five components of computers input output memory control datapath processor

Computer Architecture CSE 3322Lecture 24

Homework Due May 5: 5.8.4(a), 5.11.1I/O 1. I/O 2, ( see Handout / Web Site

Five Components of Computers

Input

Output

MemoryControl

Datapath

Processor

Input / Output Technology

• Human input interface Data Rate (Mbit/sec)*• Keyboard 0.0001• Mouse 0.0038• Speech 0.2640

* I/O data rates are usually given in base 10K = 1,000 and M = 1,000,000

instead of base 2 like memory and some transfer rates K = 1,024 and M = 1,024 x 1,024

•Human output interface Data Rate (Mbits/sec)• Printer

• Image: laser printer, ink jet printer 3.2

• Audio• sounds, music, speech 8.0

• Display• High Resolution Color Graphics Display 800-8000

Input / Output Technology

Input / Output Technology

• Data Storage Data Rate ( Mbits/sec)• Optical Disks 80-220• Magnetic Tapes 5-120• Hard Disks 800-3000

Input / Output Technology

• Communications Data Rate ( Mbits/sec)• Modem 0.128-6.0• Network / LAN 100-10,000

Input / Output Technology

• Extremely Diverse• Response times• Data rates• Size of blocks of data

Input / Output Technology

• Extremely Diverse• Response times• Data rates• Size of blocks of data

• Requires Flexibility of Configuration• Unknown I/O may be added• Requires expandability

Input / Output Technology

• Extremely Diverse• Response times• Data rates• Size of blocks of data

• Requires Flexibility of Configuration• Unknown I/O may be added• Requires expandability

• Most Require Critical Timing• Sustain data rates• Acceptable response time

How can we connect I/O to the computer ?

How can we connect I/O to the computer ?

Dedicated Register ( I/O port) for each device

I/O Register

How can we connect I/O to the computer ?

Dedicated Register ( I/O port) for each device

I/O Register

Special instructions to transfer data in and out of the register

How can we connect I/O to the computer ?

Dedicated Register ( I/O port) for each device

I/O Register

Special instructions to transfer data in and out of the register

I/O device transfers data in and outof the register

How can we connect I/O to the computer ?

Dedicated Register ( I/O port) for each device

I/O Register

Special instructions to transfer data in and out of the register

I/O device transfers data in and outof the register

Need control protocol and some control means

How can we connect I/O to the computer ?

A Bus - A shared communication link

How can we connect I/O to the computer ?

A Bus - A shared communication link

ExamplesRegister File BusMemory Bus

How can we connect I/O to the computer ?

A Bus - A shared communication link

ExamplesRegister File BusMemory Bus

• Shared Data and Address and Control lines ( wires)by many I/O controllers/devices

How can we connect I/O to the computer ?

A Bus - A shared communication link

ExamplesRegister File BusMemory Bus

• Shared Data and Address and Control lines ( wires)by many I/O controllers/devices

• Expandability, Expandability, Expandability

How can we connect I/O to the computer ?

A Bus - A shared communication link

ExamplesRegister File BusMemory Bus

• Shared Data and Address and Control lines ( wires)by many I/O controllers/devices

• Expandability, Expandability, Expandability• Standard I/O bus interfaces enable third party

development

CPU/Memory

Control

Data

I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O 3

I/O bus

CPU/Memory

Control

Data

I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O 3

I/O bus

Typical bus transaction1. CPU initiates a transfer with a selected I/O using Control

CPU/Memory

Control

Data

I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O 3

I/O bus

Typical bus transaction1. CPU initiates a transfer with a selected I/O using Control2. The Address is sent using Data ( Multiplexed)

CPU/Memory

Control

Data

I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O 3

I/O bus

Typical bus transaction1. CPU initiates a transfer with a selected I/O using Control2. The Address is sent using Data ( Multiplexed)3. The data is sent / received using Data

CPU/Memory

Control

Data

I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O 3

I/O bus

Typical bus transaction1. CPU initiates a transfer with a selected I/O using Control2. The Address is sent using Data ( Multiplexed)3. The data is sent / received using Data

