funded by: derbyshire arts development group participation in the arts and well-being: barriers and...
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Funded by: Derbyshire Arts Development Group
Participation in the Arts and Well-Being:
Barriers and Benefits
Glenn A. Williams, Alan Humberstone & Tim Harris
British Psychological Society Annual Conference
14-16 April 2010
2
Taking Part in the Arts: Headlines
3
Benefits From the Arts: Three Components
•Intrinsic benefits
•Extrinsic benefits
•No benefits at all
4
Barriers to Participating in the Arts
6 groups:
• Time-conscious
• Non-motivated
• Arts resistant
• Uninformed
• Isolated
• No barriers
5
Context
•National Indicator 11 – Engagement in the arts
– Defined as “% of adult (16 years or over) engaged (attended or participated at least 3 times in last 12 months”
– National average = 45%– London = 49.4% (Sport England’s Active People Survey
2009)– Derbyshire estimate = 39.4% - 43.6%– Rest of East Midlands = 42.4% - 50.2%
•DCMS (2008) Taking Part:
– Engagement at least once in last 12 months– 65% in East Midlands– 17 different arts activities measured
6
Other Research into Arts Engagement
•Highly Engaged
– Urban Arts Eclectic– Traditional Culture Vulture
•Some Engagement
– Fun, Fashion & Friends– Mature Explorers– Dinner and a show– Family & community
focused– Bedroom DJs– Mid-life hobbyists– Retired arts and crafts
•Not currently engaged:
– Time-poor dreamers– Quiet pint with the match– Older and home-bound
Arts Council England (2008) Arts Audiences: Insight
7
Methods: Sampling
•Citizens Panel (May-August 2008) in Derbyshire
•Eight districts 4,327 out of 8,000 (54% response rate)
•Response rate 39% - 65% by district
•Approx 50/50 split by sex (49.9% female)
•Mainly White British (97.9%)
•Age split roughly even:
=<44 years (30.5%)45-59 years (34.2%)60 + years (34.9%)
http://www.maps-of-britain.co.uk/map-of-derbyshire.htm
8
Methods: Measures
•Arts engagement: Same 17 items as DCMS Taking Part arts activities (e.g. Theatre; art; craft; classical music) and added ‘Film’ as well
•Barriers to taking part: 17 items (e.g. ‘not really interested’, ‘wouldn’t enjoy it’) yes/no response scoring
•Perceptions of the arts (including benefits): 17 items (e.g. ‘It makes me feel good’, ‘arts events are not inclusive enough’): scored with 5-point Likert scale responses
9
Arts Events: Most and Least Popular for Interest
Most Popular by Ranking Districts
1st: Theatre (e.g. plays or drama)
5 out of 8
1st: Film 3 out of 8
2nd: Other Theatre (e.g. musicals, pantomimes)
5 out of 8
Least Popular by Ranking Districts
Culturally specific festivals (e.g. Mela, Bhaisakhi, Navatri)
6 out of 8
Video/electronic arts events 1 out of 8
Exhibition of art, photography, sculpture
1 out of 8
10
Arts Events: Most and Least Popular for Taking Part
•Similar trends for events rating highly in popular participation:
– Theatre performances (plays, dramas)– Other Theatre performances (pantomime,
musicals)– Film (2nd most popular in 2 districts, joint most
popular in 1 district)
•Events that were the least popular in participation
– Culture events (5 out of 8 districts)– Exhibition of art, photography, sculpture (1 district)– Video/electronic arts events (3 districts)
11
Frequency of Participation
Frequency No. (%)
At least once a week 104 (2.4%)
At least once a month 406 (9.4%)
Three to four times a year 1,081 (25.0%)
One or two times a year 1,131 (26.1%)
More than a year ago 571 (13.2%)
Never 667 (15.4%)
Don’t know 176 (4.1%)
Missing response 191 (4.4%)
TOTAL 4,327 (100%)
12
Perceptions of the Arts: Benefits
•Factor analysis:
– Maximum Likelihood factor extraction– Kaiser’s criterion– Orthogonal factor rotation
Factor Total % of variance Cum. % of variance
1 6.87 40.39 40.39
2 2.07 12.17 52.56
3 1.17 6.88 59.45
13
Factor 1: Intrinsic benefits (loadings)
