There are key changes in monsoon rainfall;
- Increase of average monthly rainfall during North-East monsoon months
- Expansion of monsoon season
- Decrease of rainfall in non-monsoon months
- Irregularities in rainfall observed during the monsoon months
o Intensive monsoon rain (more than 20 mm a day) have started in last week of October and/or first week of November during the decade from 1979 to 1989 (refer line ‘A’)
o Intensive monsoon rain (more than 20 mm a day) have started in first week of October during the decade from 1999 to 2009 (refer line ‘B’)
o Intensive monsoon rain (more than 20 mm a day) have stopped by about third week of March during the decade from 1979 to 1989 (refer line ‘C’)
o Intensive monsoon rain (more than 20 mm a day) have continued till second and/or third week of April during the decade from 1999 to 2009 (refer line ‘D’)
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Figure 2.4: Key changes in monsoon rainfall in Batticaloa area, Source: Based on Metrological Department Data
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Average annual temperature which was 31.04 0C during 1970 to 1979 has increased up
to 31.88 0C during 2000 to 2009 by 0.84 0C. This could be partially due to global climate
change with the increase of Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Figure 2.5: Average Annual Temperature By Ten Years in Batticaloa area, Source: Based on Metrological Department
Data
Number of days having extreme temperature have increased in last decades.
Figure 2.6: Number Of Days Having Temperature >36OCin Batticaloa area, Source: Based on Metrological Department
Data
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GHG’s listed in Kyoto Protocol Carbon Dioxide - (CO2) Methane - (CH4) Nitrous Oxide - (N2O) Hydrofluorocarbons - (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons - (PFCs) Sulphur Hexafluoride - (SF6).
2.4. Green House Gases (GHG)
Greenhouse gases (GHG) are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and
anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of
infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds. This property
causes the greenhouse effect.
The global negotiations to reduce greenhouse gases focus
on a number of gases that are caused by human activity.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) has specified following six green house
gases in Kyoto protocol.
CO2 is the most prominent anthropogenic greenhouse gas and CH4 and N2O are also
commonly found in urban areas. HFCs, PFCs and SF6 are very powerful but may play a less
prominent role in the discussions at the local government level in developing countries.
Greenhouse gases are not equal in terms of their ability to capture and remit heat. The global
warming potential (GWP) of each GHG takes into account both the ability to trap heat and
the lifetime of the gas. The global warming potential (GWP) depends on both the efficiency
of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime. GWP is measured relative
to the same mass of CO2 and evaluated for a specific timescale.
Species Chemical formula
Lifetime (years)
Global Warming Potential (Time Horizon)
20 years 100 years 500 years CO2 CO2 variable ** 1 1 1 Methane * CH4 12±3 56 21 6.5 Nitrous oxide N2O 120 280 310 170 Source: Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change: Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report, page 22 *The GWP for methane includes indirect effects of tropospheric ozone production and stratospheric water vapour production ** Derived from the Bern carbon cycle model.
Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely. Recent
work indicates that recovery from a large input of atmospheric CO2 from burning fossil fuels
will result in an effective lifetime of tens of thousands of years. Carbon dioxide is defined to
have a GWP of 1 over all time periods. Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are 21 and
310 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2) respectively.
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3. EMISSIONINVENTORY3.1. Compilation of GHG inventory
Compiling a greenhouse gas inventory is a sequential process. Following steps have adopted
in preparation of GHG Inventory for BMC and vicinity area.
Original steps specified in IPCC guidelines have customized according to the specific
requirements of local context and scope of the project.
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3.2. Methods of estimation
One of the most challenging tasks at project design is to select best methodologies for
computation of GHG emissions/removals avoiding double counting and omissions.
Selection of appropriate methodology is based on several factors as;
Methodology adopted by Draft National GHG Inventory
Sectors selected in draft national GHG inventory
Degree of local stakeholder awareness on climate change
Availability of data
Time and resource availability for primary data collection
This inventory rely on Tier one and Tier two; basic and intermediate methods of GHG
computation due to the constraints of data collection in this project, and limitations in draft
national GHG inventory of the country. Data requirement of each selected category under all
three Tiers have listed and then compared with available data sources. With respect to key
categories, the possibility to collect secondary data have considered on the basis of time and
resource availabilities. Thereafter, the most possible Tier has selected by each category
following the steps specified in IPCC decision trees. This process is depicted in Annexure 1
in this document for detailed references.
In spite of limited data and information, this inventory is a truly attempt to ensure good
practices of reporting. As per 2006 Guidelines, good practices are those which contain
neither over- nor under-estimates as far as can be judged, and in which uncertainties are
reduced as far as practicable.
As with the IPPC guidelines, this inventory follows one of the simplest methodological
approaches combining Activity Data (AD) into Emission Factors (EF).
Hence the basic equation is,
GHG Emissions = AD • EF
Where, AD = Information on the extent of anthropogenic activities take place EF = Coefficients which quantify the emissions or removals per unit activity
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Methodology explained in IPCC guidelines have designed with appropriate methodologies
adopted at national level. These approved methodologies have a certain degree of flexibility
yet some aspects need to be reconsidered at the application of city level. However, method
use to collect Activity Data have mentioned at each entry to ensure transparency of reporting.
3.3. Concepts adopted in preparation of GHG inventory Concepts adopted are very important to understand the scope and definitions used in the
inventory. It makes the inventory comparable to other city level inventories and capable to
update consecutively.
3.3.1. Timebound
This GHG inventory of the city is a first study volume of a series which will be the
benchmark for future updates.
The benchmark study have documented for a period of one calendar year starting from 1st
January 2010 to 31st December 2010 in this inventory. Therefore, all possible data sources
have used as per the records obtained through the above period. However, circumstances
where suitable data to follow this principle are missing, emissions/removals have estimated
using data from other years applying appropriate methods such as averaging, interpolation
and extrapolation.
3.3.2. Territoriallimits
Clearly defined boundaries are very important to avoid overlapping and exclusions of spatial
units. Initially, local authority boundary of the city has taken as the concerned geographic
area of the city. The key reasons for the selection are;
- Local authority boundaries are legally defined administrative boundaries. (There are
two such local level boundaries are, D.S. Division boundary and Local authority
boundary.)
- Local Authority boundaries (Municipal council boundaries)often consider as city
limits for revenue purposes
- Local authorities have decision making powers and political authority which could
make strong decisions on Green House Gas emissions/removals within the boundary.
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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“This standard also recognizes that the vitality of cities gives rise to the production of GHG emissions outside of urban boundaries. This standard follows the World Resources Institute / World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/ WBCSD) protocol by including out-of-boundary emissions that are driven by activities in cities. While it is impractical to quantify all of the emissions associated with the myriad of goods and materials consumed in cities, urban GHG inventories must include:
• Out-of-boundary emissions from the generation of electricity and district heating which are consumed in cities (including transmission and distribution losses);
• Emissions from aviation and marine vessels carrying passengers or freight away from cities; • Out-of-boundary emissions from waste that is generated in cities.
The GHG emissions embodied in the food, water, fuels and building materials consumed in cities should also be reported as additional information items. This is to avoid policies or actions that lower emissions inside of cities, but at the expense of greater emissions outside of cities.
The determination of urban GHG emissions by this standard does not imply that local governments are responsible for these emissions. Rather the inventory reflects the carbon dependence of the urban economy and highlights the extensive experience that local governments already have in monitoring GHG emissions. The standard formatting by local governments would be consistent with national inventories and subject to regional and national compilations as overseen by national directives.”
Source: International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities, 2010’ (Draft, June 2010)
‘International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities, 2010’ (Draft,
June 2010) gave light in this revised report leading to prepare boundary-extended inventory
which provide more realistic picture in complex urban form.
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IPCC guidelines outlines three emissions sources (referred to as ‘scopes’) that provide framework for operational boundaries. The three scopes are:
Scope 1: “Direct Emissions,” represent emissions from the combustible fuels and other sources that occur directly within city limits and mobile emission sources.
Scope 2 : “Indirect Emissions,” represent emissions that occur outside the city limits to produce electricity or steam purchased for use at corporate locations.
Scope 3: “Other Indirect Emissions,” represents emissions from activities taken place at outside the city such as automobile traffic, fishery boat riding.
First two scopes consider as mandatory requirement under the GHG Protocol, while the third scope considered as optional to track and report.
In adopting the WRI/WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol for corporations, GHG emissions attributed to cities and local regions can be classified as follows:
Scope 1: GHG emissions that occur within the territorial boundary of the city or local region
Scope 2: Indirect emissions that occur outside of the city boundary as a result of activities that occur within the city, limited to only: electricity consumption and district heating, steam, cooling
Scope 3: Other indirect emissions and embodied emissions that occur outside of the city boundary, as a result of activities of the city, including (but not limited to): Electrical transmission and distribution losses, solid waste disposal, waste incineration, wastewater handling, aviation, marine, embodied emissions upstream of power plants, embodied emissions in fuels, embodied emissions in imported construction materials, embodied emissions in imported water and embodied emissions in imported food
As depicted in the above map, urban form of Batticaloa town expands along the A4 and A15
national highways along the coast. This linear urban form connect Eravur Patthu and Eravur
Town in North while Manmunai Pattu (Araipattai) and Manmunai South (Eruvilpatthu) in
South. Manmunei West, Manmunei South west, Porativu pattu are three adjacent DS
Divisions predominantly agricultural yet has strong market linkages to Batticaloa town.
Accordingly, this inventory covers an area of seven adjacent DS divisions to BMC area (i.e.
Manmunei North DS Division).
3.3.3. Sourcesofemissions
This inventory comprised with the anthropogenic emissions/removals of Green House Gases.
It does not contain the records of natural sources of emissions and sinks which beyond the
human interventions. This is because; the aim of this inventory is to formulate local level
strategies to mitigate GHG emissions and to serially asses the performance of set mitigation
targets.
Accordingly, this inventory included GHG emissions that
Scope 1: GHG emissions that occur within the territorial boundary of the city including
stationary and mobile emission sources
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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Scope 2: represent emissions that occur outside the city limiting to electricity3
consumption4
Scope 3: emissions from activities taken place at outside the city are: solid waste disposal, waste
incineration, wastewater handling, automobile traffic and fishery boat riding
Operational boundary conditions provide depth to the inventory by identifying which
emissions sources are accounted for within the defined territorial limits.
