general, organic and biochemistry

General, Organic and Biochemistry

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Diverse, Relevant Stories

Dr. Rommie Amaro

Dr. Jacquin NilesDr. James M. Olson

Unit Intros

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VISCHEM 5.1: Covalent BondsCovalent bond: A chemical bond that results from the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms.

Oxygen has six valence electrons, and requires two more to complete its octet. Thus two oxygen atoms can share two pairs of electrons. This creates a double bond (shown as two lines) between the two oxygen atoms. Atmospheric oxygen is found in this diatomic state. Supplemental oxygen is often prescribed for patients with low oxygen saturation of the blood (low O2 sat). Normal oxygen saturation of the blood is 95-100%.

Hydrogen gas is formed when two hydrogen atoms share a pair of valence electrons to form a covalent bond, creating a molecule containing just two atoms. The negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus of the other atom. This attraction draws the atoms closer until a stable bond forms. Some chemists describe this bond formation process as orbital overlap, as shown by the overlapping Hydrogen orbitals above.

H2

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Some examples include H2, H2O, CO2, and CH4.

Hydrogen is a diatomic molecule (contains just 2 atoms), and exists this way in its elemental state. Here are some other elements that exist as diatomic molecules:

N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

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Inner Life of Cell

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