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GETTING RURAL RIGHT IN THE AMERICAN HOUSING SURVEYAmerican Housing Survey User ConferenceMarch 8, 2011Washington DC
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTThe Housing Assistance Council (HAC)
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTThe American Housing SurveyThe American Housing Survey is one of the most detailed and valuable sources of information on our nations housing stock. However;
The AHS has substantial shortcomings and limitations concerning its coverage and reporting of rural households
The research hopes to inform improvements for reliability and coverage of rural housing units for future American Housing surveys.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTThe American Housing SurveyRural Households in the AHS
Household residence (rural status) within the AHS Public Use File (PUF) is typically indicated through the METRO3 variable.
Several issues substantially limit the quality, availability, and accuracy of rural household information in the AHS.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTThe American Housing SurveyRural Households in the AHS (continued)
METRO3 presents outdated geographic status.
To maintain longitudinal and confidentially aspects, unit location geography in the survey has not changed since 1980.
Not only have actual geographies changed, but many of the underlying concepts defining these concepts are also outdated.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHT
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GETTING RURAL RIGHT
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTWhat is Rural? What is Rural?
Rural areas share common characteristics of comparatively few people living in an area, limited access to large cities, and considerable traveling distances to market areas for work and everyday-living activities.
But rurality exists along a continuum, and varies widely based on factors such as proximity to a central place, community size, population density, total population, and various social and economic factors.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTWhat is Rural?
Chart1
94.9
93.9
92.7
92.8
91.2
89.2
84.6
80.2
74.3
71.8
64.9
60.4
54.4
48.8
43.9
43.5
36
30.1
26.3
26.3
24.8
22
22
Rural Population
Percent of the Population
Rural Population, 1790-2009
Sheet1
Column1Rural Population
179094.9
180093.9
181092.7
182092.8
183091.2
184089.2
185084.6
186080.2
187074.3
188071.8
189064.9
190060.4
191054.4
192048.8
193043.9
194043.5
195036
196030.1
197026.3
198026.3
199024.8
200022
201022
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTWhat is Rural? What is Rural? (continued)
Public agencies and researches have used combinations of these factors to define rural areas and designate population as rural.
These rural classifications are far from synonymous or mutually exclusive concepts.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTWhat is Rural? The Example of Poverty
Census Defined Rural Areas and Nonmetropolitan counties are often viewed as similar concepts when characterizing rural
However, they vary widely in underlying concepts and characteristics.
For example, poverty is higher than the national rate in Nonmetropolitan areas, but lower than the national rate in Census Defined rural areas.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTThe Example of Poverty
Chart1
0.134United StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited States
Urban - Rural0.1410.111Urban - RuralUrban - Rural
Metropolitan- NonmetropolitanMetropolitan- NonmetropolitanMetropolitan- Nonmetropolitan0.1290.164
US
Urban
Rural
Metropolitan
Nonmetropolitan
Percent in Poverty
Poverty by Rural/Urban and Metropolitan Status, 2009
Sheet1
USUrbanRuralMetropolitanNonmetropolitan
United States13.4%
Urban - Rural14.1%11.1%
Metropolitan- Nonmetropolitan12.9%16.4%
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTMethodsMethods
The research incorporates several different rural classifications into the 2009 AHS (and ACS) to provide a more comprehensive assessment of residence patterns within the survey.
Researchers identified housing units in the survey on the basis of their location in respect to several different concepts of rurality and rural character.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTMethodsMethods (continued)
Findings present basic housing and unit characteristics for each rural definition, along with differences, advantages, and disadvantages for each of the concepts within the context of the survey.
Rural-centric approach
**Preliminary Findings. Some figures are from the 2009-2005 American Community Survey (ACS), while the a more detailed analysis of 2009 AHS is being completed.
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DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS OF RURAL
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTMethodsSelected Rural Definitions
There are countless definitions used to identify rural populations and territory.