3.3.4. Typesofgases
This inventory is strict to the recommended gases mentioned in IPCC guidelines.
Accordingly, This Inventory contends the emissions of following three greenhouse gases.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
3.3.5. Sectorsandcategories
There are four key sectors need to address in GHG Inventory as per IPPC 2006 guidelines.
Namely; Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forestry and
Other Land Use (AFOLU) and Waste. Similarly, Draft National Inventory of Sri Lanka, 2000
also uses the above four categories.
IPCC use the concept of key category is to identify the categories that have a significant
influence on a country’s total inventory of greenhouse gases in terms of the absolute level of
emissions and removals, the trend in emissions and removals, or uncertainty in emissions and
removals. Identification of key Categories is important to prioritize investments on GHG
inventories while ensuring optimum resource allocation for data collection and reporting.
Selection of key categories of each sector performed through core-team discussion based on
local knowledge and initial Field observations at cities which has described at inception
report of this project. Accordingly, GHG inventory of study area has identified three sectors
as key sectors.
3 Electrical transmission and distribution losses are incorporated 4 there were no any district heating, steam, cooling recorded in the study area.
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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I. Energy
II. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)
III. Waste
Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) have omitted from the inventory due to absence
of sound Industrial base in study area. Number of industries by type in each city is given
below.
Table 3.1.: Types of industries in Study Area Type of Industry Small Scale Industries Medium Scale Industries
A/C Refrigeration & Welding 3 1 Bakery 8 11 Cement Blocks Making 9 7 Engineering Works 27 14 Grinding Mills 11 4 Iron Works 7 6 Printers 8 1 Rice Mills 4 12 Timber Mills 11 2 Garment Factory - 2
(Source: District Hand Book, Batticaloa DSD Resource Profile & Registry of Industry CEA Batticaloa)
Following criteria used to identify the level of significance of the each industry to city GHG
emissions.
1. Number of industries
2. Production process and GHG emissions
3. Scale of production
Selected industries from first two criteria are visited (30-50% sample) and discussed with
manufactures. As revealed in the discussions and observations those industries have
insignificant contributions at production process, therefore not included into the inventory.
However, energy consumption of these industries have considered in the Energy sector of this
inventory.
There are number of categories under each sector defined in IPCC and selected at National
Inventory. Selected sectors and categories of inventory items are attached in Annexure 2.1 &
2.2 detail reference.
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4. GREEN HOUSE GAS INVENTORY FOR BATTICALOAMC&SURROUNDINGS
4.1. Sector one: Energy
Energy sector mainly refers to Fuel Combustion activities. Fuel combustion, has categorized
into four types for emission assessment in Draft National GHG Inventory, i.e. energy
industries; manufacturing industries and construction, transport, and other sectors having
emissions from energy consumption. In this inventory, following sectors have identified as
key sources.
Stationery Sources:
I. Manufacturing Industries & Construction
II. Commercial/Institutional
III. Residential
IV. Agriculture
V. fishery
Mobile Sources:
VI. Road Transportation
VII. Railway Transportation
The following formula was applied to compute GHG emissions from specific activities as per
the process specified in Tier 02.
Country specific emission factors which used for calculation, were obtained from the draft
national Inventory, 2000. Other specific references have presented at the end of each section.
Emission GHG,,Fuel =Fuel Consumption fuel *Country Specific Emission Factor GHG,,Fuel
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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4.1.1.Energysector‐Manufacturingindustries&construction
Types of industries available in study area as per 2010 registry are listed below. There are
very limited number of industries which pre-dominantly small in scale.
Table 4.1.: Types of industries in Study Area Type of Industry Small Scale Industries Medium Scale Industries
A/C Refrigeration & Welding 3 1 Bakery 8 11 Cement Blocks Making 9 7 Engineering Works 27 14 Grinding Mills 11 4 Iron Works 7 6 Printers 8 1 Rice Mills 4 12 Timber Mills 11 2 Garment Factory - 2
(Source: District Hand Book, Batticaloa DSD Resource Profile & Registry of Industry CEA Batticaloa)
Energy generated through electricity is directly obtained from statistical handbook (annually
compiled by D. S. Division) and verified from Electricity Board records. Average amount of
fuel consumption from other sources have computed through findings of a sample survey
(primary data collection) & FDG’s. Stratified random sampling method was employed with
stratification based on types of industries. 30-50% sample size was desirable according the
scope of study yet each type need to be represented. Number of samples obtained and sample
sizes have mentioned in following table.
Table 4.2.: Number of samples obtained from Industries
Type of Industry Number of Industries Number of samples
Obtained Obtained
sample size (%) SSI MSI SSI MSI SSI MSI
A/C, Refrigeration repairs 3 1 2 1 67 100 Bakeries 8 11 3 4 38 36 Cement Blocks Making 9 7 4 3 44 43 Engineering Works (Welding & iron works) 27 14 10 5 37 36 Grinding Mills 11 4 5 2 45 50 Iron Works 7 6 3 3 43 50 Printers 8 1 4 1 50 100 Rice Mills 4 12 2 5 50 42 Timber Mills 11 2 5 1 45 50 Garment Factories - 2 - 2 - 100 Total 88 60 38 27 43 45
SSI = Small scale Industries, MSI= Medium Scale Industries
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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Electricity is the most significant energy source of all above industries. Electricity obtains
from National Power Grid and there is no any at-source electricity production presents within
the city limits. Bakeries use firewood as a main source but none of the other industries have
significant level of consumption other than electricity.
Table 4.3.: Annual energy consumption by Industries in Study Area Energy Source
Annual Energy Consumption Unit
Electricity (KWH) 319,000 KWH Source : Statistical Hand Book Profile 2009, DSD
& District Hand Book Batticaloa District
Fuel wood 68,400 Kg Annual Energy Consumption = No. of Bakery*Avg. Monthly Fuel wood Consumption by Bakery (300kg) * 12
Table 4.4.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources
Energy Source Conversion Factor - Calorific value of
the fuel(TJ/kg) CO2 Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
CH4 Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
N2O Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
Fuel wood 0.0000155 29,900 300 4 (Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000 & IPCC 2000)
Table 4.5.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka GHG Source Emissions for production of 100KWH(kg)
CO2 (Biomass) 80.50 CO2 (Fossil) 223.27 CH4 0.02 N2O 0.01
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.6.: Emissions from use of energy for industrial sources in Study Area
Energy Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2 CH4 N2O Electricity 96,901.14 6.22 2.67 Fuel wood 31,699.98 3,180.60 4.24 Total 128,601.12 3,186.82 6.91
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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4.1.2.Energysector‐Commercial/Institutionalunitscategories
Commercial and institutional units have taken as a combined category because Electricity
consumption of these two sectors has recorded as one category in resource profile (in
respective D.S. Divisions). This data is highly accurate since it counts from the electricity
billing records of Electricity Board.
Electricity is the prime source of energy use in commercial and institutional activities yet
some commercial users assumed as consuming other energy. Those sources were listed
through community discussions based on local knowledge. As revealed in the discussion, tea
shops and hotels were selected as key categories which consume alternative energy sources.
Tea shops and hotels use LPG for cooking and boiling water. Average consumption of LPG
has counted based on a sample survey (primary data collection). Stratified random sampling
method was employed with stratification based on types of industries. 10% sample size was
desirable according the scope of study and number of samples obtained is representing in the
following table.
Table 4.7.: Number of samples obtained from Commercial Activities
Type of activity Number of activities Desired Samples (Sample Size 10%)
Number of samples Obtained
Tea shops Hotels 143 14.3 15 Tourist Hotels 11 1.1 5 Total 154 15.4 20
(Source; BMC, Business and commercial registry, 2009 & Resource profile of DSD)
Data and information have obtained inquiring the capacity of LPG cylinder/s and frequency
of refilling. Accordingly, average LPG consumption per unit was calculated.
Table 4.8.: Annual energy consumption by commercial and institutional units according to type of energy source in Study Area
Energy Source
Annual Energy Consumption Unit
Electricity 3,416,922 KWH Source : Statistical Hand Book Profile 2009, DSD & District Hand Book Batticaloa District
LPG 95,700 Kg
Annual Energy Consumption = No. of Hotel*Avg. Monthly Fuel wood Consumption per Hotel (50kg) * 12 Annual Energy Consumption = No. of Tourist Hotel*Avg. Monthly Fuel wood Consumption per Tourist Hotel (75kg) * 12
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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Table 4.9.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources
Energy Source
Conversion Factor - Calorific value of the
fuel(TJ/kg) CO2 Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
CH4 Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
N2O Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
LPG 0.0000473 17,200 10 0.6 (Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.10.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka GHG Source Emissions for production of 100KWH(kg)
CO2 (Biomass) 80.50 CO2 (Fossil) 223.27 CH4 0.02 N2O 0.01
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.11.: Emissions from use of energy for commercial sources in Study Area
Energy Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2 CH4 N2O Electricity 1,037,942.43 66.66 28.57
LPG 77,874.16 452.76 2.71
Total 1,115,816.59 519.43 31.28
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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Note: Map indicate only BMC area
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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4.1.3.Energysector‐Residentialcategory
Data records on source of energy use for cooking and lighting purpose are available in
Statistical hand book of respective D.S. Division and district hand book Batticaloa. Other
energy uses are mainly consist of electric appliances as heaters for boiling water, Fans for air
circulation, Irons for pressing clothes, refrigerators for cooling, and television and radios for
entertainment. Electricity consumption of residential sector has recorded in the Statistical
hand book, as per the records of from electricity bills. GHG emissions as per domestic
electricity consumption was computed from this secondary data sources, yet other sources of
energy use for cooking and lighting was needed to estimate. Average energy consumption for
cooking and lighting were obtained from a sample survey (primary data collection). Stratified
random sampling method was employed with stratification based on types of industries. 50
samples were selected randomly and number of samples obtained is representing in following
table.
