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Florida’s Class I Water Treatment Injection Wells
Joseph Haberfeld, P.G. UIC Program, FDEP January, 2013
Source: U.S. Geological Survey
Source: elmhurst.edu
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120
Municipal RO Blend Industrial Other Hazardous
Num
ber o
f Wel
ls
Class I Injection Wells - 2010
Number of Wells
176 Total Wells
22
108
1 3
26
16
Desalination Facilities in Florida (FDEP, 2009)
WTP/WWTP = Ο WTP = Δ
Blended WTP/WWTP
WTP Only
Class I Desalination Wells
Types of Water Treatment Plants using Injection
• Membrane – mostly Reverse Osmosis (RO)
• Lime Softening • Electrodialysis Reversal (1 plant) • Nanofiltration
Injection Well
g
Anhydrite
Base USDW
Injection Zone
Brackish Ground Water
Potable Ground Water
Sy
Injection Zone
Injection Zone
Peninsular Florida Tertiary Stratigraphy
RO Injection Wells in Sarasota County, Florida: The Early Years
W E
Venice Gardens Plantation Englewood
Avon Park Formation Injection Zone
1000
ft
SL
Albert Whitted WRF Generalized Pre-Injection (Background) Water Quality
Profile
Depth in Feet
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200 Concentration expressed in mg/L (CH2M HILL, March 1993)
TDS > 35,000
TDS 10,000 - 35,000
TDS 3,000 - 10,000
TDS < 3,000
East IW-2 MW-1 MW-2
MW-3 West IW-1 Hydrogeologic Unit
General Formation/ Lithologic
Surficial Sands
Peace River Formation
Tampa Member of Arcadia Formation
Aquitard Suwannee Limestone
Water Bearing Zone
Avon Park Formation
Aquitard
Injection Zone
Aquitard
Surficial Aquifer
Ocala Limestone
A
B
C
Upp
er Fl
orid
an A
quife
r H
awth
orn
Gro
up
Water Bearing Zone
Aquitard
Zone
Chemistry of Wastewater vs. Injection Zone Water
Municipal RO Injection Parameter Wastewater Concentrate Zone Chloride 100 mg/L 1500-6000 19,000 Sulfate 100 mg/L 1000-2000 2,000 Total Dissolved 500mg/L 3000-20,000 35,000 Solids pH 7 std units 7 7 Gross Alpha <15 pCi/L 20-300 >15 Total Nitrogen 20 mg/L 2-4 <2 Specific Gravity 1.000 g/cc 1.004-1.01 1.025
Operating Conditions of a WTP Injection Well in South Florida
Injection into “Boulder Zone”
Very high Transmissivity – >1 mgd/ft or 134,000 ft2/d
Volumes – Up to approximately 2 MGD
Very low wellhead pressure - < 20 psi; can be < 5 psi
WTP concentrate may be combined with WWTP effluent
Increased volumes and injection pressures
One to two wells per site
TYPES OF TUBING MATERIAL
MILD STEEL
EPOXY-COATED STEEL
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS)
FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP)
DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL
Source: Future Pipe Industries
Factors Affecting Corrosion of Tubing and Packers
Salinity of Injectate
Tubing Material
Packer Material
Packer Design
Dissolved Oxygen in Injectate
Injection Rates
TYPES OF PACKERS
MECHANICALLY SET, CONVENTIONAL TYPE
(SUCH AS TIW) - removable “POSITIVE-SEAL” TYPE – non-removable
Positive Seal Packer
HOW TO FIX AN ANNULAR LEAK
Hope it goes away
Tighten/repair all surface connections
Place seal (bentonite, barite) on top of packer
Replace annular fluid with a special mixture to seal leak
Replace tubing and/or packer, refill annulus with fluid
Completely cement annular space
Cemented Tubing
Cemented Annulus
Cemented Final Casing
Tubing
Packer
Casing Cemented Intermediate
Injection Zone
Base USDW
Alternative Design, Older Well Double-Cased To Injection Zone
Another cemented casing (non-steel)
Casing
(steel)
Cemented
Cemented casing (steel)
Injection Zone
Required Monitoring at Class I WTP Sites: Field Temperature (deg. C)
pH (std. units) Specific Conductance (µmhos/cm)
Chloride (mg/L) Sulfate (mg/L)
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) Sodium (mg/L) Calcium (mg/L) Potassium (mg/L)
Magnesium (mg/L) Bicarbonate (mg/L) Iron (mg/L)
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L) Gross Alpha (pCi/L) Radium 226 (pCi/L) Radium 228 (pCi/L)
Vertical Fluid Monitoring
Depth in Feet
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200 Concentration expressed in mg/L (CH2M HILL, March 1993)
TDS > 35,000
TDS 10,000 - 35,000
TDS 3,000 - 10,000
TDS < 3,000
East IW-2 MW-1 MW-2
MW-3 West IW-1 Hydrogeologic Unit
General Formation/ Lithologic
Surficial Sands
Peace River Formation
Tampa Member of Arcadia Formation
Aquitard Suwannee Limestone
Water Bearing Zone
Avon Park Formation
Aquitard
Injection Zone
Aquitard
Surficial Aquifer
Ocala Limestone
A
B
C
Upp
er Fl
orid
an A
quife
r H
awth
orn
Gro
up
Water Bearing Zone
Aquitard
Zone
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
7/1/1997 7/1/1998 7/1/1999 7/1/2000 7/1/2001 7/1/2002 7/1/2003 7/1/2004 7/1/2005 7/1/2006 7/1/2007 7/1/2008
North Miami Dade Mon Well FA2N Zone B TDS
Series1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
7/1/1997 7/1/1998 7/1/1999 7/1/2000 7/1/2001 7/1/2002 7/1/2003 7/1/2004 7/1/2005 7/1/2006 7/1/2007 7/1/2008
North Miami Dade Mon Well FA2 Zone B TKN
Series1
Contact Information
Joe Haberfeld
Florida Department of Environmental Protection
2600 Blair Stone Road, MS 3530
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
Phone: 850-245-8655
Email: joe.haberfeld@dep.state.fl.us
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