gen scicp ch. 1 sci skills student

General Science CP 1

1.1 What is Science?1.1 What is Science? Explain how science and technology are related. List the major branches of natural science and

describe how they overlap Describe the main ideas of physical science

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About ScienceAbout Science

Science is the process of discovering and explaining the order of nature and how its parts connect to one another

Predates recorded history Rational thinking is the premise of science

- Gained headway in Greece in the 3rd, & 4th centuries B.C

- Halted in Europe due to barbarian wars

- Chinese & Polynesians continued charting the stars, and planets 3

About Science Cont.About Science Cont.- Arab nations developed mathematics

- Reintroduced by Europe & Islamic influences

- Universities emerged in the 12th century

- 15th century allowed: printing press therefore documentation

- 16th century controversy: Copernicus believed the Earth revolved around the Sun going against church ideas, published a book and was thrown in jail

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SCIENCE BEGINS WITH CURIOSITY AND ENDS WITH

DISCOVERY!!!5

Science & TechnologyScience & Technology Scientist who do experiments to learn more about

the world are practicing pure science, also defined as the continuing search for scientific knowledge

Applying knowledge to practical problems is called technology

Science and technology are interdependent

- advances in one leads to advances in another

ex. development of the microscope led to the discovery of cells

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Branches of ScienceBranches of Science Natural Science

- Tries to understand nature, which really means, “the whole universe”

- Usually divided into 3 sub categories

- Life science: Biology, Zoology, Botany

- Physical science: Chemistry, Physics

- Earth science: Geology, Oceanography Today these classifications overlap

- Aerophysics - Biochemistry

- Astrophysics 7

Branches of ScienceBranches of Science

Natural ScienceNatural Science

Physical Science•Chemistry

•Physics

Physical Science•Chemistry

•Physics

Earth and Space Science

•Geology•Astronomy

Earth and Space Science

•Geology•Astronomy

•Life Science•Biology

•Life Science•Biology

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Big Ideas of Physical ScienceBig Ideas of Physical Science Space and Time

Matter and Change

Forces and Motion

Energy

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1.1 Assessment1.1 Assessment

1. How does the scientific process begin and end?

2. How are science and technology related?

3. What are the branches of natural science?

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1.2 Using a Scientific Approach1.2 Using a Scientific Approach Describe the steps in a scientific method Compare and contrast facts, scientific theories, and

scientific laws Explain the importance of models in science, and

their use to investigate nature

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The Nature of ScienceThe Nature of Science

Scientists believe that the universe can be described by basic rules, and these rules can be described by careful, methodical study, also known as the scientific method

Investigation Experimentation Observation

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Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking

Applying logic and reason to observations and conclusions

ex. If you are doing you homework and the lights go out, what do you do?

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- A person who thinks like a scientists would first ask

questions and then make observations13

Scientific MethodScientific Method Developed by Francis Bacon & Galileo Formal method for conducting science Based on critical thinking and experimentation Series of logical steps to follow in order to solve

problems

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Scientific Method Cont.Scientific Method Cont.

1. Recognize problem and propose a question

2. Form a hypothesis

3. Test hypothesis

4. Analyze Data

5. Formulate a conclusion based experimental findings

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ObservationsObservations Observations

- use our senses to gather information about the world around us

- two types of observations.

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Qualitative ObservationsQualitative Observations Qualitative observation (quality)

- usually made with our senses ex. color, shape, feel, taste, sound.

ex. written- Olivia is wearing a blue sweater.- The lab tabletop is smooth.- The dog’s fur is shiny.

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Quantitative ObservationsQuantitative Observations Quantitative observation (quantity)

- how many (will be a number)

- based on exact measurement.

ex. The room is 8 meters across.

Sarah is 141-cm tall.

Sam weighs 450 Newtons.