Table 4.12.: Type of energy source using by family for lighting & cooking other than electricity in Study Area
Energy Source No. of Families* Number of samples
Obtained Obtained sample Size
Lighting Cooking Lighting Cooking Lighting Cooking Kerosene 37,413 22,321 50 50 0.15 0.2 Fuel wood - 74,721 50 0.1
LPG - 12,406 50 0.4 (Source: Statistic Hand Book, Batticaloa -2009)
Table 4.13.: Annual energy consumption by residential units, according to type of energy source in Study Area
Energy Source
Annual Energy Consumption Unit
Electricity 78,540,413 KWH Source : Statistical Hand Book 2009, DSD
Fuel wood 53,799,120 Kg Monthly Avg Fuel wood Consumption for Cooking per Family(kg) = 60kg
Kerosene 6,557,423 L
Monthly Avg Kerosene Consumption for Cooking per Family(L) = 5.625 L Monthly Avg Kerosene for Lighting per Family(L) = 11.25L
LPG 1,860,900 Kg Monthly Avg LPG Consumption for Cooking per Family(kg) = 12.5kg
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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Table 4.14.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources
Energy Source Conversion Factor - Calorific value of
the fuel(TJ/kg) CO2 Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
CH4 Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
N2O Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
LPG 0.0000473 17,200 10 0.6 Kerosene 0.0000448 19,600 4 0.6 Fuel wood 0.0000155 29,900 300 4
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.15.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka GHG Source Emissions for production of 100KWH(kg)
CO2 (Biomass) 80.50 CO2 (Fossil) 223.27 CH4 0.02 N2O 0.01
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.16.: Emissions from use of energy for residential units in Study Area
Energy Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2 CH4 N2O Electricity 2,807,854.32 1,532.27 656.68
LPG 1,514,273.88 8,803.92 52.78
Kerosene 4,920,907.57 10,042.62 151.39
Fuel wood 24,933,202.51 2,501,659.08 3,335.33
Total 34,176,238.28 2,522,037.89 4,196.16
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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4.1.4.Energysector‐Agriculture
The main agricultural crops available within the study area are coconut and paddy. Coconut
cultivation does not consume noteworthy amount of energy but paddy cultivation consumes
energy for tractors and harvesting machineries. As per the last year records, area cultivated
for paddy was 42,364ha for Yala season and 41,159ha for Maha Season. The following
assumptions which used in calculation have developed through Key Informant Interview
(KII) with agrarian officers. Information have verified through discussions with of farmers
(local knowledge).
Average diesel consumption for cultivation (tractors and harvesting machines) is 300 litres
per hectare.
Table 4.17.: Cultivated area according to the seasons in Study Area
Maha 2009/2010 (Ha) Yala 2010 (Ha)
Major Minor Rainfed Total Major Minor Rainfed Total Paddy 15,844 1,721 23,585 41,159 17,058 1,721 23,585 42,364
(Source: Statistical Branch, Batticaloa-Kachcheri)
Table 4.18.: Annual energy consumption by paddy cultivation, according to type of energy source in Study Area
Energy Source Appliance Avg. Annual Fuel
Consumption (L)
Diesel Tractors & Machinery
25,056,900 Avg. consumption 300L per Ha per season (Source: Agrarian Office, Batticaloa)
Figure 4.1.: Harvesting Machines
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Table 4.19.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources
Energy Source Conversion Factor - Calorific value of
the fuel(TJ/kg) CO2 Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
CH4 Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
N2O Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
Diesel 0.0000403 20,200 4 0.6 (Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.20.: Emissions from use of energy for agriculture in Study Area
Energy Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2 CH4 N2O Diesel 16,647,426.34 32,965.11 494.24
Total 16,647,426.34 32,965.11 494.24
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Note: Map indicate only BMC area
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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4.1.5.Energysector–Fishery
Fishery has identified as a key sector in Batticaloa area. Main energy consumptions of fishery
sector undertakes due to extensive use of fuel for fishing motor boats. Energy use for lighting
lamps in the boats at night is another appliance which uses kerosene, batteries and petrol.
Following assumptions were used to calculate energy consumption of boats.
The average fuel consumption of a multi-days boat has assumed as 6000 Litres per month
and one day boat is 5000 Litres per month. This assumption has developed through a Focal
Group Discussion (FGD) with local fishermen.
Table 4.21.: Type of fishery boats according to the source of energy use in Study Area
Energy Source No of Boat Multi-days boat Boats with Outboard Total
Kerosene - 372 732 Diesel 113 - 113
(Source: Fishery Department, Batticaloa) Table 4.22.: Annual energy consumption
by fishery boats, according to type of energy source in Study Area
Energy Source Annual Fuel Consummation (L)
Total (L) Total (kg) Multi-days boat Boats with Outboard
Kerosene - 26,784,000 26,784,000 22,915,625
Diesel 8,136,000 - 8,136,000 6,648,332 (Annual Fuel Consumption = No of Boat * Avg. Monthly Fuel Consumption *12)
Figure 4.2.: Interview with fisherman to find out avg.. Fuel consumption
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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Table 4.23.: Calorific value & emissions factors for energy sources
Energy Source Conversion Factor -
Calorific value of the fuel(TJ/kg)
CO2 Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
CH4 Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
N2O Emission Factor (kg/TJ)
Kerosene 0.0000448 19,600 5 2 Diesel 0.0000403 20,200 5 2
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 5.24.: Emissions from use of energy for fishery sector in Study Area
Energy Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2 CH4 N2O
Kerosene 20,099,261.18 51,273.93 2,050.89
Diesel 5,405,426.67 13,379.77 535.20
Total 25,504,687.85 64,653.69 2,586.09
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Note: Map indicate only BMC area
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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4.1.6. Energy sector - Road transportation
GHG Emissions can estimate from either the fuel consumed (represented by fuel sold) or the
distance travelled by the vehicles. In general, the first approach (fuel sold) is appropriate for
CO2 and the second (distance travelled by vehicle type and road type) is appropriate for CH4
and N2O. Therefore, this inventory adopted both methods but made sure not to double count.
Data about fuel sold was obtained from all fuel stations within the study area.
This data was taken for a period of one year because there may be seasonal variations in
travel pattern at different periods of the year due to school vacations, festivals and tourist
arrivals. FGD’s were conducted with fuel station workers and officers to figure-out the
proportion of local users to outsiders who purchase fuel. There are two uncertain
circumstances can occur such as;
1. Consumers who purchase fuel from inside stations may travel outside the study area
2. Consumers who purchase fuel from outside stations may travel within the study area
The first circumstances should exclude from the inventory and the second should include into
the inventory. However, that need detailed data collection and therefore, both facts have
unaccounted assuming both are equal in quantity.
Conversely, the second method, which calculates based on distance travelled by vehicle type,
can overcome this limitation. That needs detailed traffic counts by type of vehicle on all roads
and average trip length of all users. Once again that demands a detailed Origin-Destination
survey. Since, this study has certain time and resources constraints, the possible secondary
data were obtained for traffic counts at major roads from Road Development Authority
(RDA, Sri Lanka). Further, average trip lengths and average fuel consumption were obtained
Figure 4.3.: Interviews in fuel station, to find out fuel sold information
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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through interviews conducted from vehicle users/ drivers at selected fuel stations. Screen line
traffic count and vehicle interview surveys (week day - 16hr) were carried out at three entry
points to the study area (at A4 road: Kallar, A5 road: Periyapullumalai, A15: Chenkalady) to
obtained data related to vehicles which passing through study area.
Table 4.25.: Annual energy consumption in Study Area by vehicle and type of energy sources
Type
of Fuel Vehicle
Type
No. of Vehicle
*
Avg Vehicle km per day**
Fuel Consumption per km
(L)
Avg Annual Fuel
Consumption (L)
Registered Vehicle within Study Area (Source : *Motor Traffic Branch, Batticaloa, 2010, **Primary Survey)
Petrol
Car 888 5 0.08 127,915 Mini Bus 35 50 0.13 81,900 Motor Cycle 45994 10 0.02 3,311,575 Motor Tricycle 3733 50 0.06 4,031,415
Diesel Oil
Car 516 7.5 0.08 111,360 Pickup 64 5 0.07 8,114 Medium Bus 133 75 0.1 358,020 Dual Purpose 1401 10 0.17 857,315
Jeep 443 10 0.08 127,558 Heavy Bus 261 75 0.17 1,199,188 Truck 1319 20 0.2 1,899,648
Vehicles passing through Study Area (Source : * Primary Survey &Number of Vehicles, RDA, **Primary Survey)
Petrol
Car 573 23 0.08 379,396 Mini Bus 0 0.13 0 Motor Cycle 3984 27 0.02 774,449 Motor Tricycle 504 18 0.06 195,932
Diesel Oil
Car 331 32 0.08 304,847 Pickup 53 48 0.07 64,447 Medium Bus 84 33 0.17 170,373 Dual Purpose 254 42 0.17 653,370
Jeep 170 41 0.08 200,535 Heavy Bus 201 59 0.17 725,446
Truck 628 43 0.2 1,945,093
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Table 4.26.: Calorific value & emissions factors of energy sources
Type of
Fuel Vehicle Type Density
Factor
Calorific
value of the fuel
(TJ/kg)
Emission Factor (t/TJ)
CO2 CH4 N2O
Petrol
Car 0.73722 0.0000448 18.9 0.02 0.001 Mini Bus 0.73722 0.0000448 18.9 0.02 0.001 Motor Cycle 0.73722 0.0000448 18.9 0.1 0.001 Motor Tricycle 0.73722 0.0000448 18.9 0.1 0.001
Diesel Oil
Car 0.81715 0.0000433 20.2 0.002 0.004 Pickup 0.81715 0.0000433 20.2 0.002 0.004 Medium Bus 0.81715 0.0000433 20.2 0.001 0.004 Dual Purpose 0.81715 0.0000433 20.2 0.001 0.004 Jeep 0.81715 0.0000433 20.2 0.001 0.004 Heavy Bus 0.81715 0.0000433 20.2 0.006 0.003 Truck 0.81715 0.0000433 20.2 0.006 0.003
Petrol 0.73722 0.0000448 18.9 0.062 0.0002
Diesel Oil 0.81715 0.0000433 20.2 0.0039 0.0039 (Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.27.: Vehicular GHG Emissions of the Study Area (According to the vehicle kilometre)
Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2 CH4 N2O
Registered Vehicle within study Area 7,769,843 24,115 772
Vehicles passing through study Area 3,723,812 4,084 518
Total 11,493,654.07 28,199.31 1,290.30
Table 4.28.: Average amount of monthly fuel sold within in Study Area
Type of Fuel Avg. Monthly Amount of Fuel Sold (L)
Petrol 527,000
Diesel 680,000
(Source: Fuel sold record by Fuel Stations)
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Table 4.29.: Vehicular GHG Emissions of the Study Area (According to the fuel sold)
Energy Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2 CH4 N2O
Petrol 3,947,560.44 4,177.31 208.87
Diesel 5,836,224.67 288.92 1,155.69
Total 9,783,785.11 4,466.23 1,364.55
4.1.7.Energysector‐Railwaytransportation
Railway transportation consists of different types of engines which consumes alternative
energy sources. Railway Department occupy different types of engines at different trips and
these types are not uniform because engines rotate time to time. Therefore, the national
average fuel consumption of train per kilometre has taken as the emission factor which
normalizes the differences of engines. The average trip length has taken by multiplying
railway fleet within study area by frequency had counted from time table records of railway
station. Table 4.30.: Emissions factors for energy sources
Emissions (kg) per train operate km CO2 CH4 N20
10.9023 0.0007 0.0001 (Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.31.: Emissions from use of energy for train transportation in Study Area
Energy Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2 CH4 N2O
Total 150,418.42 10.03 1.21
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Note: Map indicate only BMC area
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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4.2. Sector two: Agriculture, Forestry & Other land use
4.2.1.Livestock
Livestock is a key category of Green house gas emission inventory of study area. The key sub
categories of livestock have identified as;
a) Enteric Fermentation
Enteric fermentation in the digestive systems of ruminants leads to production and emission
of CH4. Ruminant livestock of the areas is mainly comprised of cattle, buffalo, goat and
sheep.
