geology and geography of oil

Geology and Geography of OilGeology and Geography of Oil

OutlineOutline

• Energy resource overview

• The geology of oil– Origin of oil– How to find oil

• The geography of oil: resource, production and consumption

World

Nuclear power

6% Hydropower, geothermal,solar, wind

7%

NaturalGas23%

Biomass11%

Oil32%

Coal21%

United States

Nuclear power8% Hydropower

geothermalsolar, wind

4%

Biomass4%

NaturalGas23%

Oil39%

Coal22%

Energy Resources

Oil e

qu

ivale

nt

(million

s o

f m

etr

ic t

on

s)

Oil

Coal

Natural gas

Year

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

Global Consumption of Fossil Fuels

Primitive

Hunter–gatherer

Earlyagricultural

Advancedagricultural

Earlyindustrial

Modern industrial(other developed

nations)

Modern industrial(United States)

Society Kilocalories per Person per Day

260,000

130,000

60,000

20,000

12,000

5,000

2,000

Daily Energy Use Per Person

in Different Stages of

Development

Per Capita Energy Use and GNP

The Story of Petroleum

Chemical composition of OilHydrocarbons

• Gas – C1-C4

• Liquid – C5-C15

• Solid – above C15

Petroleum forms from oceanic micro-organisms

Natural “traps” keep oil and gas from oozing out at the surface

How to find oil: Source rock, reservoir rock, structural traps

Source Rock• Organic rich shale

– Late Cretaceous (90 Ma)– Late Jurassic (150 Ma)

• Oil window– Thermal history 60-120oC– 2000-4500 meter

Reservoir Rock• Porosity and permeability

– Sandstone and limestone

Oil Traps

How to find oil

• Surface exploration

• Subsurface exploration– Seismic reflection– Drilling

Oil seepOil seep

Source rock analysis

Exploration Wells - Wildcats

Location of world petroleum deposits

Regional Shares of Proved Oil Reserves

Middle East 67.9%

Western Europe

2%

North America

6.7%

Africa5%

Latin America

6.5%

Eastern Europe

and Russia

8%Far East

and Oceania

5.9%

Oil Reserve by country (billion barrel)

0 - 6

7 - 22

23 - 40

41 - 133

134 - 263

None

Oil Reserve by Country

## CountryCountry Reserve (10Reserve (1099 barrels) barrels)

1 Saudi Arabia 262.7

2 Canada 178.9

3 Iran 133.3

4 Iraq 112.5

5 United Arab Emirates 97.8

6 Kuwait 96.5

7 Venezuela 75.6

8 Russia 69.0

9 Libya 40.0

10 Nigeria 36.0

11 Mexico 33.3

12 Kazakhstan 26.0

13 Angola 25.0

14 United States 22.5

Countries with most oil reserve

Oil Production by Country

Production (million barrel per day)0.00 - 0.27

0.28 - 0.79

0.80 - 2.13

2.14 - 3.98

3.99 - 9.48

No Data

Top Oil producing countries# Producing Nation for 2004 (×106bbl/d) (×103m³/d)

1 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 10.37 1,649

2 Russia 9.27 1,474

3 United States 8.69 1,382

4 Iran (OPEC) 4.09 650

5 Mexico 3.83 609

6 China 3.62 576

7 Norway 3.18 506

8 Canada 3.14 499

9 Venezuela (OPEC) 2.86 455

10 United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 2.76 439

11 Kuwait (OPEC) 2.51 399

12 Nigeria (OPEC) 2.51 399

13 United Kingdom 2.08 331

14 Iraq (OPEC) 2.03 323

Oil Export by Country

Export (million barrel per day)

0.00 - 0.23

0.24 - 0.72

0.73 - 1.97

1.98 - 3.47

3.48 - 7.92

No Data

Top petroleum-exporting countries In order of amount exported in 2003:

1. Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 2. Russia 3. Norway4. Iran (OPEC) 5. United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 6. Venezuela (OPEC) 7. Kuwait (OPEC) 8. Nigeria (OPEC) 9. Mexico10.Algeria (OPEC) 11.Libya (OPEC)

Consumption by Country

Consumption (million barrel per day)0.00 - 0.34

0.35 - 1.17

1.18 - 2.65

2.66 - 6.53

6.54 - 20.73

No Data

Top petroleum-consuming countries

# Consuming Nation (bbl/day) (m³/day)

1 United States 20,030,000 3,184,516

2 China 6,391,000 1,016,088

3 Japan 5,578,000 886,831

4 Russia 2,800,000 445,164

5 Germany 2,677,000 425,609

6 India 2,320,000 368,851

7 Canada 2,300,000 365,671

8 South Korea 2,061,000 327,673

9 France 2,060,000 327,514

10 Italy 1,874,000 297,942

11 Saudi Arabia 1,775,000 282,202

12 Mexico 1,752,000 278,546

13 United Kingdom 1,722,000 273,776

14 Brazil 1,610,000 255,970

Import (million barrel per day)

0.00 - 0.32

0.33 - 1.08

1.09 - 3.18

3.19 - 5.45

5.46 - 13.15

No Data

Import (million barrel per day)

0.00 - 0.32

0.33 - 1.08

1.09 - 3.18

3.19 - 5.45

5.46 - 13.15

No Data

Oil Import by Country

Top petroleum-importing countries

#Importing Nation (bbl/day) (m³/day)

1 United States 13,150,000 2,790,683

2 Japan 5,449,000 866,322

3 China 3,226,000 512,893

4 Netherlands 2,284,000 363,127

5 France 2,281,000 362,650

6 South Korea 2,263,000 359,788

7 Italy 2,158,000 343,095

8 Germany 2,135,000 339,438

9 India 2,090,000 332,283

10 Spain 1,582,000 251,518

11 United Kingdom 1,084,000 172,342

12 Belgium 1,042,000 165,665

13 Canada 963,000 153,105

14 Turkey 616,500 98,016

International Crude Oil Flow by Sea

Future of Oil – Peak Oil?

US Oil Discovery and Production

Oil Discovery (3 year average - past and projected) 1930-2050

Petroleum depletion

Oil Use in US

• 62% of energy comes from oil and natural gas

• 95% of energy used for transportation comes from oil

• 1.7% of world oil reserve

• Use 30% of global oil production

– 70% for transportation

• Import 60% of oil supplies