fractures

Skeletal system is the system of bones, associated cartilages and joints of human body

Skeleton can be defined as the hard framework of human body around which the entire body is built

BONES CARTILAGE

Bone is a tough and rigid form of connective tissue. It is the weight bearing organ of human body and it is responsible for almost all strength of human skeleton. For more details visit: Basic anatomy article; “Bone“.

Cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bone. The main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor

JOINTS

Joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeleton mobile.

occurs between “two or more bones”, “bone and cartilage” and “cartilage and cartilage”

AXIAL SKELETONAPPENDICULAR SKELETON

Axial skeleton forms the axis of human body. It consists of Skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage.

It is the skeleton of appendages of human body. It consists of Shoulder girdle, Skeleton of upper limb, Pelvic girdle and Skeleton of lower limb.

Skull: Skull is that part of human skeleton that forms the bony framework of the head. It consists of 22 different bones that are divided into two groups: bones of cranium and bones of face

Vertebral Column: It is a flexible column of vertebrae, connecting the trunk of human body to the skull and appendages. It is composed of 33 vertebrae which are divided into 5 regions: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal

Rib Cage: It is a bony cage enclosing vital human organs formed by the sternum and ribs. There are 12 pairs of ribs that are divided into three groups: True ribs, False ribs, and Floating ribs

Shoulder Girdle: It attaches the upper limb to body trunk and is formed by two bones: clavicle and scapula.

Clavicle is a modified long bone and is subcutaneous throughout its position. It is also known as the beauty bone.

Skeleton of Upper limb: The skeleton of each upper limb consists of 30 bones. These bones are: Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals (8), Metacarpals (5), Phalanges (14)

Pelvic Girdle: There are two pelvic girdles (one for each lower limb) but unlike the pectoral girdles, they are jointed with each other at symphysispubis. Each pelvic girdle is a single bone in adults and is made up of three components: Ileum, Ischium and Pubis.

Skeleton of Lower limb: The skeleton of each lower limb consists of 30 bones. These bones are; Femur, Tibia, Patella, Tarsals (7), Metatarsals (5), Phalanges (14)

SUPPORTSUPPORTS AND

ANCHORS ALL SOFT ORGANS

PROTECTIONPROTECT SOFT BODY

ORGANS

The fused bones of the skull covers the brain

• MOVEMENT SKELETAL MUSCLES

ATTACHED TO BONES BY TENDONS,, USE THE BONES AS LEVER TO MOVE THE BODY AND ITS PARTS

• STORAGE

COMPACT BONE

Dense and looks smooth and homogenous

SPONGY BONE

Composed of small needle like pieces of bone and lots of open space

LONG BONES Typically longer

than they are wide The have a shaft

with heads at both ends

All the bones oofthe limbs except the wrist and ankle bones are long bones

SHORT BONES Cubed-shape and

contain mostly spongy bone

Wrist and ankle Patella

FLAT BONES

Thin, flattened usually curved

Skull

Ribs

sternum

IRREGULAR BONES

Bones that do not fit other categories

Vertebrae

Hip bones

It is the (local) separation

of an object or material

into two, or more, pieces

under the action

of stress.

Bone fracture, broken bone, bone crack all mean he same thing. The bone has been damaged such that. None of these terms indicate the severity of the bone damage.

Bones are the body's storage place for calcium. Under hormone control, calcium content of bone is constantly increasing or decreasing.

Bones break when they cannot withstand a force or trauma applied to them. Sometimes the bones are so weak that force may be just gravity, like compression fractures of the back in the elderly.

Fracture descriptions help explain how the breakage appears. For examples, whether or not the fragments are aligned (displaced fracture) and whether or not there is skin overlying the injury is damaged (compound fracture).

Fractures may be complicated by damage to nearby blood vessels, nerves and muscles and joints.

Children's fractures may be more difficult to diagnose because their bones lack enough calcium to be seen on X-ray and because growth plates in the bones may disguise or hide the fracture.

THE BONE CANNOT WITHSTAND THE FORCE

Fractures can occur because of direct blows, twisting injuries, or falls

The nerve endings that surround bones contain pain fiber. These fibersmay become irritated when the bone is broken or bruised.

.

The type of forces or trauma applied to the bone may determine what type of injury that occurs. Some fractures occur without any obvious trauma due toosteoporosis, the loss of calcium in bone (for example a compression fracture of the vertebrae of the back).

Broken bones bleed, and the blood and associated swelling (edema) causes pain.

Muscles that surround the injured area may go into spasm when they try to hold the broken bone fragments in place, and these spasms may cause further pain

A bone fracture can be the result of

high force impact or stress

a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis,

bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture

Complete fracture: A fracture in which bone fragments separate completely.

Incomplete fracture: A fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined. In such cases, there is a crack in the osseous tissue that does not completely traverse the width of the bone.[1]

Linear fracture: A fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis.

Transverse fracture: A fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis.

Oblique fracture: A fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis.

Spiral fracture: A fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted.

Comminuted fracture: A fracture in which the bone has broken into a number of pieces.

Impacted fracture: A fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other.

Severe pain

Difficulty in movement

Swelling/ bruising / bleeding

Deformity / abnormal twist of limb

Tenderness on applying pressure

Control bleeding before treatment

Rinse and dress the wound

Check the breathing

calm the person

Examine for other injuriesImmobilize the broken wound

Apply ice to reduce pain / swelling

Consult a doctor

R

I

C

E

S

Massage the affected area

Straighten the broken bone

Move without support to broken bone

Move joints above / below the fracture

Give oral liquids / food

The person is unresponsive, isn't breathing or isn't moving. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if there's no respiration or heartbeat.

There is heavy bleeding.

Even gentle pressure or movement causes pain.

The limb or joint appears deformed.

The bone has pierced the skin.

The bone has pierced the skin.

The extremity of the injured arm or leg, such as a toe or finger, is numb or bluish at the tip.

You suspect a bone is broken in the neck, head or back.

You suspect a bone is broken in the hip, pelvis or upper leg (for example, the leg and foot turn outward abnormally).