b) Manure Management
Management decisions about manure disposal and storage affect the emissions of CH4 and
N2O, which are formed in decomposing manures as a by-product of methanogenesis and
nitrification/de-nitrification, respectively. Volatilization losses of NH3 and NOx from manure
management systems and soils leads to indirect greenhouse gas emissions.
This includes ruminant as well as non-ruminant livestock (Poultry and swine).
Livestock population of the area by type is obtained from secondary sources; Vet. Office
Batticaloa.
Figure 4.4: Livestock activities in study area
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Table 4.32.: Livestock population in Study Area Livestock species No. of Species Ruminant No. of Species Non-ruminant
Dairy Cattle 84,514 - Non Dairy Cattle 36,786 - Buffaloes 62,217 - Sheep 114 - Goat 52,843 - Swine - 5,310 Poultry - 222,354
(Source: Vet. Office, Batticaloa)
Rest of the calculations were based on the average figures mentioned in the Draft National
Inventory. This sector in Draft National GHG Inventory is heavily based on assumptions.
Those assumptions are mentioned below for the reference of this section.
Assumptions from Draft National GHG Inventory
1. The cattle and buffalo herd (population) comprise of animals with different age groups
and different body weights. Therefore, to avoid variation, all these animals were brought
to a standard unit, which is accepted universally. This is called “livestock unit” (LU;
Livestock unit = mature cow = LU) Mature cow = 1 LU; Mature bull = 1.25 LU; Buffalo
= 1 LU; Calves/ Heifers = 0.6 LU
2. All of cattle and buffaloes are considered as dairy animals. In Sri Lanka, there is no beef
cattle operation or feed lot system. Therefore, all are considered as dairy animals.
3. Almost all the ruminant livestock are managed under a free grazing/browsing system
mainly; depending on natural roughages. Concentrate feed is used in very insignificant
amounts, compared to the total dry matter intake.
4. Since all ruminant livestock are managed under a free grazing system, excreta (both urine
and dung) are naturally disposed on the field. No stockpiling or accumulation is therefore
present.
5. Poultry comprise ducks and chicken and other minor important domesticated avian
species. All the members were taken into account if recorded.
6. Where goats and sheep are not specified individually, they are taken together (similar LU
values).
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7. All ruminant livestock spices are fed on similar diets (mainly roughages). The methane
production is therefore similar.
8. The ruminant livestock population in the country is found within the same temperature
range, with the exception of cattle in the Nuwara Eliya district (<27oC). Since the latter
population is very insignificant, compared to the total cattle population, they were not
considered.
Table 4.33.: Emission factors for livestock
Livestock species
Emission Factors CH4 (kg/head/yr) N2O Emission Factor from Different Animal Waste
Management System(kg/head/yr)
Enteric Fermentation
Manure Management
Dairy Cattle 56 27 0.02 Non Dairy Cattle 44 2 0.02 Buffaloes 55 3 0.02 Sheep 5 0.21 0.02 Goat 5 0.22 0.02 Swine 1 7 0.02 Poultry 0 0.023 0.02
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.34.: Emissions from livestock in Study Area
Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CH4 N2O
Total 10,080,372.14 9,282.76
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4.2.2.Agriculture
Rice is the main food crop recorded in study area; cultivation majorly confined into North-
East monsoon rain-fed. In addition to rice, chilli and red onions grow at small scale. The
following table represent the extent of paddy cultivation area of last year.
Table 4.35.: Paddy Cultivated area in Study Area by season
Maha 2009/2010 (Ha) Yala 2010 (Ha)
Major Minor Rain-fed Total Major Minor
Rain-fed Total
Paddy 15,844 1,721 23,585 41,159 17,058 1,721 23,585 42,364 (Source: Statistical Branch, Batticaloa-Kachcheri)
The following assumptions which applied in Draft National Inventory have considered in
GHG inventory of Batticaloa too.
1. Rice was the only crop cultivated under submerged conditions.
2. Yala and Maha were taken together in every year. Even though Maha season extends
to the following year, it was included in the current year for calculations.
3. Extraction rates of crop residues were taken from international references.
4. Default values for emissions are not available locally; therefore, values from Indian
Subcontinent were used.
5. Rice cultivation is done under single aeration method.
Figure 4.5: Agriculture activities in study area
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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Rice cultivation contributes to produce CH4 as a result of sub-merged, anaerobic conditions.
Burning of crop residues emit carbon and few other GHG substances. Data on amount of crop
residues produce and proportion of burning were obtained from FGDs with local farmers.
Table 4.36.: Emission factors
Emission Factors (kg per Ha/Yr)
CH4 N2O Rice Cultivation 23.70 - Field Burning of crop residues 3.06 0.07 Direct emissions - 1.68 Indirect emissions - 21.04
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.37.: Emissions from agriculture sector in Study Area
Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CH4 N2O Rice Cultivation 164,966.63 - Field Burning of crop residues 22,045.70 19,676.89 Direct emissions - - Indirect emissions - - Total 187,012.33 19,676.89
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4.2.3.Forestryandotherlandusechange
Land Use changes cause to alternate GHG emissions or sinks of the locality. As a common
phenomenon in urban areas, green fields convert into brown fields and there by contribute to
GHG emissions at higher rate.
This land use analysis is a relative assessment based on a decided base year to current
inventory. Land use data is available for previous years. This inventory has compared the
changes through last ten years (1999 – 2009) and calculated average change in land use per
year by sector. There is no any previous inventory available for study area; therefore this will
be the benchmark study for future.
As revealed from calculation, forest land and croplands have subjected to a considerable
annual change but changes in other land use categories are insignificant. Therefore, this
section provides information on greenhouse gas emissions only from forest land and
croplands. Cropland refers to rice fields, coconut lands and other agro-forestry systems
including all annual and perennial crops as well as seasonal cultivations. Land-use
conversions to croplands from forest lands, grasslands and wetlands usually result in a net
loss of carbon from biomass and soils as well as emit N2O to the atmosphere.
The amount of carbon stored-in and emitted or removed from permanent cropland depends
on crop type, management practices, soil and climate variables. Carbon stocks in soils can be
significant and changes in stocks can occur in conjunction with soil properties and
management practices, including crop type and rotation, tillage, drainage, residue
management and organic amendments. Changes to biomes, dead organic matters and Soil
Carbons need to be assessed in this section.
However, this inventory only considered the changes occurred in biomes. This section has
not included in Draft National GHG Inventory. Hence, country specific emission factors are
not available. In this situation, the changes have computed by using, default values mentioned
in IPCC guidelines. As mentioned in IPCC, the error factor of using default values can be
higher as 75% at some instances.
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Table 4.38.: Net annual land use change (1999-2010) in Study Area To
From Settlements Cropland Forest Land Wetlands Other Land
Settlements - 0 0 0 0 Cropland 557 Ha - 0 0 219Ha Forest Land 539 Ha 0 - 0 95 Ha Wetlands 0 0 0 - 0 Other Land 0 0 0 0 - (Source: Batticaloa& Land Use Data 1999 to 2010, Statistical Branch, Batticaloa-Kachcheri)
Table 4.39.: Default factors 141,817
Biomass stocks before the conversion
(tonnes dm ha-1)
Carbon fraction
of dry matter [tonnes C
(tonne dm)-1]
Annual biomass carbon growth (tonnes
C/Ha/yr-)
Annual loss of
biomass carbon (tonnes
C/Ha/yr-) Cropland Land Converted to Settlements
10 0.5 1.8 0.9
Cropland Land Converted to Other land
6 0.5 1.8 0.9
Forest Land Converted to Settlements
90 0.5 1.8 0.9
Forest Land Converted to Other land
90 0.5 1.8 0.9
(Source: IPCC 2000)
Table 4.40.: Emissions from land use change in Study Area
Source Annual change in carbon
stocks in biomass (tonnes C yr-1)
Annual Emissions CO2 (kg)
Cropland Land Converted to Settlements -3,886.8 14,251,600
Cropland Land Converted to Other land -741.3 2,718,100
Forest Land Converted to Settlements -54,639.90 200,346,300
Forest Land Converted to Other land -9,569.70 35,088,900
Total -68,837.70 252,404,900.00
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Note: Map indicate only BMC area
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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Note: Map indicate only BMC area
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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4.3. Sector three: Waste
Waste disposal systems are key source of GHG emission in cities. Solid waste generation is
increasing at alarming rate as a result of urbanization and population growth. This section
estimates carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from
Solid and liquid waste disposal in study area.
