following lives from birth and through the adult years evidence from the millennium cohort study...
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following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.ukfollowing lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study
Denise D. Hawkes
15th July 2008
Early Maternal Employment and Children’s Cognitive and Social
Development:
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Outline of Presentation
Research questions Data Model of early maternal employment Results of determinants of early maternal employment Model of child outcomes Results of child outcomes More on selection Conclusion
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Main Research Question Interested in the impact of early maternal employment on child
cognitive development
HOWEVER: Which mothers are employed? What are the characteristics of those who return to employment? Are these different from those who do not return to employment? Do these differences explain the difference in child outcomes
observed?
Therefore this paper will consider firstly the determinants of maternal employment and then taking these determinants into account the impact of early maternal employment on child cognitive and behavioural development
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The impact of government policy
One of the possible determinants of early maternal employment especially in the early months of life is government policies such as: Maternity Leave/Paternity Leave Child care provision Flexible working agreements/Parent friendly practices
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UK Policy Context Statuary Maternity Leave
First 4 months statutory maternity pay and an additional 3 months unpaid job protected leave for mothers who have completed one year full service.
Statuary Paternity Leave 2 weeks paid leave
Sure Start government programme aimed at bring together, early
education, childcare, health and family support through their children’s centres which are mainly located in disadvantaged areas in England
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What do this policy context suggest?
In UK those in employment before the birth of their child are likely to return to employment 4-7 months after the birth of their child There maybe interesting differences with the UK as only
England has Sure Start Also the determinates of being in employment prior to
birth are also likely to be important
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Millennium Cohort Study The MCS is a nationally-representative sample of
18,818 babies within 18,552 families The cohort members were born in the UK between
September 2000 and January 2002 and were living in selected UK wards at age 9 months
The sample was drawn to over-represent those who live in areas of high child poverty, areas of high concentrations of ethnic minorities and the Celtic countries of the UK
The first sweep was undertaken when the cohort members were 9 months old, the second when they were 3 years old
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MCS Descriptive Statistics – Month of employment
For Natural Mothers MCS
0-3 months 6%
4-5 months 24%
6-9 months 19%
Not by 9 months 51%
Observations 18389
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MCS Descriptive Statistics – Month of employment by education levelFor Natural Mothers
No qualifications
Up to A-Levels Degree plus
0-3 months 6% 15% 12%
4-5 months 8% 23% 33%
6-9 months 7% 11% 19%
Not by 9 months
79% 51% 36%
Observations 1737 7651 4591
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Determinants of early maternal employment model
whereemp is a dummy for whether the mother has returned to work by the time the cohort child is 9 monthschild is a selection of child characteristics‘ for example being the first born childmother is a selection of mother characteristics’ for example their level of educationfamilyregion is a selection of family characteristics’ for example if they live in owner occupied accommodation and a set of regional dummies
1 2 3emp = α + β child + β mother + β familyregion+ ε
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Child Characteristics’
MCS
Child Characteristics’
First Birth 1.157
(1.044 - 1.256)**
Multiple Birth 0.558
(0.378 - 0.824)**
Low Birth Weight 0.809
(0.661 - 0.990)*
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Mother Characteristics’
Most likely to enter employment by 9 months if: MCS
between 20-34 years old at the time of birth hold qualifications black ethnic group, not Pakistani or Bangladeshi AND if employed one year prior to birth of the cohort child
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Family Characteristics’ MCS
Partnership status: reference married
Single 0.514
(0.438 - 0.603)**
Cohabiting 1.028
(0.921 - 1.147)
Number of other children in the household 0.924
(0.863 - 0.989)*
Other adults excluding parents in household 1.405
(1.196 - 1.651)**
Owner occupied housing 1.630
(1.445 - 1.839)**
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Region
MCS London mothers are the least likely to enter
employment by nine months Mothers in the West Midlands and Yorkshire &
Humberside are the most likely to enter employment by nine months
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Early employment and developmental measures at 9 months for MCS
Those who have return to part time or full time employment relative to those who have not worked in the first 9 months of their child’s life report significantly: more likely their children sleep through the night more likely their children can sit up more likely to be able to pass things from hand to hand less likely to nod
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Child outcomes & maternal employment
wherechildout is the standardised BAS, Bracken or SDQ score at 3 years oldemp is a two dummies for whether the mother has returned to work full time/part time by the time the cohort child is 9 monthschild is a selection of child characteristics‘ for example being the first born childmother is a selection of mother characteristics’ for example their level of educationfamilyregion is a selection of family characteristics’ for example if they live in owner occupied accommodation and a set of regional dummies
21 3 4childout = α + β emp+ child + β mother + β familyregion+ ε
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BASJust considering
employmentControlling for all
selection variables
Reference: no employment by 9 months
0-3 months 0.16
(0.03)***
-0.03
(0.03)
4-6 months 0.27
(0.03)***
-0.02
(0.03)
7-9 months 0.30
(0.03)***
-0.01
(0.03)
Observations 11505 11505
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BAS continued
Just working variables working returning to employment in the first nine months of life is significantly positive
Moderated by the inclusion of child characteristics, although they remain significantly positive largest and most significant covariates are first born,
breastfeed and birth weight Including mother’s characteristics, become insignificant
biggest and most important effect from maternal education, more education higher scores for children
Including family and area characteristics, all remain insignificant
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BAS continued part 2
Heckman selection model Subgroups:
no education, just working variables significantly positive for returning after 4 months, with all variables all insignificant
basic education, just working variables all significantly positive, with all variables all insignificant
higher education, just working variables only significantly positive between 7 and 9 months, with all variables all insignificant
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Bracken
Just considering employment
Controlling for all selection variables
Reference: no employment by 9 months
0-3 months 0.13
(0.02)***
-0.05
(0.03)
4-6 months 0.26
(0.03)***
-0.06
(0.03)**
7-9 months 0.34
(0.04)***
-0.03
(0.03)
Observations 10980 10980
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SDQ
Just considering employment
Controlling for all selection variables
Reference: no employment by 9 months
0-3 months -0.12
(0.03)***
0.04
(0.03)
4-6 months -0.23
(0.02)***
0.04
(0.02)
7-9 months -0.25
(0.03)***
0.06
(0.03)
Observations 12050 12050
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Subgroup selection paths Employment positively linked:
no educational qualifications to not first born, not being Bangladeshi, being a home owner,
having a partner and prior employment GCSE and A-Levels
not being a multiple birth, not being Bangladeshi, being black, being a home owner, having an employed partner, not being a student and prior employment
University not being a multiple birth, being a home owner, having a
partner, not having an employed partner and prior employment
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Conclusion
Selection into the labour market after birth
Impact of selection when explaining the relationship between child outcomes and early maternal employment
Other things to consider
Link to other two papers
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