The research selected four (4) primary classifications that vary widely in their methods, scope, and application.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTOMB Metropolitan StatusOMB Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Among the more widely used definitions for programmatic and research purposes
County based geography
Measure based on population density and commuting. Is largely a measure of connectivity to a core based economic area
Pros:Popular and widely used, easy to understand. Geography is commonly identified with. Cons: Lacks Precision.Not as good a proxy for rural as it used to be.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTOMB Metropolitan Statistical Areas
OMB Outside Metropolitan Statistical Areas
49,350,228 population
16.3 % of the population
75 % of the US land mass
Chart1
106.383.7
Outside Core Based Areas
Micropolitan
Metropolitan
Percent of the Population
Population
Sheet1
Outside Core Based AreasMicropolitanMetropolitan
Category 1106.383.7
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Chart1
75
25
Sales
Land Area
Sheet1
Sales
Outside Metropolitan75
Metropolitan25
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GETTING RURAL RIGHT
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTThe Example of San Bernardino County, CA
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTCensus Defined Rural AreasCensus Defined Rural Areas
The Census Bureau classifies rural as all territory, population, and housing units located outside Urbanized Areas (UAs) and urban clusters (UCs).
Block based geography
Census definition based largely on population density
Pros: Widely used and easily accessible. Sub-county precision
Cons: Not easily identified or associated with. Residual either or definition. Possibly too expansive.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTCensus Defined Rural Areas
Census Defined Rural Areas
69,261,165 population
22.9 % of the population
97 % of the US land mass
Chart1
22.977.1
Rural
Urban
Percent of the Population
Population
Sheet1
RuralUrban
Category 122.977.1
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Chart1
3
97
Sales
Land Area
Sheet1
Sales
Urban3
Rural97
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GETTING RURAL RIGHT
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTUSDA Rural Development Eligible AreasUSDA Rural Development Eligible Areas
The USDA-RD definition is a sub-county classification denoting eligibility for affordable housing programs that USDAs Rural Housing Service administers.
Generally includes open country or rural towns with no more 20,000 in population.
Pros: Not based on county or tract boundariesProvides a more precise indicator of rural territory and population.
Definition is familiar to rural housing practitioners and policy makers. Has been the basis of USDAs affordable housing programs and efforts for decades.
Cons: Lesser known and complex definition. Not easily accessible
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTUSDA Eligible Areas
USDA Eligible Areas
104,924,717 population
34 % of the population
97 % of the US land mass
Chart1
3466
Usda Eligible Areas
USDA Ineligible Areas
Percent of the Population
Population
Sheet1
Usda Eligible AreasUSDA Ineligible Areas
Population3466
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Chart1
3.3
96.7
Sales
Land Area
Sheet1
Sales
USDA Ineligible3.3
USDA Eligible96.7
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GETTING RURAL RIGHT
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTSmall Town and Rural based on Housing DensitySmall Town and Rural Definition (Housing Density)
Alternative rural definition based on housing density (housing units per sq. mile) and commuting. Tract level geography.
Includes five categories; urban, exurban, suburban, small town, and rural. Collapsed into 3 categories
Pros: Delineates important suburban and exurban areas. Sub-County geography provides greater precision.
Cons: Not easily accessible or well known. Multiple categories
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTSmall Town and Rural (Housing Density)
Small Town and Rural (Density)
64,953,557 population
21.5 % of the population
90 % of the US land mass
Chart1
14.37.26.922.249.2
Small Town
Rural
Urban
Exurban
Column1
Percent of the Population
Population
Sheet1
Small TownRuralUrbanExurbanColumn1
Population14.37.26.922.249.2
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Chart1
10
90
Sales
Land Area
Sheet1
Sales
Urban and Suburban10
Small Town and Rural90
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GETTING RURAL RIGHT
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PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTTotal Housing Counts
Chart1
1923165925148205
2575119532236582
39409340USDA Eligible Areas
24736193Small Town & Rural
ACS (2000 Geography)
AHS (1980 Geography)
