geothermal heat pumps q & a · carl orio, chairman, cgd, ai water energy distributors inc...

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS

Q & aQ & aQ & aQ & aQ & aQ & aQ & aQ & a

Carl Orio, Chairman, CGD, AI

Water Energy Distributors IncWater Energy Distributors Inc

“Modern Geothermal HVAC Engineering Applications and Controls-

McGraw-Hill 2013”

TSA Chairman Us-CSA Standards 448.6 & 448.7 (in Draft)

2 Starwood Drive Hampstead NH 03841 (603) 329-8122

SUMMARY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

HARVESTING RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE AMPLIFIERS

GEO HEAT PUMPS & EARTH GEO HEAT PUMPS & EARTH

COUPLING

HEAT PUMP EFFICIENCIES

MODULATING HEAT PUMPS

QQQQQQQQ

ARE GEOTHERMAL HEAT

PUMPS RENEWABLE PUMPS RENEWABLE

ENERGY DEVICES?

Where Does the Earth Get Its Energy ?

sun

2D-500EarthOptions– 4

sun

core

•• The source of Earth The source of Earth

Energy is derived from Energy is derived from

nuclear nuclear reactionsreactions

•• The majority comes from The majority comes from

our sunour sun

2D-500EarthOptions– 5

our sunour sun

50% 50% OF OF THIS THIS ENERGY IS STORED IN ENERGY IS STORED IN

THE EARTH’s WATERSTHE EARTH’s WATERS

2D-500EarthOptions– 6

“The amount of solar energy reaching the “The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in surface of the planet is so vast that in

one year it is about one year it is about TWICETWICE

as much as will everas much as will ever

be obtained from all of the Earth's nonbe obtained from all of the Earth's non--

“The amount of solar energy reaching the “The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in surface of the planet is so vast that in

one year it is about one year it is about TWICETWICE

as much as will everas much as will ever

be obtained from all of the Earth's nonbe obtained from all of the Earth's non--be obtained from all of the Earth's nonbe obtained from all of the Earth's non--renewable resources of coal, oil, renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium natural gas, and mined uranium

combined“combined“

Stanford University’sStanford University’s

Global Climate & Energy ProjectGlobal Climate & Energy Project

be obtained from all of the Earth's nonbe obtained from all of the Earth's non--renewable resources of coal, oil, renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium natural gas, and mined uranium

combined“combined“

Stanford University’sStanford University’s

Global Climate & Energy ProjectGlobal Climate & Energy Project

IsIsIsIs

WATERWATERWATERWATERWATERWATERWATERWATER

2D-500EarthOptions– 8

IsIsIsIs

RENEWABLERENEWABLEENERGY

WATER IS THE MOST EFFICIENT WATER IS THE MOST EFFICIENT NATURAL HEAT TRANSFER NATURAL HEAT TRANSFER

SUBSTANCESUBSTANCE

4X4X more effective “Energy Transfer” Substancemore effective “Energy Transfer” Substance

Air = 0.24 Air = 0.24 cal/g/ºCcal/g/ºC

Water =Water = 1.00 1.00 cal/g /ºC cal/g /ºC

11. More Energy Transfer at any Temperature. More Energy Transfer at any Temperature

2. Higher Overall 2. Higher Overall EfficiencyEfficiency

What Does the US EPA

have to Say About Geothermal Heat Pumps?

•• Lowest Cost Heating & CoolingLowest Cost Heating & Cooling•• Lowest Cost Heating & CoolingLowest Cost Heating & Cooling

•• Best for the Air EnvironmentBest for the Air Environment

•• Best for Electric UtilitiesBest for Electric Utilities

EPA Report 430EPA Report 430--RR--9393--004 004 -- Space Conditioning the Next Space Conditioning the Next FrontierFrontier

Water Energy Distributors, Inc. - copyright

2012

QQQQQQQQ

CAN A GEO HEAT PUMP

AMPLIFY OTHER AMPLIFY OTHER

RENWABLE ENERGY

SOURCES?

Building HEATING

AMPLIFY AlternativeAlternative Energy w/ Geothermal Heat PumpsGeothermal Heat Pumps

=55 Units Heat Heat

EnergyEnergy TO the

COP= COP= 5.05.0

+

4 to 5 4 to 5 Units Units FROMFROM the the

EarthEarth

=EnergyEnergy TO the

BUILDINGBUILDING

11 Electric Electric

EnergyEnergy

+NOW NOW

COP= COP=

5.95.9

Renewable Energy’s best friend!

