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2016Hagar Tzameret-Kertcher
Hanna Herzog | Naomi ChazanYulia Basin | Ronna Brayer-Garb | Hadass Ben Eliyahu
The Gender IndexGender Inequality
in Israel
׀ 32 ׀
Throughout the booklet women are marked in gray and men in black
Education Gendered Segregationof Professions
PovertyLabor Market
Power Time
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
10.91
The Level of Inequality Over the YearsThe level of gender inequality remained largely stable between 2004 and 2010. Since 2011, the level of inequality was slightly reduced, but this was due more to the worsening in various aspects of men's employment than to the advancement in the state of women.
Violence againstWomen
Media and Culture
Health Periphery
Family Status
Arab Society
The Gender IndexThe Gender Index is an innovative tool developed by WIPS – The Center for the Advancement of Women in the Public Sphere at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, which serves to evaluate gender inequality in Israel across a spectrum of fields over time. The Gender Index is based on the calculation of gender inequality in Israel in key domains: education, the labor market, gendered segregation of professions, poverty, power, media and culture, health, violence against women, time and family status; as well as gender inequality in the periphery and gender inequality in Arab society in Israel. Every year the Index is developed and expanded. The Gender Index addresses issues of diversity and social structures of inequality by looking at the intersections of gender with ethnicity and graphical location. The Gender Index is a tool for decision-makers in the government and the public institutions.
Inequality
Equality
׀ 54 ׀
Average Monthly Salary, by Gender (NIS)
1996 2014
12,000
8,000
4,000
0
7,43911,114
2014
Popular Singers' Charts, by Gender
2004 2014
100%
50%
0%
Number of CEO'sLabor Force Participation, by Gender
2003 2014
40,000
20,000
0 1995 2014
80%
40%
0%
6,955
38,862
2014
59.2%69.5%
2014
12.5% 87.5%
2014
Continuous Gender Gap in All Areas of LifeIn most areas of life the gender gap is maintained in favor of men. In some areas the gender gap even increases over time.
׀ 76 ׀
Political and Economic Power
57.1%
Education
3.7%
Time
14.0%
The Labor Market
30.7%
Periphery
29.0%
Poverty
32.8%
Gendered Segregation of
Professions
52.4%
Arab Society
45.1%
women and Men in News Coverage
2005 2015
90%
60%
30%
0%
24%
76%
2015
Number of Women in the Knesset
1995 2014
30
15
0 2016
33
87
Continuous Gender Gap in All Areas of Life Magnitude of InequalityThe calculation of the magnitude of inequality enables to identify in which area the gender gap is the greatest and in which the smallest.
׀ 98 ׀
Rate of Those with 13-15 Years of Education
Rate of Those with 16+ Years of Education
2014
23.4%20.5%
25.9% 25.9%
2014
Gender Segregation in Professions and in HigherEducation
2004 2014
60%
30%
0%
Gendered Segregation in Higher EducationGendered Segregation in Employment
Gender Inequality in Professions
182,774
100,489
Hi-Tech Architecture and
Engineering
26,282
84,102
227,355
67,296
Teaching Professions
Health Professions
26,16135,579
Law
25,76420,925
Care Professions
174,978
13,252
Fields of Education
Fields of Employment
1995 2014
30%
15%
0%
1995 2014
30%
15%
0%
Education and EmploymentMore and more women are acquiring higher education and expanding their fields of study. However, structural and cultural obstacles limit their ability to translate these achievements into improvements in the labor market and in attaining power positions.
׀ 1110 ׀
1996 2014
5
3
1
Fertility Rate by Population Groups
Number of Part-Time Workers, by Gender
1995 2014
600,000
300,000
0
Jewish WomenMuslim Women Druze WomenChristian Women
3.353.112.272.2
Fertility Rate, 2014
Women Working Part-Time
Due to Home-Making
1996 2014
25%
15%
5%
Women Unemployed Due to Home-Making
1996 2014
40%
20%
0%
Heads of Single-Parent Families, by Gender
2000 2014
180,000
120,000
60,000
0
Work-Family BalanceWomen are still primarily responsible for care of family members and house work. This is Invisible Work which is unrecognized and unpaid, but functions as a barrier for women from a full and equal participation in the labor market and the public sphere
׀ 1312 ׀
Number of New Calls to Rape Crisis Centers
1996
4,154
2014
8,938
1996 2014
10,000
5,000
0
Feeling of Safety While Walking in the Street, by Gender
2004 2014
100%
50%
0%
62% 83%
2014
Incidence of Poverty after Transfer Payments and Taxes, by Gender
Recipients of Income Support, by Gender
1999 2014
25%
20%
15%
10%
18.3% 17.1%
2014
81,958
51,659
2014
2004 2014
140,000
70,000
0
VulnerabilityWomen on the whole are poorer than men and are more exposed to gender-based violence. These facts effect their presence and positions in the public sphere.
׀ 1514 ׀
Heads of Local Municipalities, by Gender
2004 2014
300
200
100
0 6
250
2014
23%
77%
Number of Women in theKnesset and the Government
1995 2014
30
20
10
0
Women MP's Women Ministers
Senior Academic
Faculty, by Gender
Women in Parliaments Around the World, 2016
Senior Managerial Positions, by Gender
2003 2014
140,000
70,000
0
59,644
96,496
2014
U.S.A19%
Sweden44%
Poland27%
Britain29%
Spain40%
Israel27%
Economic and Political PowerKey positions of power in the political and economic arenas are still largely held by men
׀ 1716 ׀
Diversity Among WomenIn order to fully understand the lives and perspectives of different women we also have to consider their ethnic and national identities, their economic status, geographic location, and exposure to violence. The intersection between gender and other social factors creates many differences among women, and point to the more disadvantaged groups. Thus, the average monthly wage of Arab women is significantly lower than that of Arab men and that of Jewish women. Women in the geographic periphery earn less than men in these locations and less than women in the center.
