genetic resources center: obligations, challenges and strategy elements
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Genetic Resources Center:
Obligations, Challenges and Strategy Elements
Dominique Dumet
Panel review, June 2009
COLLECTIONS +28 000 accessions
+ The miscellaneous legumes…
Cowpea (53%)
Bambara ground nut
Vigna wild species
Soybean
Maize
Yam
Cassava
Banana/Plantain
COLLECTIONS +28 000 accessions
Cowpea (53%)
Bambara ground nut
Vigna wild species
Soybean
Maize
Yam
Cassava
Banana/Plantain
GERMPLASM IS
• CONSERVED
• REGENERATED
• CHARACTERISED
• DISTRIBUTED
• ACCESSIBLE
• SAFE DUPLICATED
• DOCUMENTED
» in International standards
The OBLIGATIONS
Ex situ CONSERVATION SENSUS STRICTO
5oC
-20oC
Field In vitro
-196oC
MEDIUM TERM
LONG TERM
+3500+7500+50 000
+30 00050
Some figures 2007-2008
SEED
Regeneration: 4300
Processing for storage: 2261
Processed for safe duplication: +12 000
Duplicated in Svalbard: +8000
Viability monitoring: 3179
Virus Indexing: 3569
Characterization: 491
CLONAL
Meristeming: 600
Safe duplicated in Cotonou: +2000
Characterisation: + 3500
DNA banking: 1500
Regeneration
Processing for storage
Viability monitoring
Indexing
Characterisation
Field maintenance
In vitro maintenance
In vitro introduction
Harvest date, location, year,
water content, germination,
viability. number of seed,
subculture batch, ….etc
DATA
Data management system
DOCUMENTATION/INFORMATION
Live inventory/Monitoring
Seed crop bar coding completed
In vitro genebank in progress
(Matija Obreza)
Quality Management System… Towards ISO certification
Capacity
development for GRC
staff and national partners
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
CONSERVATION
Meristeming, cryopreservation
(Hide Kikuno, Badara Gueye)
STABILITY and INTEGRITY Cowpea geneflow study
Yam and cassava somaclonal variation
(Vroh Bi)
CHARACTERISATION/IDENTITY
Finger printing yam and cassava collections
Cassava agromorphological description
African yam bean (morpho molecular)
(Ranjana Bhattacharjee, Paul Ilona, Vroh Bi, Daniel Adewale)
SANITATION
Antibiotic treatment (yam)
Virus elimination (cassava) – Meristeming/Cryotherapy
(Lava Kumar, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay)
Research Projects
3 main CHALLENGES
•Sustainable Conservation
•Substantial Use
•Crop Diversity Captured
3 main CHALLENGES
•Sustainable Conservation
•Substantial Use
•Crop Diversity Captured
SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION:
CASE of CASSAVA
Field bank
(5% loss)
In vitro banking
•Reduced risk loss
•Facilitated exchange
Cryopreservation
•‘Low cost’
CLONAL
CASSAVA In vitro banking
MERISTEMING
MULTIPLICATION
BANKING
Distribution
INDEXING
Cryobanking
STERILISATION
CASSAVA In vitro banking
MERISTEMING
MULTIPLICATION
BANKING
Distribution
INDEXING
Cryobanking
STERILISATION
MERISTEMING
CRYOBANKING
141
16 18 110
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Virus free Non virus free Recalcitrant Not available
Nb
of
accessio
ns
80%
MERISTEMING Reference set (GCP project) - IITA selection (175 accessions)
104 landraces + drought tolerant and other potentials
Recalcitrant
to the standard
Meristeming
= indicator
of diversity
10%
Cassava meristem cryopreservation
Freezing
Thawing/Unloading
Vitrification
PVS2
Dark (7 days)
5 weeks 12h light
Meristem
excision Loading
Cryotube 1 Cryotube 2 Cryotube 3
Cryostorage
3 months
SURVIVAL and SHOOT ELONGATION
48 accessions
Vitrification/Droplet freezing
CRYOPRESERVATION trials
0102030405060708090
100
cont
rol
Cry
otub
es1
Cry
otub
es2
cr
yotu
bes3
Su
rviv
al,
sh
oo
t p
rod
ucti
on
an
d
accessio
ns d
ead
aft
er
cry
o
(%
)
No recovery
(25%)
a
a
b
cbc
c
b
Survival
Shoot formation
Non recovering accessions(stat by Sam Korie)
Cryopreservation is in ‘domestication’
(adjustment on accession basis, somaclonal variation, LN supply)
FIELD BANK IN VITRO Cryo
Experimental
Consequences on today’s
cassava conservation strategy
FIELD BANK
10 %
recalcitrance
25 %
recalcitrance
IN VITRO CryoIN VITRO
FIELD BANK
10 %
recalcitrance
25 %
recalcitrance
IN VITRO CryoIN VITRO
Somaclonal variation?
FIELD BANK IN VITRO CryoIN VITRO
MAIN BANK SAFE DUPLICATION/
DISTRIBUTION
FIELD BANK IN VITRO CryoIN VITRO
Seed banking
MAIN BANK SAFE DUPLICATION/
DISTRIBUTION
On farm in situ
FIELD BANKIN VITROIN VITRO
Seed
banking
FIELD BANK MULTIPLICATION/
DISTRIBUTION
Cryobanking
On farm
In situ
Future?
