fire alarm systems chapter-8 smoke detector
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Chapter-8 Initiating Devices: Smoke Detectors
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Chapter-8
Initiating Devices: Smoke Detectors
Smoke detector Smoke-sensing fire detector fire alarm system smoke detector
Smoke d
etector
() (able to detect fire early)
() (allows emergency personnel to respond)
() ( life safety) () (highly reliable)
smokedetector ionization spot-type smoke detector photoelectric spot-type smoke detector liner beam-type smoke detector air-sampling smoke detector duct-typesmoke detector
- (smoke detector spacing with beams less than 0.1 H.)
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-() Smoke detector spacing with beamdepths greater than 0.1 H and spaced more than 0.4
H.
-() Smoke detector spacing with beamdepths greater than 0.1 H and spaced less
than 0.4 H.
- (smoke) (stratification)
-Air sampling detector smoke detector heat detector
-Smoke detector with protectivemechanical guard
-Ceiling jet formed by fire plume
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..
smoke detector (ambient conditions exist)() () (temperature below 32F (0C))
() () (temperature above 100F (38C))
() (relative humidity above 93 percent)
() 300 ft/min(300 ft/min or 1.5 m/sec)
..
Smoke d
etector
Smoke detector (environmental conditions that influence smoke detector response)
Air Velocity Altitude Temperature
>300 ft/min >3000 ft Humidity 100F Color of
Protection (>91.44m/min) (>914.4 m) >93% RH (37.8C) SmokeIon X X X X O
Photo O O X X X
Beam O O X X O
Air sampling O O X X O
X: Can affect detector response. O: Generally does not affect detector response.
..
Smoke Detector
Smoke detector ()
() Photoelectric () Ionization
. Ionization Detectors
() Ionization detector ionization chamber ionizing radiation (source) Ionizing radiation Americium-241 Ionization chamber Alpha particles(helium nuclei) () (+ve plate) (-ve plate) () (+ve plate) (-ve plate)
() (ionizationchamber) () current smoke detector activate
Smoke detector heat detector alarm activate (very early in a fires development or incipient stage) Photoelectric smoke detector (smoldering fire)
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(flaming fire) (smoldering) reset
-() Multi-criteriadetector
() Projected beamtype smokedetector with reflector.
() Typical projected beamtypesmoke detector.
-Device programmingunit and smoke detector.
Addressable smoke detector
showing programming switches.
Typical spot type smoke detector.
-() Initiating device base showing
duplicate terminals.
-() Smoke detector with base showing incoming
and outgoing terminals.
Photoelectric smoke detector (1) optical chamber
(2) cover
(3) case moulding
(4) Photodiode (detector)
(5) infrared LED
-Photoelectric smoke detector
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-Manufacturers calibrated test instruments
-Photoelectric smoke detectorSensing chamber in a photoelectric smoke
detector. Smoke particles deflect the light
beam and trigger the alarm.
-Circuit of an ion chamber detector.Combustion particles reduce electrical flow and
trigger the alarm.
-Typical single- station smoke alarm -Operation of an ionization smoke detector
-Technician removing wire from device -Aerosol smoke product for functional
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to check electrical supervision test of a smoke detector
-Functional test of a smokedetector
-Technician using aheat detector tester
-Compressed-airsmoke detector cleaner
Ionization smoke detector (sensing chamber/metal chamber) (ionization ) (radioactive material) (radioactive material) radiation
(low, and steady electrical current) Electrode current
(smoke particles) chamber (air molecules) (ionize) electrode conductivity Conductivity electronic circuit current fire alarm signal Conductivity (pre-set threshold) fire alarm signal
-Ionisation type smoke detector : Normal operation -Fire operation
Photoelectric optical smoke detector (smoulderingfire) (more sensitive to largeparticles) flaming fire (lesssensitive to small particles)
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-Ionization smoke detector
-Ionization smoke detector
.
.
Ionization Smoke Detector
Advantages)
() (detects invisible products of combustion)
() (aerosol) (detect other aerosol)
() (quick acting)
() Clean room computer room
.
.