Labor Market Participation, by Gender
2003 2014
70%
35%
0%
28%
64%
2014
Average Monthly Salary in Arab Society in Israel, by Gender
Average Monthly Salary in the Center and the Periphery
2004 2014
8,000
4,000
0
5,271
7,190
2014
Average Monthly Salary of Jewish and Arab Women
Jewish
7,6625,271
Arab
Periphery8,648 nis
Periphery5,705 nis
Center7,699 nis
Center11,677 nis
׀ 1918 ׀
© The Van Leer Jerusalem Press, 2016Design: Yael Katzeer, katzeery@gmail.com | Printiv Press Jerusalem
Rethinking the gendered structure of the labor market to address the need for work-family balance (including altering the work patterns of men, rearranging responsibilities and rethinking time distribution between men and women in the home)
4
32 Using gender mainstreaming
strategies to ensure equal representation for women and men in decision-making at all levels
Promoting legislation that will ensure systematic data collection by gender
Setting measurable objectives for reducing gender gaps in various fields and achieving significant change within a decade1
Policy Recommendations
Reconceptualizing and recalculating national accounts to reflect the activities and economic contributions of the invisible work of women5
The Center for the Advancement of Women in the Public Sphere (WIPS) at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute is committed to gender mainstreaming as an overall strategy for promoting the democratic and civil status of women in diverse social groups. Through its focus on transforming the issue of gender inequality into a general social worldview that relates to both women and men and to all social structures the WIPS center aims to make gender equality an inseparable part of the thought and action of legislators and decision makers in various areas. WIPS conducts research, promotes strategic thinking, and initiates projects and programs in areas relevant to implementing gender mainstreaming and gender equality in Israel. The founders of WIPS seek to make it a framework that brings together women’s organizations, feminist activists,researchers, legislators, and decision makers, so that their dialogue and sharing of ideas will serve as a source of knowledge, guidance, and experience for anyone interested in promoting gender equality and gender mainstreaming in Israel.
The development and publication of the Gender Index was made possible by generous donations from the following foundations:
מדד המגדראי־שוויון מגדרי בישראל2016 20
16
ל רא
שבי
רי גד
מיון
שוואי־
•ר
גדהמ
ד מד
רחוב ז'בוטינסקי 43, ירושלים 9104001, ת"ד 4070, טל׳ 02-5605222; פקס 02-5619293
43 Jabotinsky St., Jerusalem 9104001, P.O.B. 4070, Tel. 972-2-5605222, Fax. 972-2-5619293
02-5619293 فاكس: ،02-5605222 تلفون: ،4070 ب. ص. ،91040 القدس ،43 جابوتنسكي شارع v a n l e e r @ v a n l e e r . o r g . i l • w w w . v a n l e e r . o r g . i l
בזירה נשים לקידום המרכז • של שוות דרך ופורץ חדשני פיתוח פרי המגדר, מדד
הציבורית במכון ון ליר בירושלים, הוא כלי לבחינה רחבת היקף של רמת האי־שוויון המגדרי
בין גברים לנשים בישראל לאורך השנים. המדד מציג תמונה מפורטת של מצב האי־שוויון
בתחומי חיים שונים – עבודה, השכלה, עוני, עוצמה פוליטית וכלכלית, תרבות, אלימות, חלוקת
זמן, בריאות, יחסי מרכז-פריפריה, החברה הערבית - ומאפשר לתת ציון כולל לרמת האי־שוויון
המגדרי בישראל על בסיס מצרף הגורמים הקובעים את מצבן של נשים בחברה.
תרבות ממד – חדש ממד התווסף רבים: חידושים 2016 לשנת המגדר במדד
ותקשורת – המבטא את האי-שוויון המגדרי בייצוג בתחומי תרבות מרכזיים כמוזיקה
פופולרית ותיאטרון, כמו גם בסיקור החדשותי של נשים וגברים. בממד הזמן נוספו
העוצמה ובמדד עיתונים, וקריאת בטלוויזיה לצפייה זמן העדר של אינדיקטורים
נוספו אינדיקטורים של ייצוג נשים בסגל האקדמי הבכיר ובדירקטוריונים של חברות
ציבוריות וממשלתיות.
שלא כמו מדדי מגדר אחרים, המשווים בין ישראל למדינות אחרות על בסיס מספר מועט
רב של אי־שוויון מגדרי במגוון הוא הראשון מסוגו הבוחן מאוד של משתנים, מדד המגדר
תחום בכל התפתחות כיווני לבחון מאפשר המגדר מדד גופא. המדינה בתוך חיים תחומי
ובכל מרכיב, ובו בזמן להציע תמונה כוללת של מצב האי־שוויון המגדרי בישראל. בכך נעוצה
תרומתו הייחודית ועל כן בכוחו לשמש מצפן מדיניות למקבלי החלטות ולגורמים ממשלתיים
וציבוריים במדינת ישראל. מדד המגדר גם מספק לארגוני נשים ולגורמים בחברה האזרחית
מצע לפעילותם לשינוי יחסי הכוח המגדריים ולקידום צדק מגדרי בישראל.
הגר צמרת־קרצ'ר
חנה הרצוג, נעמי חזן
יוליה בסין, הדס בן אליהו, רונה ברייר־גארב
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