Control lines control the timing, starting and completion

Processor MemoryProcessor Memory bus

I/ODevice

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor- memory bus• I/O conforms to the memory controls

( Memory Mapped)

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor- memory bus• I/O conforms to the memory controls• Fastest bandwidth – Direct to CPU

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor- memory bus• I/O conforms to the memory controls• Fastest bandwidth – Direct to CPU• Very restricted length – few inches

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor- memory bus• I/O conforms to the memory controls• Fastest bandwidth – Direct to CPU• Very restricted length – few inches• Loading and noise are major problems

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor- memory bus• I/O conforms to the memory controls• Fastest bandwidth – Direct to CPU• Very restricted length – few inches• Loading and noise are major problems• Processor & Memory design specific

Processor MemoryProcessor-memory bus

I/ODevice

BusAdapter

I/ODevice

I/ODevice

Expansion bus

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor - memory bus2. Backplane bus or Expansion bus

• Plug in Device Controller Card

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor - memory bus2. Backplane bus or Expansion bus

• Plug in Device Controller Card• Standard Spec’s (PCI, PCMCIA)

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor - memory bus2. Backplane bus or Expansion bus

• Plug in Device Controller Card• Standard Spec’s (PCI, PCMCIA)• Bus adapter to processor - memory bus

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor - memory bus2. Backplane bus or Expansion bus

• Plug in Device Controller Card• Standard Spec’s (PCI, PCMCIA)• Bus adapter to processor - memory bus• Length of several inches

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor - memory bus2. Backplane bus or Expansion bus

• Plug in Device Controller Card• Standard Spec’s (PCI, PCMCIA)• Bus adapter to processor - memory bus• Length of several inches• Can be different clock rate

Processor MemoryProcessor-memory bus

I/ODevice

BusAdapter

I/ODevice

I/ODevice

BusAdapter

I/ODevice

I/ODevice

Expansion bus

I/O Bus

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor - memory bus2. Backplane bus or Expansion bus3. I/O bus

• Standard intelligent controller and interface

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor - memory bus2. Backplane bus or Expansion bus3. I/O bus

• Standard intelligent controller and interface• SCSI (parallel / serial) and USB ( serial)

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor - memory bus2. Backplane bus or Expansion bus3. I/O bus

• Standard intelligent controller and interface• SCSI (parallel / serial) and USB ( serial)• Simple low level interface

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor - memory bus2. Backplane bus or Expansion bus3. I/O bus

• Standard intelligent controller and interface• SCSI (parallel / serial) and USB ( serial)• Simple low level interface• Typically connects to Expansion bus

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor - memory bus2. Backplane bus or Expansion bus3. I/O bus

• Standard intelligent controller and interface• SCSI (parallel / serial) and USB ( serial)• Simple low level interface• Typically connects to Expansion bus• Length of several feet

Connecting to CPU / Memory

1. The processor - memory bus2. Backplane bus or Expansion bus3. I/O bus

• Standard intelligent controller and interface• SCSI (parallel / serial) and USB ( serial)• Simple low level interface• Typically connects to Expansion bus• Length of several feet• May enable stand-alone device to device transfers

Processor MemoryProcessor-memory bus

I/ODevice

BusAdapter

I/ODevice

I/ODevice

BusAdapter

I/ODevice

I/ODevice

Expansion bus

I/O Bus

I/O Bus ExamplesFirewire USB 2.0 PCI Express Serial ATA Serial

Attached SCSI

Intended use External External Internal Internal External

Devices per channel

63 127 1 1 4

Data width 4 2 2/lane 4 4

Peak bandwidth

50MB/s or 100MB/s

0.2MB/s, 1.5MB/s, or 60MB/s

250MB/s/lane1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16×, 32×

300MB/s 300MB/s

Hot pluggable

Yes Yes Depends Yes Yes

Max length 4.5m 5m 0.5m 1m 8m

Standard IEEE 1394 USB Implementers Forum

PCI-SIG SATA-IO INCITS TC T10

Typical x86 PC I/O System

VGA Controller