Ionization Smoke Detector
Disadvantages)
() (detects the
Ionisation type smoke detector (fast flaming fires) reset (automatically resets when the atmosphere clears)
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presence of smoke only, not toxicity)
() False alarm (high false alarm rate)
() (radioactive material) (hazardsfor ionization detection)
-Operation of a photoelectric light obscuration smoke detector
-Photoelectric light-scattering smoke detector
.Photoelectric Light-Scattering Smoke Detector
.
.
Light-Scattering Smoke Detector
Photoelectric light-scattering smoke detector (light source) (photosensitive sensor) Light Emitting Diode(LED)(light source) Dark chamber (beam of light) photo diode chamber
photosensitive sensor Light source (rays)photosensitive sensor
-Operation of a photoelectric light-scattering smoke detector
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(smoke particle) (chamber) photo cell (smoke particle) (light path) (reflection) (scattering) Photo cell photo cell current current
firealarm signal
-Circuit of photoelectric smoke detector
-Ionization smoke detector -Projected-Beam smoke detector
ionization smoke detector photoelectric smoke detector System smoke detector Ionization smoke detector Photoelectric smoke detector Photoelectric smoke detector smoldering fire sensitive
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-Light-Scattering smoke detector -Reflected type beam smoke detector
-Photoelectric smoke detector
-Smoke detector Smoke alarm Intelligent smoke detector
..Photoelectric Smoke Detector
Advantages)
() (sensitive to visual particles of smoke)() (detects smothering low heat fires)() (provide early warning)
..Photoelectric Smoke Detector
Disadvantages)
() (early contamination by dust causing reduced sensitivity)
() (detects presence of smoke, not toxicity)() (must be cleaned on a regular basis)() False alarm (high false alarm rate)
.
.
Photoelectric Detectors
Locations)
(office) clean rooms raised floor spaces (computer rooms) (telecommunications rooms) (electrical equipment rooms)(sleeping rooms) smoke detector
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-Photoelectric type smoke detector : Normal operation
-Photoelectric type smoke detector : Fire situation
-Beam detector deflection characteristics (Vertical plane view)
.Beam Smoke Detector
Photoelectric device (light beam) Photocell activate
-Photoelectric linear projected beam smoke detector(Light obscuration smoke detector)
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(diffusing the projected light beam by a specified percentage of obstruction)beam detector alarm Beam blockage trouble signal Optical Beam Detectors
-Beam detector coverage characteristics (Horizontal Plane View)
-Beam Detector Spacing
-Sitting of supplementary optical beam detectors
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Optical Beam Detector Difficult access for detector installation, maintenance, testing and replacement
Exposure to direct sunlight
Multiple reflective surfaces causing false alarms
Building movement
Multi-level detection Aesthetics
Smoke detector false alarm () Cooking smoke () Spray paint() Steam from a hot shower () Sanding dust() Dust stirred up while cleaning () Solder smoke
.Ion Smoke Detector Photo Smoke Detector Sensitivity)
) Ion Detectors
Ion smoke detector sensing chamber (ionizes) (smaller smoke particles) smoldering fire (large
particles) smoldering fire sensitivity (smaller smoke particles) oversensitive
(ionization )
) Photo Detectors
Photo smoke detector chamber smoke particle (reflection) Photo smoke detector smoldering fire (larger smoke particle) (flaming fire) (small particles) smoldering fire sensitivity (large particles) oversensitive
Flaming fire (small particles) Smoldering fire (large particles)
Smoke detector
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smoke detector Ion Photo combined smoke detector (enclosure) ion smoke detector photo smoke detector Combinedsmoke detector smoldering fire (largeparticles) flaming fire (small particles)
Combination smoke detector less sensitive false alarm
-Pendant-mounted air duct installation. Inlet tube orientation.
.. Smoke Detector Location)
Beam (affect air flow) () smoke detector beam (underside) (open areas) flat ceiling smokedetector (distance between smoke detectors)(.)