• It makes me feel good (.81)
•Arts events are a good thing (.75)
•Many arts events are entertaining (.72)
• It broadens my horizons (.71)
• Intellectual stimulation (.71)
•Productive use of my time (.70)
• It gives me a sense of wonder and awe (.70)
•Time seems to pass by more quickly (.67)
14
Factor 2: Extrinsic benefits (loadings)
•Working as a group (.82)
•Physical health (.78)
•A sense of personal identity (.68)
•Makes my community have a stronger group identity (.67)
•Like meeting new people (.66)
•Like being with those with whom I have a lot in common (.61)
15
Factor 3: Lack of benefits (loadings)
•Many arts events are not inclusive enough (.75)
•Most arts events are difficult to understand (.71)
• In general arts events do not provide good VFM (.70)
http://makingmore.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/if-more-was-a-picture/
16
Barriers to Arts Participation
•Latent Class Analysis used
•Analysed with MPlus 4 (Muthén & Muthén, 1998-2006)
•2 17 possible (yes/no) response patterns
•654 response patterns obtained
•Most common response patterns:
– ‘Nothing stops me’ ONLY– ‘No’ to all reasons– ‘Lack of time’ ONLY– ‘Lack of interest’ ONLY– ‘Lack time’ AND ‘too costly’
17
Deciding on number of classes
Model LRX2 (d.f) p AIC BIC SSABIC LRT Entropy
2 3599.39 (262040) 1.00
46433.15 46681.67 46557.75 2111.90 (0.00)
0.64
3 2942.01 (262023) 1.00
45786.64 46162.61 45975.13 682.44 (0.00)
0.63
4 2538.01 (262005) 1.00
45405.09 45908.51 45657.48 419.04 (0.00)
0.70
5 2432.92 (262003) 1.00
45069.09 45699.95 45385.37 373.20 (0.04)
0.68
6 2186.01 (261986) 1.00
44805.83 45564.14 45186.01 301.46 (0.00)
0.71
7 2045.14 (261968) 1.00
44681.17 45566.93 45125.25 164.04 (0.14)
0.71
18
Profile of latent classes
Class 1: Arts resistant Probability of saying ‘yes’
Not really interested 70%
Don’t really know enough about it 50%
It’s difficult to find the time 45%
Never occurred to me 40%
I wouldn’t enjoy it 30%
Class 2: Time conscious
It’s difficult to find the time 77%
Class 3: Uninformed
Not enough information on what is available
93%
Not enough notice about the event
65%
19
Profile of latent classes continued
Class 4: Geographically and financially isolated
Probability of saying ‘yes’
It costs too much 60%
Lack of transport 55%
Not close enough 40%
Don’t have anyone to go with 20%
Class 5: Non-motivated
Not really interested 35%
Class 6: No barriers
Nothing stops me from attending 100%
20
Sex differences: Benefits & barriers
•Benefits:
– Females significantly higher levels of intrinsic and extrinsic benefits of arts participation
– Males significantly higher levels of lack of perceived benefits
•Barriers:
– Females more likely to be in the ‘time conscious’, ‘geographically & financially isolated’ and ‘non-motivated’ classes
– Males more likely to be in the ‘arts resistant’, ‘uninformed’ and ‘no barriers’ classes
21
Age group differences: Benefits & barriers
•Benefits:
– No significant age differences
•Barriers:
– Aged 60+ years: Less likely to be in the ‘arts resistant’ class and more likely to be in the ‘no barriers’ class
– Aged 60-64 and 65-74 years: More likely to be in the ‘time conscious’ class
– Aged 25-44 years: More likely to be in ‘arts resistant’, ‘geographically and financially isolated’ and ‘non-motivated’ classes
22
Discussion & Where Next?
•Representative sample, non-biased sampling, large scale compared to other similar studies
•Understands the psychology behind participation and non-participation in the arts
•Can complement Arts Council England’s segmentation approach
•Currently being used to target interventions as follow-up Arts Audience Development projects in the area (by Cultivate East Midlands):
– ‘On your doorstep’– ‘Little Treasures’– ‘Audiences of the Future’
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