Solar Thermal 19.9 –28.1

¢/kW

5.2 5.2 –– 7.4 7.4

¢/¢/kWkW

Solar Photo

Voltaic

46.9 - 70.5 12.3 12.3 –– 18.6 18.6

¢/¢/kWkW

Renew Alone* W/GeoHeatPump**

¢/kWVoltaic ¢/¢/kWkW

Deep

Geothermal

6.2 - 7.6

¢/kW

1.6 1.6 –– 2.0 2.0

¢/¢/kWkW

Wind 6.1 – 8.4

¢/kW

1.6 1.6 –– 2.2 2.2

¢/¢/kWkW

Ocean N/A•SCIAMERICAN –MARCH 2009

**COP =3.8

¢/kW

Storing Renewable Energy

STORAGE METHOD Typical Cost / kWhour Cost to Retrieve/kWhour

Fuel Cells $ 2,000 50% loss

Batteries

•MA-DOER-903.ppt 14

Batteries

Stationary

Auto

$ 500 - $ 600

$ 150 - $ 300

25 – 35 % loss

Stored Air/Water Pressure $ 6,000 - $ 7,000 varies

Earth Waters - $ 0 - 0.005 watts

What Does the US EPA

have to Say About Geothermal Heat Pumps?

•• Lowest Cost Heating & CoolingLowest Cost Heating & Cooling

•• Best for the Air EnvironmentBest for the Air Environment•• Best for the Air EnvironmentBest for the Air Environment

•• Best for Electric UtilitiesBest for Electric Utilities

EPA Report 430EPA Report 430--RR--9393--004 004 -- Space Conditioning the Next Space Conditioning the Next FrontierFrontier

Water Energy Distributors, Inc. - copyright

2012

Conventional Power PlantStack Losses & Waste

Heat Rejected to

Atmosphere (70%)

Conventional Power

Single Output –

Electricity

Can Burn Many

Fuels

Waste Heat FUEL 100%

NatlGrd806-1.ppt– 16

Conventional Power

Plant

Useful Energy (30%)

Waste Heat

Rejected

to

Atmosphere

through

cooling

Towers or

Body of

Water

FUEL 100%

Eastern Electric Grid(kWh of source energy per kwh of delivered energy *)

Transmission & Distribution Losses 9.6%

Nonrenewable Energy 3.321 kWh

(includes 2.532 kWh of fossil)

Renewable Energy 0.122 kWh

NatlGrd806-1.ppt– 17

Renewable Energy 0.122 kWh

Total Energy 3.442 kWh

to Deliver 1.0 kWh Electric

( *Source - TR NREL/TP-550-38614-June 2006)

CAN I COMPARE

AIR-to-AIR

AND

QQQQQQQQ

AND

GEOTHERMAL HEAT

PUMPS EFFICIENCIES?

COMPARITIVE EFFICIENCIES

Manufacturer’s Performance ReferenceManufacturer’s Performance Reference

Today’s Geothermal “label” performance

Range:

Ratings AHRI/ISO-13256:

*COP – 3.5 – 6.1

*EER - 17 – 51

Not zone related

Today’s Air source “label”

performance range

*COP of 2.0 -3.7translates to HSPF of 6.8 to 12.5

For Region IV only

*Under “best” exchange temp (earth or air-source) operation

NATIONAL HEAT/COOL REGIONS

22%Average

hours (not

minimum)

Region IV vs. Region V

600

700

800

900

1000WashDC-IV BurlVT-V

Region -V-Burlington

H o

u r

s I

n B

I N

Region-IV-

Washington

WARMER

0

100

200

300

400

500

102 97 92 87 82 77 72 67 62 57 52 47 42 37 32 27 22 17 12 7 -2 -3 -8 -13 -18

Burlington COLDER

H o

u r

s I

n B

I N

Average BIN Temperatures- Deg F e.g. 17 is 15°-19°BINData from NOAA 30 year weather data

HSPF to COPBased on 68F indoor set

point

Inputs For HSPF Less than 8.5 (PSC blower) For HSPF Greater than 8.5 (ECM blower)

ONLY Outside Air Temp = 45 degF

Outside Air Temp

= 45 degF

Rated HSPF = 8 Rated HSPF = 10

“Best” Air-source performance conditions

ARI outdoor air

temp for heating

rating point

*Difference = -0.2758computed *Difference = -0.2465computed

Adjusted HSPF

= 10.21 computed

Adjusted

HSPF = 12.46 computed

at 45 degrees F at 45 degrees F

Equivalent COP = 2.99computed Equivalent COP = 3.65compu

ted

HSPF to COP Based on 68F indoor setpoint

Inputs For HSPF Less than 8.5 (PSC blower) For HSPF Greater than 8.5 (ECM blower)

ONLY Outside Air Temp = 30 degF Outside Air Temp = 30 degF

Rated HSPF = 8 Rated HSPF = 10

*Difference = -0.0285computed *Difference = 0.0162computed

Adjusted Air-source performance

Adjusted HSPF = 8.23 computed

Adjusted

HSPF = 9.84 computed

at 30 degrees F at 30 degrees F

Equivalent COP = 2.41computed Equivalent COP = 2.88

computed

HOW EFFICIENT ARE

TODAY’s GEOTHERMAL

QQQQQQQQ

2D-500EarthOptions– 24

TODAY’s GEOTHERMAL

HEAT PUMP?