.Air-sampling Smoke Detector
Air-sampling smoke detector (tubing) (samplingport) (protected space) (smoke particles)
detection chamber (particle)detector fire alarm signal
-Aspirating detector ceiling mounted pipework
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.Air Sampling Smoke Detectors
air-sampling system Air sampling aspirating type fire detection system ()(fiveprimary components)
() Air-sampling system () Detector
() Aspiration system () Control system () Filter assembly
-Use of Sampling Tubes to Convey Smoke-Laden Air to the Central Detection Unit of an Air-Sampling Detector.
-Air SamplingType SmokeDetectors
-Air Sampling Smoke Detector with CoverRemoved
-Internal View of a Duct-Type Smoke Detector.
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.Air Duct-type Smoke Detector
Air ductsmoke detector (detect) duct (air outlet) Heating, ventilation and AirConditioning (HVAC) system
Air duct smoke detector () (area smoke detection)()(early warning)() (buildings regular fire detection system)
-Duct detectors -Duct-type smoke detector
..Duct Detectors
() Duct detector photoelectric detector Duct (outside the ductwork) Duct (sample the air
inside the duct) ductprobe () Smoke control device duct
(control the flow of air in ductwork)Air Handling Unit(AHU)
Table 8-1 Environmental Conditions that Influence Smoke Detector Response
Detection
Protection
Air Velocity
>91.44 m/min
(>300 ft/min)
Altitude >
9.4.4 m (>
3000 ft)
Humidity >
93% RH
Temperature
37.8C
(100F)
Color of
Smoke
Ion X X X X OPhoto O O X X X
Beam O O X X O
Air sampling O O X X O
X = Can affect detector response.
O = Generally does not affect detector response.
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. Smoke Detector Placement)
smoke detector nationaland local standard manufacturers specification Smoke detector NFPA 72 () feet(9m) apart Firedetection and fire alarm systems for buildings(BS 5839-1:2013) () ()
-Smoke detector with listed heatdetection
-Duct probe unit installed in return air duct
-Partitions extending higher than 85 percent of the floor-to ceiling height (thickness of the ceiling jet)
()()(approximately one-tenth the floor-toceilingheight.) () (8 ft (2.4 m ceiling) ceiling jet thickness
()9.6 in. (244 mm) () joist heat detector ceiling jet
(Locating a heat detector on the bottom of a 4
Spot-type smoke detector (area of coverage) 21 feet(6.5m) Detector (L) (W)() (9.1m) (diagonal measurement) 42feet (13m) detector
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in. (100 mm) joist would place the detector in the center of the ceiling jet, an ideal location for
undelayed response.)
detector () (space is not accessible
for storage purposes)
() (steam pipes) (electric wiring)(conveyors) equipment
() (floor over the space is tight)
() detector (No flammable liquids are processed,handled, or stored on the floor above)
-Detector coverage and spacing under flat ceilings
-Detector coverage for pitched
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-Ceiling Obstructions Treated as Walls
-Proximity of Detectors to Ceiling Fittings
-Horizontal ceiling comprising a series of small cells (Honeycomb Ceilings)
.Detector Coverage)
Detector (constructioncharacteristics) () Corridors () Pitched ceilings() Flat ceilings () Shafts/Flues
() Honeycomb ceilings () Stairways
Detector detect (range) Smokedetector heat detector detect smoke detector coverage heat detector detector
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Spacing and Siting of Detectors for Honeycomb Ceilings(Horizontal ceiling comprising a series of
small cells)
.Detector
Conventional addressable analog addressable fire alarm system detector (fullcoverage) detector (environment) (potential fire hazards)
detector
-Joists: 3 ft (0.9 m) or less on center, more than 4 in. (100 mm) deep Beams: More than 3 ft(0.9 m) on center, more than 4 in. (100 mm) deep Effect of Joists and Beams on the Ceiling Jet.
.
Environmental and Fire Type Considerations
detector smoke detector
heat detector flame detector smoke detector activate
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(areas with materials that overheat, smolder, or
ignite) (electrical equipment) ( paper) (wood) (visible smoke is the first indicator a fire has started) optical(photoelectric) smoke detector (best protected)
ionization smoke detector detector
.
Selection of Detectors for Different Area
S.No Plant Area Type of Detector
1
Main control room, Computer
room, Electronic cubicle
room and control rooms in
outlying areas.
