foundations of cognitive psychology part 2 – history of cognitive psychology
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Foundations of Cognitive Psychology
Part 2 – History of Cognitive Psychology
Contributors to the History of Psychology
Early Studies of Mental Processes
• Relating Physical Stimuli and Psychological Phenomena - mental processes that underlie intelligent behavior are unobservable
• Pythagoras (584-495 BC) - Greek mathematician – String plucking
Early Philosophical Views on the Mind
• How do people acquire knowledge and how do they maintain it over time?
• Socrates (469-399 BC) • Plato (427-347 BC) • Aristotle (384-322 BC)
British Empiricists and Associationists
• knowledge is gained through experience with the world and that experiences with the world are stored in the mind as associations.
• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
• John Locke (1623-1704)
• James Mill (1773-1836)
• John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
PSYCHOPHYSICS
• Study of the relationship between the physical properties of a stimulus and properties taken on when the stimulus is filtered through subjective experience
• Early studies of the nervous system and development of psychophysics– Johannes Mueller (1801-1858) – Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878) – Gustav Fechner (1801-1878)– Paul Broca (1824-1880) – Carl Wernicke (1848-1904)– Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)
Structuralism
• The primary goal of psychology is to specify conscious experience through introspection
• Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)• Edward Titchener (1867-
1927)
Functionalism
• Interested in the study of the functions of the mind; emphasis on cause and effect, prediction and control, and observation of environment and behavior
• William James (1842-1910)• James Rowland Angell (1869–
1949)
Gestalt Psychology
• Emphasis on the importance of whole patterns in perception rather than perception of individual parts (the whole is different from the sum of its parts.)
• Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
• Kurt Koffka (1886-1941)• Wolfgang Kohler (1887-
1967)
Behaviorism
• Stressed studying observable events rather than unobservable mental processes; learning consists of developing associations between stimuli and responses
• Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)
• John B. Watson (1878-1958)
• Clark Hull (1884-1952)
• Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959)
• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
History of Cognitive Psychology – Love/Hate Relationships
Cognitive Psychologists and Studies
• Early memory studies– Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
– Sir Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969)
– George A. Miller (1920-)
• Metaphors of Cognition and Brain Structure– Information-processing model - Lachman,
Lachman, and Butterfield (1979)
– Connectionism – McClelland & Rumelhart, 1985; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986)
• Cognitive Science• Cognitive Neuroscience
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