food, anti-social behavior and cognition studies marie-laure prevost – erasmushogeschool brussel...
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Food, anti-social behavior and cognition
Studies
Marie-Laure Prevost – Erasmushogeschool Brusselml.prevost@skynet.be
Hyperactive, impulsive child -> adult offender?
• Problems of hyperactivity, impulsivity, attention or conduct in childhood are risk factors for becoming a chronic offender as an adult (Lynam, 1996).
• Prospective study followed up adolescents for up to 23 years (Satterfield and Schell, 1997)– Those displaying hyperactive symptoms and conduct
disorder in childhood were significantly more likely to:• have been arrested as both juveniles (46% vs. 11%) and
adults (21% vs. 1%) • and were more likely to have been incarcerated
Food and behavior
Studies:• Vitamine, mineral and essential fatty acid deficiency• Essential fatty acid defiency• High Sugar intake, High Glycaemic Index, High
Glycaemic Load• Foodintolerance
Vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids DEFIENCY
Vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids DEFIENCY
• Study anti-social behavior in imprisoned juveniles (Schoentaler et al., 1997)– Diagnosis ‘aggressive’: DMS-III criteria– Vitamine, mineral and essential fatty acid
supplementation– Results supplements: over 3 months the incidence
of violence was 28% less in those who received the supplements than the placebo group.• 131 violent acts before taking the supplements, 11
violent acts after taking the supplements.
Vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids DEFIENCY
• Study Gesch et al. (2002): – Results supplements: Reduction of 37% in serious
offences amongst the young offenders who received dietary supplements (fewer disciplinary accidents).
Vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids DEFIENCY
• Schoolchildren study (Schoenthaler and Bier, 2000)– Schoolchildren who had been disciplined at least
once in the 8-month period prior to the study– 4 month intervention– Results supplements: those with active tablets
were disciplined on average once, significantly less than the average of 1.9 times of those taking the placebo.
Vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids DEFIENCY
• Case studies (Kaplan et al., 2004)– 11 children with mood and behavioral problems
showed a positive response to supplementation.
Essential fatty acids DEFIENCY
Essential fatty acids DEFIENCY
• The brain is a very fatty organ with 60% of lipids on dry material (25% DHA/omega 3)
• Make the cell membranes of neurons fluid => communication with other cells is good.
Essential fatty acids DEFIENCY
• Study Stevens et al. (1996):– A greater number of behavioral problems and
temper tantrums were reported in boys with lower blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids.
• Study Burgess et al. (2004, 2005):– With children with ADHD, those with lower levels
of omega-3 had more problems with behavior, temper, learning, health and sleep.
Essential fatty acids DEFIENCY
• Study (Richardson and Puri, 2002, Richardson and Montgomery, 2005):– PUFA supplementation for children with ADHD:
give a positive response for dyslexia, reading, developmental coordination disorder.
High Sugar intakeHigh Glycaemic Index (GI) High Glycaemic Load (GL)
High sugar intake
• Study Bahr et al. (1984):– After overnight fast, boys receive a lemon-flavored
drink (13 teaspoons of sugar or artificial sweetener).
– Results: no effect on cognitive behavior, but the boys were less active 3h after consuming sucrose
• Study Benton (2002):– Poorer mood resulted several hours after eating
meals high in carbohydrate
Blood glucose and aggression
• Study Qolla Indians in Peru, “perhaps the meanest and unlikeable people on earth” (Bolton, 1973)– Many acts of violence seemed irrational +
displayed a strong craving for sugar + insatiable hunger.
– In those ranked as the most aggressive by the members of the community, there was a tendency for glucose to fall to low values.
Blood glucose and aggression
• Study Donahoe and Benton (1999):– Results: with young healthy adult females low
blood glucose levels is correlated with measures of aggressiveness.
Emotional rollercoaster
The Food and Mood handbook
Balanced blood sugar
High GI
• Glycaemic index: a measure of the rate at which it increases and maintains blood glucose levels. – Shortly after intake of a high GI food there is a
relatively rapid rise in blood glucose levels followed by a rapid decrease.