Combination of - Ionisation smoke detector and Optical
type smoke detector
2
Switchgear rooms in main
Plant and outlying areas,
battery charger room, record
and shift-in-charge engineers
room
Ionisation type smoke detector.
3 Office rooms / storage rooms Ionisation type smoke detector
4Battery rooms and
chemically corrosive areas.
Corrosion resistant, Rate of rise of temperature heat
detector with fixed temperature setting.
5 Cable gallery
Combination of Optical type smoke detectors and Linear
heat sensor running above all HV and LV power cable trays.
Unless the vertical distance between cable tray is less than
500 mm in which case alternate trays (in addition to the top
and bottom trays). The optical smoke detector and LHS
detectors along with necessary number of interface units in
the cable gallery will be cross zoned to actuate the water
spray system
6 Station building / Plant area Infrared flame detectors (where oil tanks are located),spray tanks rate of rise of temp. detector with fixed element
( combustible materials) detector (combustible materials) detector
flame detector
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. Smoke Detector
Smoke detector (power sources)() (can be batteries or household power)
() smoke detector (battery operated are easy to install and are economical to purchase)
() (independent of housepower so they will operate during power failures)
()British Standard fire code smoke detector (British Standard fire code will permit battery operated units (existing buildings))
() hard wired smoke detector (British Standard building code requires hard wired smoke alarms for new construction)
() (should install both on every level of homeplus in the sleeping rooms.)
() smoke alarm (British Standardfire code (British Standard fire code requires hard wired smoke alarms fornew construction)
() (lack of maintenance (ie. not replacing batteries) is greatestconcern)
.
Fire Detector
Criteria to Determine Layout)
() operation (design, construction and operational features of all types ofdetectors shall be in accordance with relevant standards.)
()fire detector
() (total area to be protected)() (type of building construction)
() (air movement & air velocity)() (ceiling obstructions)() equipment (concentration of equipment in the area covered)()sensitivity
() (area is divided into zones to be protected)
() detector detector (the zones of individual detectors should overlap and no blind zone shouldbe left. )
() (Areas above false ceiling and below false flooring shall be considered as
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separate zones.)
() detector (Under ideal conditions of smooth ceiling and average roomsize, one detector is recommended to protect the area.)
() (largest combustible gas concentration) ionisation detector
() (air conditioned areas) ionization optical typesmoke detectors
()Detector (highest point of the ceiling) (manufacture) minimum coverage
()Complete coverage detector (location)
()smoke detector () () () (35to 40 sq.m per detector for general application.)
()Main control room electronic cubicle room computer room ()()(20 to 25 sq.m per detector)
() IS/NFPA (the exact requirementshall calculated based on relevant IS/NFPA standard)
Table 8-5 Common sources of aerosols and particulate matter moisture
Moisture Humid outside air
Humidifiers
Live steam
Showers
Slop sink
Steam tables
Water spray
Atmospheric
contaminants
Corrosive atmospheres
Dust or lint
Excessive tobacco smoke
Heat treating
Linen and bedding handling
Pneumatic transport
Sawing, drilling, and grinding
Textile and agricultural
processing
Combustion
products
and fumes
Chemical fumes
Cleaning fluids
Cooking equipment
Curing
Cutting, welding, and
Engine
exhaust
Diesel trucks and locomotives
Engines not vented to the
outside
Gasoline forklift trucks
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brazing
Dryers
Exhaust hoods
Fireplaces
Machining
Ovens
Paint spray
Heating
element with
abnormal
conditions
Dust
accumulations
Improper
exhaust
Incomplete combustion
Smoke detector (sources of electrical and mechanicalinfluences on smoke detectors)
Electrical Noise and Transients Airflow
Vibration or shock
Radiation
Radio frequency
Intense light Lightning
Electrostatic discharge
Power supply
o Gusts
o Excessive velocity
- Smoke detector with protective plasticcover.
