genes and protein synthesis
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GENES AND PROTEIN SYNTHESISChapter 7
ONE GENE-ONE POLYPEPTIDE HYPOTHESIS
DNA contains all of our hereditary information
Genes are located in our DNA
~25,000 genes in our DNA (46 chromosomes)
Each Gene codes for a specific polypeptide
MAIN IDEA Central Dogma
Francis Crick (1956)
OVERALL PROCESS
Transcription DNA to RNA
Translation Assembly of
amino acids into polypeptide
Using RNA
DNA molecule
Gene 1
Gene 2
Gene 3
DNA strand
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA
Polypeptide
TRANSLATIONCodon
Amino acid
KEY TERMS RNA transcription
Initiation, Elongation, Termination TATA box Introns, Exons mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Translation Ribosome Codon Amino Acids Polypeptide
DNA RNA
Double stranded Single stranded Adenine pairs with Thymine Adenine pairs with Uracil Guanine pairs with Cytosine Guanine pairs with Cytosine
Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
DNA TO PROTEIN Protein is made of amino acid
sequences 20 amino acids How does DNA code for amino acid?
GENETIC CODE Codon
Three letter code 5’ to 3’ order Start codon Stop codon
AA are represented by more than one codon
61 codons that specify AA
AMINO ACIDS Abbreviated
Three letters
TRANSCRIPTION DNA to RNA Occurs in
nucleus Three process
Initiation Elongation Termination
RNA polymerase
DNA of gene
PromoterDNA Terminator
DNAInitiation
Elongation
TerminationGrowingRNA
RNApolymerase
Completed RNA
INITIATION RNA polymerase
binds to DNA Binds at
promoter region TATA box
RNA polymerase unwinds DNA
Transcription unit Part of gene that
is transcribed
ELONGATION RNA molecule is built
RNA polymerase Primer not needed 5’ to 3’ 3’ to 5’ DNA is template
strand Coding strand
DNA strand that is not copied
Produces mRNA Messenger RNA
DNA double helix reforms
TERMINATION RNA polymerase recognizes a
termination sequence – AAAAAAA Nuclear proteins bind to string of
UUUUUU on RNA mRNA molecule releases from template
strand
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS
Pre-mRNA undergoes modifications before it leaves the nucleus
Poly(A) tail Poly-A polymerase Protects from RNA
digesting enzymes in cytosol
5’ cap 7 G’s Initial attachment site for
mRNA’s to ribosomes Removal of introns
SPLICING THE PRE-MRNA DNA comprised of
Exons – sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a gene
Introns – non-coding sequence of DNA or RNA
Spliceosome Enzyme that
removes introns from mRNA
SPLICING PROCESS Spliceosome contains a handful of small
ribonucleoproteins snRNP’s (snurps)
snRNP’s bind to specific regions on introns
ALTERNATIVE SPLICING Increases number and variety of
proteins encoded by a single gene ~25,000 genes produce ~100,000
proteins
TRANSLATION mRNA to protein Ribosomes read
codons tRNA assists
ribosome to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chain
Takes place in cytoplasm
TRNA Contains
triplet anticodon amino acid
attachment site Are there 61 tRNA’s
to read 61 codons?
TRNA: WOBBLE HYPOTHESIS First two nucleotides of codon for a specific AA is always
precise Flexibility with third nucleotide Aminoacylation – process of adding an AA to a tRNA
Forming aminoacyl-tRNA molecule Catalyzed by 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
enzymes
RIBOSOMES Translate mRNA chains into amino acids Made up of two different sized parts
Ribosomal subunits (rRNA) Ribosomes bring together mRNA with
aminoacyl-tRNAs Three sites
A site - aminoacyl P site – peptidyl E site - exit
1 Codon recognition
Amino acid
Anticodon
AsiteP site
Polypeptide
2 Peptide bond formation
3 Translocation
Newpeptidebond
mRNAmovement
mRNA
Stopcodon
TRANSLATION PROCESS
Three stages Initiation Elongation Termination
INITIATION Ribosomal subunits associate with mRNA Met-tRNA (methionine)
Forms complex with ribosomal subunits Complex binds to 5’cap and scans for start codon (AUG) –
known as scanning Large ribosomal subunit binds to complete ribosome Met-tRNA is in P-site Reading
frame is established to correctly read codons
ELONGATION Amino acids
are added to grow a polypeptide chain
A, P, and E sites operate
4 Steps
TERMINATION A site arrives at a stop codon on mRNA
UAA, UAG, UGA Protein release factor binds to A site releasing
polypeptide chain Ribosomal subunits, tRNA release and detach from
mRNA
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Red object = ?What molecules are present in this photo?
POLYSOME
PROKARYOTIC RNA TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION
Throughout cell Single type of RNA
polymerase transcribes all types of genes
No introns mRNA ready to be
translated into protein mRNA is translated by
ribosomes in the cytosol as it is being transcribed
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