Accordingly, this report consist of three emission categories are,
I. Solid Waste Disposal Sites
II. Incineration & Open Burning of Waste
III. Wastewater Treatment & Discharge
4.3.1. SolidWaste
64,700 MTPA amount of solid waste generate within the study area. Solid waste disposal
practices of city represent in following table.
Open Dumping and burning of solid waste
KII conducted with Mr. Dushyanth, Officer In-charge, Waste Management site.
Collection of plastic and glass bottle to handover to recycling plant.
Open burning of solid waste at household level Municipal solid waste dumping site & construction work of sanity land filling
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
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Table 4.41.: Composition of Solid Waste in Study Area
Area BMC Surrounding
Area
Annual Generation 14, 600 MT 50, 100 MT
Collection & Open Dumping at Municipal Solid Waste Dumping Site
40% 0%
Collection & Open Bunning at Municipal Solid Waste Dumping Site
10% 0%
Composting of Solid Waste at Household Level 5% 5%
Open Burning at Household Level 15% 40%
Open Dumping at Household Level 30% 55%
Recycling 0.04% 0%
(Source: PHI & Environment Section, BMC)
There is a composting bed under construction, which could reduce Carbon emissions from
open dumping in future.
Table 4.42.: Country specific composting of solid waste Waste category Composition %
Kitchen 45.6 Grass & wood 24.7 Paper 8.9 Textile 3.5 Soft plastic 4.0 Hard plastic 0.8 Leather & Rubber 0.9 Metal 0.5 Glass 0.8 Ceramic & stone 8.4 Other 2.0 Total 100
Table 4.43.: Default factors for open dumping
Methane Correction
Factor (MCF)
Fraction of DOC in MCW
Fraction of DOC which Actually
Degrades*
Fraction of Carbon Released
as Methane
Conversion Ratio
0.4 0.1955 0.78 0.5 1.333333333
(Source: IPCC 2000, *Dr. Basnayake )
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Table 4.44.: Default factors for open burning
Waste Category Fraction of
Carbon in Dry Matter
Fraction of Fossil Carbon in Total
Carbon Oxidation Factor
Paper 0.46 0.01 0.58 Textiles 0.5 0.2 0.58 Food waste 0.38 0.58 Wood 0.5 0.58 Garden & Park Waste 0.49 0.58 Nappies 0.6 0.1 0.58 Rubber & Leather 0.47 0.2 0.58 Plastics 1 0.58 Metl 0.58 Glass 0.58
(Source :IPCC 2000)
Emission Factors (g N2O/t waste treated) = 150(Source: IPCC 2000)
Equation for Net Annual Methane Emissions (Gg CH4) from open Dumping/composting A Total Annual of Open Dumping(Gg) B Methane Correction Factor (MCF) C Fraction of DOC in MCW D Fraction of DOC which Actually Degrades E Fraction of Carbon Released as Methane F Conversion Ratio G=CDEF Potential Methane Generation Rate per Unit of Waste (Gg CH4/ Gg MSW)
H=BG Realized (Country specific Methane Generation Rate per Unit of Waste (Gg CH4/ Gg MSW)
J=HA Gross Annual Methane Generation (Gg CH4) K Recovered Methane per Year (Gg CH4) L=J-K Net Annual Methane Generation (Gg CH4) M One Minus Methane Oxidation Correction Factor N=LM Net Annual Methane Emissions (Gg CH4)
Equation for Net Annual Fossil CO2 Emissions from Open Burning
F Total Amount of MSW Open-burned according to the Waste Category(kg/yr) G Dry Matter Content H Fraction of Carbon in Dry Matter I Fraction of Fossil Carbon in Total Carbon J Oxidation Factor K Conversion Factor (44/12) L=FGHIJK Fossil CO2 Emissions (kg CO2)
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Equation for Annual Net Annual Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Open Burning A Total Annual amount Open-burned (t) B Emission Factor (g N2O/t waste treated) H=A*B Net Annual Nitrous Oxide Emissions (Gg N2O)
Table 4.45.: Emissions from solid waste in Study Area
Source Annual Emissions (kg) CO2 CH4 N2O
Open Dumping at Household Level - 8,334,698.32 - Open Burning at Household Level 672,421.06 328.50 Open Dumping at Municipal Dumping Site - 1,524,178.43 - Open Burning at Municipal Dumping Site 44,162.61 21.57 Total 716,583.67 9,858,876.75 350.07
4.3.2. Waste–Wastewater
There is no any centralized waste water treatment facility available within study area.
Sewerage manages at domestic level by individual septic tanks. There is no any recorded CH4
collection practice from septic tanks. Residential waste water (grey water; kitchen waste, bath
room and other washing) is discharged to water bodies and low lying areas.
Table 4.46.: Country specific factors for Wastewater generation & emission Organic Product Per Person
(kg BOD/yr) Emission Factor (kg CH4/kg BOD)
5.81 0.0095 (Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Total Organic Product (kg BOD/yr)
= Organic Product per Person (kg BOD/yr) * Total Population in study area
Net Methane Emissions (kg CH4)
= [Total Organic Product (kg BOD/yr) * Emission Factor (kg CH4/kg BOD) – [Recovered Methane per Year (Gg CH4)]
Table 4.47.: Emissions from waste water in Study Area
Source Annual Emissions CH4 (kg)
Domestic Wastewater 22,019.90
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4.4. Analysis & Conclusion
Batticaloa is an emerging city which grows at faster rate after post-war rehabilitation and
reconstructions. As mentioned above, energy; agriculture, forestry & other land uses and
waste are the three identified key sectors of the city GHG inventory. The following table
summarise the estimated annual GHG gases emissions by sector.
Emissions from the Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use sectors in Batticaloa are main
contributor to GHG emissions within the locality.
Table 4.48.: Overall GHG emission by sector in Study Area
Energy sector contribute to the second largest proportion of GHG emissions. That includes a
significant proportion of CO2 and CH4. Following table presents the sectoral emissions in
detailed.
Table 4.49.: Overall GHG emission in Energy sector in Study Area
Sector Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2 CH4 N2O
Ene
rgy
Industrial 128,601 3,187 7 Commercial & Institutional 1,115,817 519 31 Residential 34,176,238 2,522,038 4,196 Agriculture 16,647,426 32,965 494 Fishery 25,504,688 64,654 2,586 Road Transportation 11,493,654 28,199 1,290 Rail Transportation 150,418 10 1 Total 89,216,843 2,651,572 8,606
Accordingly, residential sector has the highest responsibility on CO2 and CH4 emissions. This
is mainly because of the extensive use of fuel wood for cooking activities and electricity
SECTOR Annual Emissions (kg) CO2 CH4 N2O
Energy 89,216,843 2,651,572 8,606 Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use 112,345,307 10,267,384 28,959
Waste 110,407 3,263,815 329 Total 201,672,556 16,182,771 37,893
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appliances at households. Fishery, Agriculture and Road transportation also highly
contributes to city GHG emissions directly through CO2 and CH4 emissions.
Table 4.50.: Overall GHG emission in Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use in Study Area
Sector Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2 CH4 N2O
Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use
Livestock - 10,080,372 9,283
Agriculture - 187,012 19,676
Land Use Change 112,345,307 - -
Total 112,345,307 10,267,384 28,959
Land use changes contribute very large amount of CO2 emissions in study area. This is
mainly due to the conversion of forest land in to residential land. Livestock sector is
responsible for large proportion of CH4 emissions within the study area. This is by and large
due to enteric fermentation of ruminant species. However, these ruminant species are highly
important in nutrient supply (food production) and local livelihoods of poor communities.
Table 4.51.: Overall GHG emission in Waste sector in Study Area
Sector Source Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2 CH4 N2O
Waste
Solid Waste 110,407 3,241,795 329
Wastewater - 22,020 -
Total 110,407 3,263,815 329
Solid waste sector is another notable contributor which emits CO2 from open burning and
CH4 from un-managed waste dumping sites. This needs to be properly addressed by the city
council as a sustainable practice than a mandatory duty.
The below mentioned values represent the GHG emissions of study area as a percentage of
country levels (National GHG Inventory 1994) by sector. It is noteworthy to mention that
Batticaloa is a small urban area of country which consists of 2.22 % of country’s population
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(compare to 1994) and 2.16% of country’s land area which contribute 0.6% of CO2, 0.02% of
N2O and 1.47% of CH4.
Table 5.50.: GHG Emissions
in Study Area as A Percentage of Country Levels (1994 inventory) by Sector
Annual Emissions (kg) CO2 CH4 N2O
Energy 1.64% 0.29% 0.01%
Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use 0.40% 6.55% 0.85%
Waste - 0.16% -
Total 0.60% 1.47% 0.02%
The results revealed that study area has relatively very low contribution to country’s GHG
emissions. However, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use sector has high CH4 emission
compare to national emission level of that sector. This need to be consider especially in
Mitigation Plans at local level.
CO2 is the major contributor of city GHG emissions. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land
Use sector the most and energy sector the second highest has contributed to that.
Figure 4.6: Annual Emissions of GHG by All Sources
Detailed findings are illustrated in following graphs.
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Figure 4.7: Annual Emissions of GHG by Sector
Accordingly, residential, fishery and AFLOU sectors are the main contributors of CO2 while
solid waste sector holds the lion’s share of CH4 emissions.
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Figure 4.8 : Annual Emissions of GHG by Source
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Figure 4.9 ..: Percentage Distribution of Annual Emissions of GHG by Source
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Atmospheric lifetime The atmospheric lifetime of a species therefore measures the time required to restore equilibrium following an increase in its concentration in the atmosphere. Individual atoms or molecules may be lost or deposited to sinks such as the soil, the oceans and other waters, or vegetation and other biological systems, reducing the excess to background concentrations. The average time taken to achieve this is the mean lifetime.