Housing Units
Occupied Housing Units, 2009
Sheet1
ACS (2000 Geography)AHS (1980 Geography)
Outside Metro1923165925148205
Census Defined Rural2575119532236582
USDA Eligible Areas39409340
Small Town & Rural24736193
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTHousing Tenure
Chart1
7327
82.117.9
76.823.2
72.827.2
Homeowner
Renter
Housing Tenure
Sheet1
HomeownerRenter
Outside Metro7327
Census Defined Rural82.117.9
USDA Eligible Areas76.823.2
Small Town & Rural72.827.2
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTStructure Type
Chart1
14.7
16.1
13.9
14.4
Lacking Plumbing
Percent
Manufactured Homes , 2009
Sheet1
Lacking Plumbing
Outside Metro14.7
Census Defined Rural16.1
USDA Eligible Areas13.9
Small Town & Rural14.4
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTHousing Affordability
Chart1
29.2
27.6
30
29.8
ACS (2000 Geography)
Percent Cost Burdened
Cost Burdened Households , 2009
Sheet1
ACS (2000 Geography)
Outside Metro29.2
Census Defined Rural27.6
USDA Eligible Areas30
Small Town & Rural29.8
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTCrowding
Chart1
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.6
Crowded Units
Percent Crowded
Household Crowding , 2009
Sheet1
Crowded Units
Outside Metro2.1
Census Defined Rural1.8
USDA Eligible Areas1.4
Small Town & Rural1.6
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTHousing Quality
Chart1
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
Lacking Plumbing
Percent Lacking Plumbing
Lacking Plumbing , 2009
Sheet1
Lacking Plumbing
Outside Metro0.7
Census Defined Rural0.7
USDA Eligible Areas0.6
Small Town & Rural0.7
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTHousing Quality
Chart1
0.40.60.8MetropolitanMetropolitanMetropolitanMetropolitanMetropolitanMetropolitanMetropolitanMetropolitanMetropolitan
Census Defined Rural/UrbanCensus Defined Rural/UrbanCensus Defined Rural/Urban0.40.7Census Defined Rural/UrbanCensus Defined Rural/UrbanCensus Defined Rural/UrbanCensus Defined Rural/UrbanCensus Defined Rural/UrbanCensus Defined Rural/UrbanCensus Defined Rural/Urban
USDA Eligible AreasUSDA Eligible AreasUSDA Eligible AreasUSDA Eligible AreasUSDA Eligible Areas0.40.6USDA Eligible AreasUSDA Eligible AreasUSDA Eligible AreasUSDA Eligible AreasUSDA Eligible Areas
Small Town & RuralSmall Town & RuralSmall Town & RuralSmall Town & RuralSmall Town & RuralSmall Town & RuralSmall Town & Rural0.50.40.50.51
Metropolitan
Micropolitan
OCBSA
Census Defined Urban
Census Defined Rural
USDA Ineligible Areas
USDA Eligible Area
Urban
Suburban
Exurban
Small Town
Rural
Percent Lacking Plumbing
Lacking Plumbing , 2009
Sheet1
MetropolitanMicropolitanOCBSACensus Defined UrbanCensus Defined RuralUSDA Ineligible AreasUSDA Eligible AreaUrbanSuburbanExurbanSmall TownRural
Metropolitan0.40.60.8
Census Defined Rural/Urban0.40.7
USDA Eligible Areas0.40.6
Small Town & Rural0.50.40.50.51
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTFindings Preliminary Finding #1
THERE IS NO PERFECT DEFINTION OF RURAL!
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTFindings Preliminary Finding # 2 (reactive)
Current geographic components and concepts within the AHS are outdated and woefully inadequate.
Current residence coding schemes render the AHS public use files practically useless for any meaningful analysis of rural housing conditions.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTFindings Preliminary Finding # 3 (proactive)
Smaller units of geography increasingly provide a more precise indicator of rural character.
Reduced reliance on county level geography.
Scope is just as important as scale.
Continually assess and tweak data to more accurately define rurality. (Goldie Locks analysis).
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTFindings Preliminary Recommendation # 1 (reactive)
HUD and the Census Bureau should remedy the current inadequacies of geographic classifications endemic in the AHS public use file.
The agencies should (reasonably) relax policies that inhibit the updating of geographies in the current AHS Public Use File.
Going forward, the survey should allow for geographic changes when updates are available.
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTFindings Preliminary Recommendation # 2 (proactive)
HUD and the Census Bureau should consider incorporating multiple geography variables within in the AHS.
Give Data Users more options within the survey.
Indicators should include different and varying concepts of residence. (Census Defined Urban/Rural, Updated OMB Classifications, other potential indicators).
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTFindings Preliminary Recommendation # 3 (proactive)
Dont forget rural America!
Were not just a residual
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GETTING RURAL RIGHTwww.ruralhome.org
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