AHRI/ISO Includes Pumping

& Pressure Drop Penalties,

but not duct static effect!

•Cost

•Serviceability

•Design significance

3-12-12

COP = 5.6

QQQQQQQQWHAT IS A MODULATING

HEAT PUMP

DOES ITDOES IT

RAISE THE EFFICIENCY

BAR?

Condenser is HOT

Evaporator is COLD

WINTER HEATING-OUT - Building Side

SINK- EARTH -OUT

AXIUM-

ENERGY INMUST EQUAL

ENERGY OUT

SUMMER COOLING IN –Building Side

SOURCE- IN EARTH

Condenser is HOT

Evaporator is COLD

WINTER HEATING LOAD SINK-

EARTH

How To Transfer More “FREE ENERGY” –EASY- make a BIGGER HEAT EXCHANGER

BUTNow it’s TOO BIG for the SUMMER

Operation SO Make a SMALLER/SLOWER COMPRESSOR

SUMMER COOLING LOAD

SOURCE-EARTH

Today’s Modern Geothermal HP

5.9

[OPEN RECYCLE] [CLOSED LOOP]

6.1

5.9

What are my

GEOTHERMAL

EARTH COUPLING

QQQQQQQQ

2D-500EarthOptions– 31

EARTH COUPLING

OPTIONS ?

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS

EARTH COUPLING OPTIONS

––Closed Loop ApplicationsClosed Loop Applications

––Standing Column WellsStanding Column Wells

2D-500EarthOptions– 32

––Standing Column WellsStanding Column Wells

––Open ApplicationsOpen Applications

Earth Coupling

Types of Earth Coupling

Closed Closed Standing Standing OpenOpen to to

LoopLoop ColumnColumn Recycle Recycle

2D-500EarthOptions– 33

Conductive Conductive

& Advective& Advective

ConductiveConductive AdvectiveAdvective

Earth Coupling Installation Factors for GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS

Open Standing ClosedRecycle Column Loop

1 2 3

1 2 3

Efficiency

First CostEACH METHOD

2D-500EarthOptions– 34

1 2 3

3 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 -2 3-2

1 1 2

1 = best/favorable

Geology

Maintenance

Regulatory

EACH METHOD MUST BE

EVALUATED FOR THE

APPLICATION & LOCATION

Earth Coupling

Thermal

QQQQQQQQ

ARE GEOTHERMAL HEAT

PUMPS RENEWABLE PUMPS RENEWABLE

ENERGY DEVICES?

YESYESYESYESYESYESYESYES

QQQQQQQQCAN A GEO HEAT PUMP

AMPLIFY OTHER RENWABLE

ENERGY SOURCES?ENERGY SOURCES?

BY A FACTOR OF BY A FACTOR OF BY A FACTOR OF BY A FACTOR OF BY A FACTOR OF BY A FACTOR OF BY A FACTOR OF BY A FACTOR OF 44444444--------55555555

CAN I COMPARE

AIR-to-AIR

AND

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS

EFFICIENCIES?

QQQQQQQQ

Compute COP’s from Compute COP’s from Compute COP’s from Compute COP’s from Compute COP’s from Compute COP’s from Compute COP’s from Compute COP’s from HSPFHSPFHSPFHSPFHSPFHSPFHSPFHSPF

HOW EFFICIENT ARE

TODAY’s GEOTHERMAL

HEAT PUMP?

QQQQQQQQ

2D-500EarthOptions– 38

HEAT PUMP?

COP’s Up to 6.1COP’s Up to 6.1COP’s Up to 6.1COP’s Up to 6.1COP’s Up to 6.1COP’s Up to 6.1COP’s Up to 6.1COP’s Up to 6.1

QQQQQQQQ WHAT IS A MODULATING HEAT PUMP DOES IT

RAISE THE EFFICIENCY BAR?

Variable Refrigerant Pumping Variable Refrigerant Pumping Variable Refrigerant Pumping Variable Refrigerant Pumping Variable Refrigerant Pumping Variable Refrigerant Pumping Variable Refrigerant Pumping Variable Refrigerant Pumping & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

COP’s > 6.1COP’s > 6.1COP’s > 6.1COP’s > 6.1COP’s > 6.1COP’s > 6.1COP’s > 6.1COP’s > 6.1

What are my

GEOTHERMAL

EARTH COUPLING

OPTIONS ?

QQQQQQQQ

2D-500EarthOptions– 40

Three Site Specific OptionsThree Site Specific OptionsThree Site Specific OptionsThree Site Specific OptionsThree Site Specific OptionsThree Site Specific OptionsThree Site Specific OptionsThree Site Specific Optionsno one is better than anotheno one is better than anotheno one is better than anotheno one is better than anotheno one is better than anotheno one is better than anotheno one is better than anotheno one is better than anotherrrrrrrr

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