Rapid land use changes in the study area contribute more than 100,000 metric tons of CO2
during considered year (2010). This is considerably higher than all the other sectors.
Residential and fishery sectors contribute more than 20,000 metric tons of CO2 a year.
Livestock sector is responsible for the largest CH4 emission which release more than 5,000
metric tons a year.
Even though Methane and Nitrous Oxide are less in quantity, it has higher contribution to
Global warming.
The global warming potential (GWP) depends on both
the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and
its atmospheric lifetime. GWP is measured relative to the
same mass of CO2 and evaluated for a specific
timescale. Thus, if a gas has a high GWP on a short time
scale (say 20 years) but has only a short lifetime, it will
have a large GWP on a 20 year scale but a small one on
a 100 year scale. Conversely, if a molecule has a longer
atmospheric lifetime than CO2 its GWP will increase
with the timescale considered.
Average estimated atmospheric life time of identified GHGs is stated below.
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Species Chemical formula
Lifetime (years)
Global Warming Potential (Time Horizon)
20 years 100 years 500 years CO2 CO2 variable ** 1 1 1 Methane * CH4 12±3 56 21 6.5 Nitrous oxide N2O 120 280 310 170 Source: Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change: Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report, page 22 *The GWP for methane includes indirect effects of tropospheric ozone production and stratospheric water vapour production ** Derived from the Bern carbon cycle model.
Following tables summarize the GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents. This brings a
comparable picture of GHG emissions among sectors considering the GWP potentials. Both
the table were computed considering the GWP potential for 20 year time horizons because it
likely to occur in near future which need to take immediate action.
Table 5.51.: Summary of GHG Emissions by Sector for 20 Year time Horizon Sector Gas Emissions (kt CO2 e.)
Electricity (incl. T&D losses) 4.23 District energy, CHP, and energy from waste - Commercial & Institutional 0.10 Residential 173.51 Manufacturing Industries & Construction 0.21 Fishery 29.85 Agriculture 18.63 Road transportation: LDVs - Road transportation: trucks 2.91 Road transportation: other 10.52 Railways 0.15 Domestic aviation - International aviation - Domestic marine - International marine - Industrial Processes - AFOLU 695.43 Solid waste disposal on land 552.91 Wastewater handling 1.23 Waste incineration - Total 1,489.69 Accordingly, AFOLU and Solid waste disposal are the main sectors which hold more than
70% share of total emissions.
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Figure 4.10 ..: Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector 20 Year Time Horizons
Table 5.52.: Summary of GHG Emissions by Fuel or Activity Type for 20 Year time Horizons
Fuel or Activity Type Total GHGs (t CO2 e) ENERGY Electricity (on-site renewable) 0 Electricity (grid) 4,225.20 Natural gas 0 Fuel oil 0 Coal 0 Gasoline 4,239.97 Diesel 34,271.87 Jet Fuel 0 Marine Fuel 0 Kerosene 29,070.53 LPG 2,134.06 Fuel wood 166,171.00 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES Industrial Products 0 WASTE Solid waste disposal on land 552,911.70 Wastewater handling 1,233.11 Waste incineration 0 AFOLU Livestock activities 567,100.01 Agriculture activities 15,982.22 Land use change 12,345.31 TOTAL 1,469,685.00
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Figure 4.11 ..: GHG Emissions by Fuel or Activity Type for 20 Year time Horizons
Figure 4.11 ..: GHG Emissions by Fuel Type for 20 Year time Horizons
Solid waste management, Livestock activity and Domestic fuel wood consumption (as
cooking energy source) are the key aspects should thoroughly address in GHG mitigation
plan of BMC and surroundings.
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5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION MEASURESTORESPONSECLIMATECHANGE(CC)IMPACTS
This section aimed to recommend mitigation measures for Batticaloa area to response
Climate Change. Accordingly this considered the possible mitigation initiatives at city level.
This section consists of two sets of recommendations based on;
1. Recommended Mitigation Measures in National Level Draft GHG Inventory
a. Applicability of National actions at city level
b. Possible specific actions for Batticaloa city
2. Key findings of city GHG Inventory, Stakeholder opinion on Mitigation of GHG at
city level (Current practices, Suggestions and existing barriers to implement
suggestions)
Concerns made at each of the following sector has mentioned in this report.
5.1. Recommended Mitigation Measures in National Level Draft GHG Inventory
As a party ratifying the UNFCCC, Sri Lanka was obliged to prepare a national
communication report by 2000. Following the guideline provided by the UNFCCC, and
partly funded by the Global Environmental Facility, the report was produced and submitted to
the UNFCCC in October 2000. The report consists of information ranging from GHG
emission inventory, climate change impacts and vulnerability and mitigation options to
Recommending Plans for mitigation & and adaptation to
response CC impact on Cities
City level GHG Inventory
Recommended Mitigation Measures in National Level Draft GHG Inventory
Stakeholder opinion on Mitigation of GHG at city level
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adaptation responses. Subsequently, Sri Lanka developed policy recommendations on the
basis of UNFCCC guidelines that addressed the need for the nation to engage in climate
change mitigation and adaptation measures.
Mitigation refers to the reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as
carbon dioxide (CO2), that are considered to be the prime sources of climate change. As
specified in the National Communication in Climate Change - Sri Lanka, the national
government proposed mitigating GHG emission through adopting a number of measures.
The list of mitigation measures proposed in draft National report was taken as the base to
identify activities applicable to implement at city level. The term ‘Applicability’ refers to
following considerations.
a. Address specific issues of the city (based on the Findings of city GHG inventory)
b. ‘Degree of fit’ to local conditions (technology, capacity)
c. Ability to initiate action at local level (i.e. even without national level initiative)
d. Local acceptability of the solution
Accordingly the applicable actions have listed below by sectors as; Agricultural, Forestry,
Energy, Transport, Waste, and Land use.
5.1.1. AgricultureSectorNational Level Propositions Applicability at Local Level
Batticaloa 1. Promote mixed cropping and agro-forestry instead of
monoculture (wherever possible) Applicable
2. Cut down methane emissions from livestock with new feed mixtures
3. Introduce changes in irrigation and fertilizer use to reduce methane emissions from wet rice cultivation Applicable
4. Minimize nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture with new fertilizers and practices Applicable
5. Alter breeding criteria for crop varieties with high carbon dioxide sequestration Applicable
6. Introduced rice varieties that produce minimum productive tillers with high yields to reduce methane emissions from paddy fields.
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5.1.2. ForestrySector
National Level Propositions Applicability at Local Level
Batticaloa
1. Carbon sequestration by increasing the size of the carbon pool by reforestation and afforestation of degraded forests, croplands in marginal and waste lands Applicable
2. Use fast-growing fuel wood in place of coal or oil to preserve the carbon reservoir contained in fossil fuels Applicable
3. Conservation of existing carbon pools such as forests Applicable 4. Identify selected forest tree species that are most
suitable for carbon sequestration. Applicable
5.1.3. EnergySector
National Level Propositions Applicability at Local Level
Batticaloa 1. Fuel switching: Replace existing (or planned) use of
fossil fuel with low GHG emitting fuels in electricity generation, industrial, commercial and household sectors.
2. Use of energy efficient technologies: Use new technologies such as efficient combined cycle plants, combined heat and power systems, efficient lighting and air-conditioning systems with higher overall energy efficiency to replace the existing less efficient systems and in developing new systems.
Applicable
3. Loss reduction: The average energy losses in Sri Lanka power system is around 17%. It is also estimated that older generation plants in this region consume 18%-44% more fuel compared to their counterparts in OECD countries. Adoption of loss reduction measures at generation, transmission and distribution levels would reduce GHG emissions per unit of energy consumed.
4. Renewable energy systems: Promote renewable energy technologies in place of fossil fuel fired plants wherever they are technologically and economically feasible.
Applicable
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National Level Propositions Applicability at Local Level
Batticaloa 5. Pricing: Incorporate environmental and social impact
mitigation costs in pricing of electricity generated with different technologies. Petroleum products should also be priced at their true costs considering environmental and social costs/benefits.
6. Energy conservation: Encourage energy conservation through consumer education in industrial, commercial and domestic sectors.
Applicable
7. Propagate biogas technologies such as those developed by the National Engineering Research and Development Centre (NERD).
Applicable
8. Improvements and Use of energy saving building and road materials in construction activities
Applicable
9. The establishment of Mini/micro hydro projects
5.1.4. WasteSector
National Level Propositions Applicability at Local Level
Batticaloa 1. Dispose of waste with less or minimum Methane
emissions Applicable
2. Reduce methane emissions through bio gas generators Applicable
5.1.5. TransportSector
National Level Propositions Applicability at Local Level
Batticaloa 1. Enforce and monitor emission standards for motor
vehicles. Applicable
2. Promote inter-modal transport. Applicable 3. Introduce traffic management measures to minimize
private and low occupancy vehicles. Applicable
4. Encourage the use of railways through financial incentives.
5. Offer financial and other incentives aimed at greater use of public transport systems Applicable
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5.1.6. LandUseSector
National Level Propositions Applicability at Local Level
Batticaloa 1. Energy Efficient land use planning/ projects Applicable 2. Reduce methane emissions through bio gas
generators Applicable
3. Changing the exterior colour (roofs and walls of buildings) from dark to light which could eliminate the need for increased thermal generation for cooling particularly during peak hours
Applicable
4. Facilitating deeper penetration of sea breeze by a) discouraging construction of high rise buildings along the coast b) creating wind corridors perpendicular to the sea
Applicable
5. Encouraging shading in street canyon Applicable 6. Development of neighbourhood - specific urban
development controls Applicable
7. Permitting air movement through buildings and by providing shading along streets Applicable
8. Changing of the orientation of windows north-south rather than east- west and reducing the size of glass facades in building so that they should not exceed 50% of the total area of the facade
Applicable
9. Growth of selected vegetation species as an urban design to reduce particulate matter Applicable
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Specific Actions which are possible to implement each of the identified, applicable sectors
are listed in following section.