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Recognizing the problemRecognizing the problemYour on your way to a friends house and your car

suddenly stops. Problem:

Observations:

Qualitative:

Quantitative:21

InferencesInferences

Inference

- a logical interpretation of an event that is based on observations and prior knowledge.

ex. You see a student leave the principal’s office crying and upset. An inference as to why the student is upset could be:

- could be in trouble (ISS, OSS, expelled)

- family problems at home (sick, accident)

- student not feeling well

- student has poor grades (failing, retention)22

Inference or Observation?Inference or Observation? The dog is wagging his tail. ____ The dog is happy. ____ The liquid is green with white bubbles in it.

____ The liquid is probably bad for you. ____ The cafeteria ladies don’t like kids. ____ The cafeteria ladies are frowning. ____

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HypothesisHypothesis A tentative statement that proposes a possible

explanation to some phenomenon or event

ex. A penny will float on water due to its density A controlled experiment is an experiment in which

only one variable is changed at a time Variables: anything that can change in an

experiment

- Independent /Dependent

- Manipulated /Responding

- Controlled Variables 24

Hypothesis Cont.Hypothesis Cont. UV light may cause skin cancer

Independent Variable (manipulated)- variable that is changed by the scientist

ex. amount of UV light Dependent Variable (responding)

- observed, measured due to change in the independent variable

ex. prevalence of skin cancer Controlled Variables

- variable that remain constantex. exposure time, strength of light 25

Hypothesis Cont.Hypothesis Cont. Formal

- written as an if, and, then statement

- If: dependent Variable

- And: experiment (not always included)

- Then: prediction

ex. If smoking cigarettes is related to an individuals lung capacity, and cigarette smoking is stopped, then lung capacity will improve daily

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Predicting the ConsequencesPredicting the Consequences If the hypothesis is correct:

- perform experiment numerous times to diminish error, and verify the experimental finding were correct

If the hypothesis is incorrect:

- reformulate a hypothesis

- perform new experiment

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Hypothesis Cont.Hypothesis Cont. Theory

- a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results

- never proved, may become stronger or may become obsolete in time

ex. Big bang Law

- statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature- does not attempt to explain it- verified over and over again

ex. Gravity28

Performing ExperimentsPerforming Experiments Must have a control group Record all data Repeat experiment several times until findings are

conclusive

Why?

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Formulating a ConclusionFormulating a Conclusion Written paragraph on the outcome of your

experiments Key concepts

- Hypothesis, correct or incorrect

- Use of Data to support or discredit hypothesis

- Errors

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ModelsModels Scientific models are representations of an object or

event that can be studied to understand the real object or event- make it easier to understand things that might be too difficult to observe directly

- Drawings- Computer- Mathematical

*in a state of constant change, new models replace old*

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SafetySafety Most important rule: Follow your teacher’s

instructions and the textbook directions exactly. When in doubt, ASK!!!

See handout of safety rules and procedures.

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1.2 Assessment1.2 Assessment

1. What is the goal of scientific method?

2. How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?

3. Why are scientific models useful?

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1.3 Measurement1.3 Measurement Perform calculations involving scientific notation

and conversion factors. Identify the metric and SI units used in science and

convert between common metric prefixes Compare and contrast accuracy and precision. Relate the Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit

temperature scales.

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Units of MeasurementUnits of Measurement

Mathematics is the language of science International System of Units (SI)

- started with the metric system in France in 1791, and is now a revised version

- uses 7 SI units: ex. length, mass, temperature, time

- based on units of 10 ex. 10 millimeter = 1 centimeter

10 centimeter = 1 decimeter 36

Units of Measurement Cont.Units of Measurement Cont.Gig G Billion 1,000,000,000

Mega M Million 1,000,000

Kilo k Thousand 1,000

Hetco h Hundred 100

Deka da Ten 10

Base Unit m,l,g One 1

Deci d Tenth 1/10

Centi c Hundredth 1/100

Milli m Thousandth 1/1000 37

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Conversions Cont.Conversions Cont. SI units

Smaller to larger- remember it takes more of a small unit to make a larger unit- multiply the units to get a larger numberex. 100 mm = 10 cm