– Whereas after the intake of a low GI food there is a smaller rise in blood glucose followed by a more stable blood glucose concentration.
High GI
• A low GI meal provides a more constant level of blood glucose compared with the fluctuating glycaemic response to high GI breakfast
Breakfast and GI
• Eating breakfast influences both behavior and cognition in school (Pollitt and Mathews, 1998).
• Choose the right breakfast• Breakfast with a low glycaemic load is associated
with (Benton et al. (2007)):– Better memory– Sustained attention– Spent more time on task in the classroom– Fewer signs of frustration when performing difficult
tasks.
Breakfast and GI
• Study Mahoney et al. (2005):– Results: children had better spatial memory and
better auditory attention and girls exhibited better short-term memory, after consuming oatmeal.
– Oatmeal would provide slower and more sustained energy than the low-fiber high GL ready-to-eat breakfast cereal.
Breakfast and GI
• Study Jeanet Ingwersen (2007):– 64 children, age 6-11, England, 36 boys, 38 girls– High GI breakfast: 35 g Coco Pops + 125 ml skimmed
milk, Low GI breakfast: 25 g All Bran + 125 ml skimmed milk
– Testing: baseline (9.00), breakfast (9.30), test (9.40, 10.40, 11.40)
– Results: less decline of performance:• Ability to sustain attention and secondary memory (ability to
store, hold and retrieve information)• A smaller decline in cognitive performance in late morning
following consumption of the low GI breakfast than a high GI breakfast.
Other meals and GI
• The addition of fiber to slow the release of glucose has been reported to benefit memory (Nabb and Benton, 2006b).
• Post-lunch dip occurs even if no lunch has been eaten but can be exacerbated by a high-carbohydrate lunch (Monk, 2005).
• Second meal effect:– An evening meal with a low GL will improve glucose profile
that results form eating breakfast (Wolever et al., 1988)– A low GL breakfast will improve glucose tolerance after
lunch (Liljeberg et al., 1999)
Foodintolerances and anti-social behavior
Foodintolerances and anti-social behavior
• Food intolerance sources:– Malabsorption due to intestinal enzyme
deficiencies.– Adverse reactions to naturally occurring chemicals
in food such as histamine and tyramine.– Toxins and poisons (natural or additives)– Psychological: food aversion
Food intolerance
• Food intolerance and ADHD meta-analysis– Elimination diets:
• Results: 60% of the children respond positively• Most common not tolerated foods:
– Tartrazine: artifical colourant, yellow, E102» flan, pasteibakkersroom, vanille pudding, pickels, mosterd,
snoep, japanse aperitief koekjes, oranje frisdrank, kant-en klare couscous –en paella
– Sodium benzoate: preservative, E211, » salad dressings, carbonic acid-carbonated drinks, citric acid-
jam, fruitjuice): not tolerated by 79% of the children– Others: cows milk (64%), chocolate (59%), grapes (49%), wheat
(49%), oranges (45%), cows cheese (40%), egg (39%)
Foodintolerances and anti-social behavior
Study D. Benton (2007):1. Evidence that some children with ADHD and related
diagnoses respond adversely to food.2. There are dozens of foods to which a reaction has
been demonstrated; among the more common are wheat, dairy products and chocolate.
3. The pattern of foods to which a response occurs varies from individual to individual.
4. Reactions are not observed in all members of groups chosen because they share a common behavioral designation such as ADHD.
Jamie’s School Dinners (DVD):• Episode 2: Liam and behavior– chap 2 (00:00-02:05), chap 5 (03:20-05:00)
• Episode 4: teachers and behavior– chap 4 (03:56-04:30)
Youtube:– ‘Fed up with children’s behavior’ (school Wales)– ‘Children walking test tubes – nasty food additives’
(school Wales)– ‘Impact of Healthy Food 1 and 2’ (Appleton school,
US)
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