MOSAIC OF CONSERVATION
APPROACHES
Will require global partnership
SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION:
CASE of COWPEA
SEEDS
-20oC5oC
15 000
Accessions
Distribution
STANDARD SEED CROP STORAGE STRATEGY
Active Base
COWPEA DISTRIBUTION 1985-2008
Number of samples distributed: 34862
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 50 100 150 200
Nb of time distributed
Nb
of
ac
ce
ss
ion
s
BEST SELLER
TVu3629
Accessions distribution
Distributed
Never distributed
Non visible
4300
10815
35%
65%
COWPEA distribution pattern 1985-2008
10815 distinct accessions distributed
…4300 non visible
Cowpea viability during storage
Medium
Long term
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1980 1982 1982
Year processed for storage
Germ
inati
on
(%
) in
2009
95 97
15 000
Accessions
Distribution
Management improvement
Active Base
-20oC5oC
15 000
Accessions
Distribution
Active Base
‘Never Used’
-20oC5oC
Management improvement
-20oC
5oCDistribution
Active Base
‘Never Used’
Management improvement
+ Safe duplication
•Svalbard
•Saskatoon
•CIMMYT
-20oC
5oC
Active Base
‘Never Used’ REQUEST for
A ‘Never used’
Distribution
Management improvement
-20oC
5oC
Active Base
‘Never Used’ REQUEST for
A ‘Never used’
Regeneration
Distribution
Management improvement
Dynamic conservation
-20oC
5oC
Active Base
‘Never Used’ REQUEST for
A ‘Never used’
Regeneration
Distribution
Management improvement
Dynamic conservation – evolving system based on data analysis
3 main CHALLENGES
•Sustainable Conservation
•Substantial Use
•Crop diversity captured
Total
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Total
Drop Page Fields Here
Sum of Number of accessions
Year
Drop Series Fields Here
SUBSTANTIAL USE
Case of cowpea
COWPEA distribution pattern 1985-2008
34862 samples
Total
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Total
Drop Page Fields Here
Sum of Number of accessions
Year
Drop Series Fields Here
FUNDINGS
COWPEA distribution pattern 1985-2008
34862 samples
Minicore
Set (374)
defined
Total
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Total
Drop Page Fields Here
Sum of Number of accessions
Year
Drop Series Fields Here
FUNDINGS
COWPEA distribution pattern 1985-2008
34862 samples
Minicore
Set (374)
defined
Minicore
requested
6 times in 2007
Distribution FUNDING/PROJECT driven
•Need for information road from Breeding/Biotech to GRC
(TL1, GCP, ….)
•More friendly user access to descriptor data
(more integrated data)
Selection based on descriptors:
•Agro-morphological
•Molecular
•Passport
Today’s used oriented traits =
•Drought tolerance
•Pest and disease resistance
•Nutritious value
MERGING Project
COLLECTIONS BREEDING/GENEBANK
Characterization (agro morphological)
Passport data revision
Core definition
Development of a ‘cassalogue’ with photographs
Friendly user search tool
(Collaboration with Paul Ilona, Ranjana Bhattacharjee)
IMPROVE USE
Case of cassava
10% distrubution
During the past 10 years
3 main CHALLENGES
•Sustainable Conservation
•Substantial Use
•Crop diversity captured
CROP DIVERSITY CAPTURE
Case of yam
Geospatial lab IITA
Some obvious
GAPS
New acquisition guided by:
•GIS analysis (temperature,
rainfall, elevation, soil,
photoperiod, production…)
(Subash Marcus, Kai Sonder)
Priority countries:
Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania,
Madagascar, Malawi
•Germplasm accessibility/
International Treaty
•TRUST Regeneration/Duplication
project
D. Bulbifera ….
‘one of the most
aggressive
and dangerous
vine in Florida’
YAM
Trust Regeneration Project
•300 from Benin
•70 from Togo
(Collaboration Maria
Ayodele)
Collecting mission in Guinea Conakry
•73 cassava
(Collaboration Paul Ilona, Sanoussi Bah)
2009 Acquisitions
The BIG CHALLENGE:
Partnership for sustainable
conservation and use
•IITA Germplasm safe duplication
•Safe duplication for National Partners
Research partners
IITA and the GLOBAL system
GENETIC RESOURCES MEGAPROGRAM?
GENETIC RESOURCES CENTER
and the CGIAR reform
GENETIC RESOURCES MEGAPROGRAM?
GENETIC RESOURCES CENTER
and the CGIAR reform
Merging per crop?
Merging activity?
GENETIC RESOURCES MEGAPROGRAM?
THE MAIN THREAT:
•GENETIC EROSION
Main causes?
CLIMATE CHANGE
AGRICULTURE INTENSIFICATION
•Work closely with varieties releasers
and farmers (collect endangered landraces)
•Develop powerful tools for identification/characterisation
•Collect in areas at risk
Strategy at Continent / Global level
Genetic Resources Center
•IITA window
•Complementary conservation approaches
•Data/information management system essential
•Need expertise and feedback from all
•Long term investment
•CRUCIAL component for FOOD security
THANK YOU
TVu 3629 ( Ife Brown ) …… Developed at the University of Ife ( OAU
Ile-Ife ) and released for cultivation
in Nigeria. Most popular Brown rough seed variety in South West
Nigeria.
TVu 14195 ( IT84S-2246-4 )…… Developed by IITA and released in
Nigeria and many West Africa
Countries. An improvement on TVu 3629. Resiatant to Aphids, Thrips
and Bruchids (storage insect).
TVu 2027…. Local Variety, originate from Northern Nigeria. Source of
Bruchid Resistant.
Have been used in several crosses in our Breeding program.
TVu 1190 ( VITA-3 ) Originate from East and Southern Africa. Now
released for cultivation
in several South America countries apart from East Africa. A good
source of vegetable leave
and grain production.
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