Larger to smaller- it takes less of a larger unit to make a smaller unit- divided the units to get a smaller numberex. 1000 km = 10 m 39

ConversionsConversions 4 Steps

1. List the given and unknown values - given: - unknown:

2. Determine the relationship between units

3. Write the equation for the conversion

4. Insert the known values into to equation, and solve 40

Conversion ProblemsConversion Problems

1. Convert 1.6 kilograms to grams

2. Convert 2500 milligrams to kilograms

3. Convert 50 centimeters to dekameters

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Making MeasurementsMaking Measurements

- many observations rely on quantitative measurements

- most basic measurements generally answer questions such as how much time did it take and how big

- common measurements are time, length, mass, volume and weight

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LengthLength The straight-line distance between any two points SI unit

- meters (M) Tools

- Tape measure, ruler

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VolumeVolume Amount of space any object occupies SI unit

- Cubic meter …….Very big, so we use…..

- Liter Tools

- Beaker

- Graduated cylinder

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MassMass Measure of the quantity of matter in an object SI unit

- Grams (g) Tools

- Triple Beam Balance

- Scale

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WeightWeight The gravitational force exerted on an object by the

nearest most massive body (Earth) SI unit

- Pounds (lbs) Tools

- scale

- balance

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Limits of MeasurementsLimits of Measurements Precision

- is a gauge of how exact a measurement is

ex.

Accuracy

- is the closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured

ex. 47

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Scientific NotationScientific Notation- also referred to as exponential notation

- used to express numbers that are very very large or very very small

- way to write numbers concisely

- used in a computation with far greater ease

- used in scientific fields

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Scientific Notation Cont.Scientific Notation Cont. General format

- N x 10X

- N = any number (except 0) between 1 and 10

- X = exponent of 10

Two Components

- Decimal: 2.16 x 102

- Exponent: 2.16 x 102

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Scientific Notation Cont.Scientific Notation Cont. Numbers that are greater than 10

- Locate the decimal, move it so there is only one non-zero number to its left

- Resulting placement of the decimal will produce N

- Count the number of places that you had to move the decimal

- Multiply the two parts together, number of positions will equal x

ex. 27,000 L = 2.7 x 104 L 51

Scientific Notation Cont.Scientific Notation Cont. Numbers less than 10

- Locate the decimal, move it so that there is only one non-zero decimal to its left

- The resulting placement of the decimal will produce N

- Count the number of places that you had to move the decimal

- Multiple the two parts together, the number of positions will equal -x

ex. 0.0000056 m = 5.6 x 10-6 m52

Scientific Notation Problems Scientific Notation Problems Problems

- 800 000 000 m

- 0.0015 kg

- 60 200 L

- 4.5 x 103 g

- 6.05 x 10-3 m

- 1.99 x 10-8 cm

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Scientific Notation (+,-)Scientific Notation (+,-) Addition and Subtraction

exponents must be the same in order to calculate- If they are the same add the decimal part

(numbers) use the same exponent (10x)

ex. 5.2 x 107 - 3.9 x 107

5.2 x 107 - 3.9 x 107 = 1.3 x 107

- if they are different move the decimal until they match, then solve

ex. 4.5 x 106 + 3.9 x 108

0.045 x 108 + 3.9 x 108 = 3.9 x 108 54

Scientific Notation (+,-) ProblemsScientific Notation (+,-) Problems

6.7 x 1012 + 7.8 x 1012 =

3.7 x 108 + 2.1 x 105 =

7.25 x 105 - 2.2 x 105 =

1.4 x 106 - 3.9 x 10-2 =

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Scientific Notation Cont.Scientific Notation Cont. Multiplying

- Add the powers of 10

ex. 4.5 x 1012 m x 3.5 x 108 m = 15.75 x 1020 m

1.6 x 1021 m

Dividing

- Subtract the powers of 10

ex. 4.6 x 1012 m/3.0 x 108 m = 1.5 x 104 m56

Scientific Notation Problems (x,/)Scientific Notation Problems (x,/) Multiplying

(3.1 x 102 cm) x (1.22 x 104 cm)