National Level Proposition Possible Specific Actions for Cities
Agr
icul
ture
Sec
tor
1. Promote mixed cropping and agro-forestry instead of monoculture wherever possible
Introduce mixed cropping with coconut cultivation
2. Introduce changes in irrigation and fertilizer use to reduce methane emissions from wet rice cultivation
Conduct awareness programmes to local farmers
Conduct training programmes to local agrarian officers
Carry out researches in collaboration with local institutions
3. Minimize nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture with new fertilizers and practices
4. Alter breeding criteria for crop varieties with high carbon dioxide sequestration
Fore
ster
Sec
tor
5. Carbon sequestration by increasing the size of the carbon pool by reforestation and afforestation of degraded forests, croplands in marginal and waste lands
Introduce Forest plantations along the coastal belt
Select locally specific mangroves for forest plantations
6. Use fast-growing fuel wood in place of coal or oil to preserve the carbon reservoir contained in fossil fuels*
Introduce fuel wood plantations along the interior coastal belt
7. Conservation of existing carbon pools such as forests
Identify ecologically important forest/mangrove areas to declare as conservation zones
Controlling over conversion of coconut lands into residential and other built-up areas through regulatory mechanisms
8. Identify selected forest tree species that are most suitable for carbon sequestration
Carry out researches in collaboration with local institutions
Conduct community awareness programmes
Conduct training programmes to local forest officers
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National Level Proposition Possible Specific Actions for Cities En
ergy
Sec
tor
9. Use of energy efficient technologies: Use new technologies such as efficient combined cycle plants, combined heat and power systems, efficient lighting and air-conditioning systems with higher overall energy efficiency to replace the existing less efficient systems and in developing new systems.
Conduct awareness programmes to community, commercial, and institutional officers
Introduce energy efficient lighting for streets and conduct awareness programmes to Local authority
10. Renewable energy systems: Promote renewable energy technologies in place of fossil fuel fired plants wherever they are technologically and economically feasible.
Introduce solar and wind power generation options through conducting researches and feasibility studies
11. Energy conservation: Encourage energy conservation through consumer education in industrial, commercial and domestic sectors.
Conduct awareness programmes to community, commercial, religious and institutional officers
12. Propagate biogas technologies such as those developed by the National Engineering Research and Development Centre (NERD).
Conduct awareness programmes to community, commercial, religious and institutional officers
13. Enforce and monitor emission standards for motor vehicles.
Efficient inspection of smoke-test approvals of vehicles
14. Promote inter-modal transport. Introduce integrated (time, route, fare) public transportation
15. Introduce traffic management measures to minimize private and low occupancy vehicles.
Provide efficient and effective traffic management options to control traffic congestion
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16. Offer financial and other incentives aimed at greater use of public transport systems
Provide special public transport facilities to schools and office premises
National Level Proposition Possible Specific Actions for Cities
Was
te S
ecto
r
17. Dispose of waste with less or minimum Methane emissions
Introduce Sanitary land filling sites instead of existing open dumping of municipal solid waste
Introduce Methane collection technologies to existing composting sites
18. Reduce methane emissions through bio gas generators
Encourage decentralized waste-water treatment practices to future townships/residential complexes.
Land
Use
Sec
tor
19. Energy Efficient land use planning/ projects
Encourage mixed land uses Reduce daily average trip lengths
through adapting neighbourhood planning concepts
Promote compact city development 20. Changing the exterior colour (roofs
and walls of buildings) from dark to light which could eliminate the need for increased thermal generation for cooling particularly during peak hours
Conduct awareness programs to community, constructors and draftsmen
21. Facilitating deeper penetration of sea breeze by a) discouraging construction of high rise buildings along the coast b) creating wind corridors perpendicular to the sea
Conduct discussion to incorporate with Land Use Development Plan, Local authority by-laws and Coastal Zone management Plan of CCD
22. Encouraging shading in street canyon
Introduce tree plantation programmes on urban roads
23. Development of neighbourhood - specific urban development controls
Conduct discussions to incorporate Land Use Development Plan, Local authority by-laws
24. Permitting air movement through buildings and by providing shading along streets
Conduct awareness programs to community, constructors and draftsmen
Introduce tree plantation programmes on urban roads
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25. Changing of the orientation of windows north-south rather than east- west and reducing the size of glass facades in building so that they should not exceed 50% of the total area of the facade
Conduct awareness programs to community, constructors and draftsmen
Conduct discussion to incorporate with Land Use Development Plan, Local authority by-laws
26. Growth of selected vegetation species as an urban design to reduce particulate matter
Conduct researches of the suitability of local plants
Introduce tree plantation programmes on urban roads
5.2. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions in BMC & vicinity area
5.2.1. StakeholderPrepositionstoReduceGHGemissionsfromEnergySector
5.2.1.1. Energy uses of Residents
As depicted in above table, residential sector significant contribution on CO2 emissions in
Batticaloa urban area. This is mainly because of the extensive fuel wood consumption and
electricity appliances at households. This matter has largely discussed in the workshop.
Individuals have different opinions to the ways which are possible to reduce energy
consumption. There were certain measures which practice by certain groups to reduce
domestic electricity consumption. Those methods were discussed among the group and listed
below.
Methods Group
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Switch off unnecessary bulbs (certain period during mid night) Y Y Y Y Y
Use of energy saving appliances (e.g. CFC bulbs) Y Y Y Y Y Y Open all windows to receive maximum natural light & ventilation during day time Y Y
Press clothes once a week Y Y Y Use of solar energy panels for illumination sources Y Y Reduce the use of electrical appliances for works which can do manually (eg. Washing machine, Grinder, Blender) Y Y Y Y Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level off icers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
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All above were generally recognized as good suggestions but, the last two were somewhat
controversial. Solar power is one of the best solutions for an east phasing city like Batticaloa
which receives intensive sunlight; has a lengthier day time than night; has more sunny days
than the rainy days per year. However, many of the citizens belong to economically weaker
class and lower middle income class who are not affordable for expensive technologies as
solar power. Sixth solution raised an issue of timing because manual activities consume much
time to perform. Therefore, specially the employed- women did not fully agree to accept that
as an effective solution.
Cooking is one of the key activities which consume large quantities of energy including
electricity, fuel wood, kerosene and LPG. The following table contents the stakeholder
suggestions to reduce energy consumption at cooking.
Methods 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Use energy efficient stoves Y Y Y
Use limited time for cooking Y
Use pressure cooker(cook 2/3 dishes at same time) Y
Use of bio gas generate from sewage pit Y Y Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level off icers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
Traditional cooking practice of the country take longer
time due to boiling rice and grains, preparing two/three
curries per meal, less preferences on fast food etc…
Use of bio-gas has recognized as an effective solution
to directly reduce CH4 emissions and indirectly reduce
CO2 emissions to atmosphere. However, there should
be a proper mechanism to introduce bio-gas practices
at domestic level.
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5.2.1.2. Energy use for Road Transportation
Road transportation is another important contributor of city GHG emissions (energy sector)
directly through CO2 and indirectly through extensive proportion of CO. There are three
solutions proposed by stakeholders to minimize energy consumption of transport sector.
1. Control traffic congestion within the city
- There is a noteworthy amount of energy waste in traffic congested nodes. This could
reduce through a smooth traffic circulation plan.
2. Promote less energy consuming transportation
- This emphasised the importance of promoting Pedestrian movements and cyclic
movements within the city. Cyclic movement is a well known practice of Batticaloa
city which is diluting gradually with the introduction of motor vehicles.
Batticaloa city known to be a “cycle city”
3. Maintain the emission levels of vehicles
- There are large numbers of out-dated vehicles at Batticaloa urban area. Many of those
old vehicles have high emission levels than the others. By the date of workshop,
government has not made mandatory to have vehicular emission tests (testing CO, HC
levels) within this region. However, by now it has been made mandatory within the
entire country.
Specific actions under each category as proposed by different groups are given in the table
below.
Prepositions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Control Traffic Congestion Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Expand the traffic police services Y Use alternative routes to enter /exits from Batticaloa –south to Batticaloa north Y Y Y Y
Introduce automated traffic signals at Kalladi Bridge Y Promote less energy consuming Modes of transportation Y Y Y Y Y Y
Promote public transport Y Y Y Y Encouraging and creating awareness to people to use environmentally friendly transport modes (walking, cycling, public, transportation)
Y Y Y Y Y
Facilitate by-cycle users Y Y Y Maintain the emission levels of Vehicles
Stop the use of old vehicles Y Y Y Y Y Regular monitoring of vehicle condition (smoke tests) through the motor transport dept Y Y Y Y Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level off icers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
5.2.1.3. Energy use of Other Categories
Fishery, Commercial, Institutional, Agriculture, Industry, and Rail transportation are the
other categories which contribute to GHG emissions of energy sector. Fishery, institutional
and Agriculture categories have identified as third, fourth and fifth important categories in
GHG inventory of the city. However, these categories have not been prioritized as important
sectors in the workshop yet; the particular stakeholders who employed in these categories
mentioned their regular practices and proposals which contribute to reduce GHG emissions.
Summary of those activities are listed below.
Electricity saving options for institutions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Switch off unnecessary bulbs, fans and other appliances
before leave office. Y Y Y Y Y Y
Switch off fans &bulbs during the lunch- break within the office premises other than lunch room/canteen Y Y Y Y Y Y
Shut-down computers before leave office and stop keeping stand-by Y Y Y
Use CFC bulbs Y Y Y Y open all windows at day time and utilize natural light and
ventilation at maximum level Y Y Y Y
Conduct a competition among institutions to be the best energy saver (through award system) Y
Monitor wastage/electricity consumption through sub-meters at different building blocks Y Y Y
Switch on AC after 10.00 a.m. (not at 8.00 a.m.) and switch Y
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of by 4.00 pm (mot at 5.00 pm). This saves one third of electricity consumption for air conditioners.