(2.99 x 105 km) x (6.88 x 102 km)

Dividing

(5.75 x 10-5 m) / (9.9 x 10-2 m)

(7.83 x 104 km) / (3 s) 57

Significant FiguresSignificant Figures Sig Figs are the digits in a number that carry

meaning contributing to its precision. A calculation can only be as precise as it’s LEAST

precise measurement. Significant Figures-

- all the digits that are known in a measurement, plus the last digit that is estimated

Necessary rules to ensure accuracy of measurement

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Temperature & EnergyTemperature & Energy Methods of measuring temperature

- touch- thermometers

3 Scales - Fahrenheit (0F)- Celsius (0C)- Kelvin (K)

Measuring temperature- physical property of substances- most objects expand when their temperature increases (principle of thermometers) 59

FahrenheitFahrenheit Used primarily in the US

- weather

- cookbooks Scale

- water freezes at 320F

- boils at 2120F

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CelsiusCelsius Used in most other countries

- Other countries such as Canada Scale

- water freezes at 00C

- boils at 1000C

*almost twice as large as a degree Fahrenheit

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KelvinKelvin Used primarily in science, SI unit Scale

- absolute zero

- temperature at which an object’s energy is minimal (lowest possible temperature)

- -273.150C

- unit of Kelvin is equal to a degree on the Celsius scale

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Conversion Between ScalesConversion Between Scales Celsius to Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit

- F = ((9/5 x 0C) + 32.00)) Problems

a. boiling point of hydrogen -252.870C

b. normal body temperature 370C

c. room temperature 22.20C

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Conversion Between ScalesConversion Between Scales Fahrenheit to Celsius

Celsius- C = ((5/9(0F – 32.00))

Problemsa. summer day in Phoenix 1100F

b. temperature of dry ice – 69.70F

c. highest recorder temperature on Earth 1360F

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Conversion Between ScalesConversion Between Scales Fahrenheit to Kelvin's

- 1st convert Fahrenheit to Celsius

- 2nd Celsius to Kelvin's Equations

- 0C = (5/9(0F - 32.00))

- K = 0C + 273

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Celsius to Kelvin's Conversions Celsius to Kelvin's Conversions Celsius to Kelvin's

K = C + 273 Problems

a. liquid hydrogen -269.00C

b. melting point of gold 10640C

c. normal temperature of the North Pole -40.00C

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1.3 Assessment1.3 Assessment

1. Why do scientists use scientific notation?

2. What system of units do scientists use for measurement?

3. How does the precision of measurements affect the precision of scientific calculations?

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1.4 Presenting Scientific Data1.4 Presenting Scientific Data Organize and analyze data using tables and graphs Identify the relationship between a manipulted

variable and a responding variable Explain the importance of communicating data Discuss the process of peer review

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Presenting Scientific DataPresenting Scientific Data Line Graphs

- Used to show continuous changes

- Consist of an x axis (independent), and a y axis (dependent)

Bar Graphs

- Used to compare data for several individual items or events

Pie Charts

- Used to display data that are parts of a whole

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Data TablesData Tables Relate the manipulated and responding variables

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Line GraphsLine Graphs Show changes in related variables

Manipulated (Independent) variable is plotted on the x-axis.

Responding (Dependent) variable is plotted on the y-axis.

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Bar GraphsBar Graphs Often used to compare a set of measurements,

amounts, or changes.

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Circle GraphsCircle Graphs Show how part relates to the whole Entire circle represents 100%, and slices represent

percentages that make up the 100%

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Communicating DataCommunicating Data Writing in Scientific Journals Attending scientific conferences in their field Peer Review – peers review data because different

scientists may interpret data differently

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1.4 Assessment1.4 Assessment

1. How do scientists organize data?

2. How can scientists communicate experimental data?

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