Charge penalties/fine on who do not switch off lights/fans when going out of office Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level off icers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
Methods to reduce fuel consumption at Farming 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Practice traditional harvesting methods Y Y Y Y Y Y
Use cattle instead of tractors Y Use sun light for panning, grinding rice (outdoor mills) Y Y Use of man power instead of using harvesting machines. Y Y Y Y
Monitoring and controlling Regular monitoring air pollution levels in rice mills and grinding mills Y Y Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level off icers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
Methods to reduce fuel consumption at Fishing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Practice traditional fishing methods Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Use of traditional wooden boats instead of modern fibre boats Y
Stop Mal-practices of fishing Y Avoid the use of gas for fish killing Y
Encourage alternative modes of energy Y Y Introduce wind energy for fishing boats Y Y
Conduct awareness programmes Y Y Y Y Y Aware all fishermen about their activity and encourage to reduce their usage of fuel at least to the most possible extent Y Y Y Y Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level off icers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
Traditional fishing and farming has practiced with renewable energy, using manual labour
and animals. Many of them have very limited GHG emissions. Practices have gradually
changed into modern methods, which open paths for mass production with the technological
revolution. There should be research studies which develop the productivity, mass production
through traditional environmental friendly methods.
5.2.1.4. Proposal to reduce energy consumption at city level Methods 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Reduce energy consumption of Street Lighting Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Use CFL bulbs for street lights Y Use solar energy for street lighting Y Y Y Y Y Y Introduce a proper monitoring system to ensure timely Y Y Y
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switch-on/ switch off Take legal actions to stop illegal electricity tapping from street light power cables Y Y
Introduce use of alternative energy sources Use solid waste to produce energy Y Y Y Use solar power to produce energy Y Y Use bio gas to produce energy Y Y
Conduct Awareness programs Target school children to disseminate knowledge/practices
Regular Monitoring Regular monitoring of GHG emission in the city Y Y Y Y
Land Use Planning Locate future industries outside the city where there are lot of greenery to absorb Carbon Y Y
Introduce building codes regulations Y 01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level off icers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
Solar Powered Street lights at Swiss village,
Batticaloa
5.2.2. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions fromAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUses
Livestock sector is responsible for large proportion of CH4 emissions within the city. This is
by and large due to enteric fermentation of ruminant species. However, These ruminant
species are highly important in nutrient supply (food production) and local livelihoods of
poor communities.
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Stakeholder’s key attention has paid to the effects of conversion of green fields into brown
fields. They strongly suggested taking proactive; remedial measures on this concern.
Stakeholder Suggestions to control conversion of agricultural/ forest land uses into built-up
areas are listed below.
Emerging urban areas of the country are continuously demanding land for development.
Therefore, it is not financially viable to reserve/keep large forest areas within the city limits.
However, the local temperature is increasing, concentration of dust particles in atmosphere;
CO2 concentration of atmosphere is also increasing, settlements getting compact, therefore
city demands green lungs too. Tree plantations may increase carbon sinks and reduce GHG
from atmosphere. There are stakeholder suggestions on possible areas for tree plantations
within the city. Following map depicts the areas which local stakeholders suggested as
suitable sites for tree Plantations. This includes Beaches, Parks and Roads which has space
for tree plantation.
Methods 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Legal and Institutional enforcements
Enforce existing law against the conversion of agriculture land uses into build up areas (especially on reclamation productive swamp eco-system adjacent to lagoon)
Y Y Y Y
Introduce new regulations on conversion of forest land to built-up lands Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Make proper co-ordination between related agencies before approving any land reclamation. (e.g. forest dept, coast conservation dept, CEA, etc.)
Y Y Y Y Y
Allocate green lands into optimum utilization Proper Maintenance of irrigation facilities Y Y Y Y plant mangrove vegetation on wetland areas (especially in new bridge area) Y Y Y
Land use Planning Carry out proper land suitability assessment and identify developable land within the city instead of reclamation Y Y Y Y
Maintain (as a local norm) 25% of forest/vegetation cover from total land area Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level off icers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
The table below the map consists of the plants which grow within the locality as suggested by
the stakeholders.
Location Type of Trees
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Beach Coconut, Casuarina, Mangroves, Palmyra, Spinifex, Litores, Ipomea Batatus Park Coconut, Croton, Casuarina, Mango tree Roads Mangroves (specially on roads which bordered lagoon or Sea), Azadiracta
Indica, Neam/Magosa
There should be a proper study carry out on the suitability of these plants (i.e. water
requirement, tolerance to salinity and capability to absorb CO2) and sites (i.e. tenure, land
use, soil type, associated vegetation, proposed development).
There is a practice in the city, to remove old trees which are in-dangerous to fell on road and
other properties, but once removed there is no practice of planting another tree to replace
previous. In addition to proposed tree plantation, stakeholders recommended to take
necessary measures to avoid tree felling besides the roads
.
Mangrove Plantation along
Lagoon, Batticaloa
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Tree Plantation along roads, Batticaloa
Tree
Plantation
along roads,
Batticaloa
Note: Site
suitability
based on
stakeholder
opinion (only
within BMC
area).
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5.2.3. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions formSolid/liquidwaste
Solid waste sector is another main contributor which emits CO2 from open burning and CH4
from un-mange waste dumping sites. This needs to be properly addressed by the city council
as a sustainable practice than a mandatory duty.
Batticaloa Municipal council has already taken initiatives to establish composting plant and
thereby reduce open burning. Therefore at first, the discussion focused on the stakeholder
suggestions to improve city solid waste management system.
At-source segregation
Step 01:Appoint a municipal level committee to mange solid waste including Municipal commissioner and Public Health Inspector
Step 02: Establish a framework; a proper sort-out method applicable to the context of Batticaloa urban area. This could be done through consulting universities (University of Moratwa, Eastern University; Sri Lanka)
Step 03: provide colour bags for every household to put sorted garbage
Step 04: Conduct timely inspection by PHI and aware community
Step 05: Enforce by-law on persons who do not in compliance with at-source segregation practices.
Door to door collection
Aware people on door-to-door collection process including the information on time, place, method, person of collection
Re-issue ‘coloured bags for sorting’ at the time of collecting previous bag.
Regular collection of the waste as per the schedule. Provide community bins with enough capacity.
Site management
Prepare a site management plan considering the views of community who settled at the vicinity of solid waste dumping site. Consult experts who have proper knowledge about solid waste management mechanisms.
Waste-disposal, treatment
Compost bio-degradable waste with proper methane collection methods Make fertilizer and attempt to cover part of maintenance cost from that
income. Encourage local farmers to buy compost fertilizers Involve community for monitoring process and build their capacity
through proper training
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Solid Waste Management should start at grassroots-levels from house and office/working
places. Stakeholders discussed the difficulties and possibilities of at-source waste
management. Accordingly, the key issues identified are listed below.
At Home
1. Plot sizes are small; therefore, there is no enough space to dig waste disposal pits. 2. Majority of the community do not have enough knowledge, skills to prepare fertilizer
from domestic waste. 3. There are problems of selling plastic or glass, iron and paper materials which collected
at home - There is no enough space to store for a longer period. - There is no standard price for selling. - There are no regular collectors.
At Work Places
1. There are no enough labours to handle solid wastes 2. There are no sufficient technical capabilities to establish and maintain mini-scale
decentralized solid waste management systems. 3. There are officers/workers who have technical know-how on solid waste management.
But many of them do not have hands-on experiences. Therefore they are reluctant to initiate such programmes.
4. Lack of composting bins and high cost of a bin 5. lack of time to look-after the solid waste management system 6. Lack of space to handle solid waste within the premises 7. Absence of institutional coherence among solid waste management related authorities to
initiate waste management practice.
Recyclable waste store- Batticaloa
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As revealed from the findings many of the issues are related to capacity building and
institutional strengths of the stakeholders. The following suggestions were made by the
stakeholders to encourage sustainable solid and liquid waste management practices.
1. Promote bio-gas utilities and composting practices
Conduct awareness programmes to community
Conduct training programmes to provide technical-know-how
Provide necessary plant equipments/ compost bins at a subsidiary rate or as
monthly instalment basis
Establish ‘Technical Service Cell’ which could get assistance for repairing
2. Promote recycling practice within the city
Provide micro-finance to establish small-scale recycling plants
Formalize the collection of plastic, glass, metal paper and re-usable waste
materials
Introduce proper pricing for waste
3. Conduct pilot projects at difference parts of city and initiate neighbourhood-oriented
waste management practices
The workshop was based on the findings of GHG inventory prepared for Batticaloa
Municipal Council and vicinity Area. There were two presentations on results of GHG
Inventory and National level actions of the country, prior to inquire stakeholder propositions
for mitigation. Stakeholders were actively participating and they were capable enough to
provide a number of innovative, locality-specific solutions to reduce GHG emissions of their
own city.
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6. ConclusionThis GHG emission inventory has prepared for Batticoloa Municipal Council area including
the emissions of the immediate vicinity. Batticoloa has already evident the clues of climate
change with increasing rainfall and temperature. This is not merely due to local emissions
instead as a sub system of global climate change. The aim of the study was to identify the
GHG emissions at city level and voluntarily contribute towards mitigation which may create
micro climatic effects as well.
This GHG Inventory has documented as per the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories developed by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and
‘International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities, 2010’ (Draft,
June 2010)5 developed jointly by UNEP, UN-HABITAT, World Bank and supported by
Cities Alliance.
According to the results, the area has emitted 1489.69 Kt CO2 equivalents (20 years time
horizon) during year 2010. Solid waste management, Livestock activity and Domestic fuel
wood consumption (as cooking energy source) are the key aspects should thoroughly address
in GHG mitigation plan of BMC and surroundings.
The findings were discussed in a stakeholder workshop conducted at Batticoloa Municipal
Council Area with the participation of the local government officers, local politicians,
academic & research institutions, entrepreneurs and community groups. Stakeholders were
actively participated and they were capable enough to provide a number of innovative,
locality-specific solutions to reduce GHG emissions of their own city. Community based
mitigation measures were documented into a stakeholder Guidance Manuel and published in
UNHABITAT country website. The project has successfully raised community awareness on
GHG sources and mitigation, generated community based solutions and built mutual
agreement to way forward.
5 VERSION 2.1, 28 JUNE. 2010. Information from: Soraya Smaoun (UNEP) soraya.smaoun@unep.org, Raf Tuts (UN-HABITAT) Raf.Tuts@unhabitat.org, Daniel Hoorweg (World Bank) dhoornweg@worldbank.org
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