- Concealed Smoke Detector(SD) inLocked Room with Remote Indicator(RI).
detector (predicting detector response)
(anticipated fires) system(intended respond) ()(ceiling shape and surface)
()(ceiling height)
() (configuration of contents in the protectedarea)
() (combustion characteristicsand probable equivalence ratio of the anticipated fires involving the fuel loads within the
protected area)
()(compartment ventilation)
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() (ambient temperature, pressure,altitude, humidity, and atmosphere)
Table 8-x Comparison of combination, multi-criteria, and multi-sensor detectors
Detector Type Features
Combination
Multiple sensors
Does not utilize a mathematical evaluation principle, just a simple or functionMultiple listings
Multi-criteria
Multiple sensors
Mathematically evaluated
Only one alarm signal
Single listing
Multi-sensor
Multiple sensors
Mathematically evaluated
Capable of generating multiple alarm signals
Multiple listings
.Mounting
-Mounting installations permitted (top) and not permitted (bottom).
.Detector Spacing)
beam detector (for sloping ceilings with beams running perpendicular across slope, the fol-lowing shall apply)
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() Spot-type detector beam (bottom of the beams)() (average height over slope)(ceiling height)
() (spacingshall be measured along a horizontal projection of the ceiling)
() Beam (smooth ceiling spacing shall be permitted within beam pockets)
() % beam spot type detector (For beam depths less than or equal to 10 percent of theceiling height (0.1 H), spot-type detectors shall be located with smooth ceiling spacing.)
() 0.4H % % beamspot-type detector (For beam depths greater than 10 percent of theceiling height (0.1 H), spot-type detectors shall not be required to be located closer than (0.4 H)
and shall not exceed 50 percent of smooth ceiling spacing.)
beam (for sloping ceilings with beams running parallel up slope, the following shall apply)() Spot-type detector(s) shall be located on the ceiling within beam pocket(s).
() The ceiling height shall be taken as the average height over slope.
() Spacing shall be measured along a horizontal projection of the ceiling.
() Smooth ceiling spacing shall be permitted within beam pocket(s) parallel to the beams.
() For beam depths less than or equal to 10 percent of the ceiling height (0.1 H), spot-type detectorsshall be located with smooth ceiling spacing perpendicular to the beams.
() For beam depths greater than 10 percent of the ceiling height (0.1 H), the following shall applyfor spacing perpendicular to the beams.
() For beam spacing greater than or equal to 40 percent of the ceiling height (0.4 H), spot-typedetectors shall be located in each beam pocket.
() For beam spacing less than 40 percent of the ceiling height (0.4 H), spot-type detec-tors shall notbe required in every beam pocket but shall be spaced not greater than 50 percent of smooth
ceiling spacing.
beam (for sloped ceilings with beam pockets formed by intersectingbeams, the following shall apply)
() Spot-type detector(s) shall be located at the bottom of the beams.
(
) The ceiling height shall be taken as the average height over slope.
() Spacing shall be measured along a horizontal projection of the ceiling.
() For beam depths less than or equal to 10 percent of the ceiling height (0.1 H), spot-type
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detectors shall be spaced with not more than three beams between detectors and shall not
exceed smooth ceiling spacing.
() For beam depths greater than 10 percent of the ceiling height (0.1 H), spot-type detectors shallbe spaced with not more than two beams between detectors, but shall not be required to be
spaced closer than (0.4 H), and shall not exceed 50 percent of smooth ceiling spacing.
-High Air Movement Areas (Not to Be Used for Under-Floor or Above-Ceiling Spaces).
Smoke Detector Spacing Based on Air Movement
Smoke Detector Spacing Based on Air
Movement
Minutes per
Air Change
Air
ChangesSpacing per Detector
per Hour ft2 m2
1 60 125 12
2 30 250 23
3 20 375 35
4 15 500 46
5 12 625 58
6 10 750 70
7 8.6 875 81
8 7.5 900 84
9 6.7 900 84
10 6 900 84
-Ceiling height limits (general)
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-Remote Indicator Used for Concealed
Detectors.
-Beam Measurements for predicting
effects on detection
-Four-Wire Smoke Detectors Supervised for the Absence of Operating Power by an End-of-Line Power Supervision Relay.
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-Alarm verification timing diagram.
ASmoke detector goes into alarm.ABRetard-reset period (control unit)
Control unit senses detector in alarm and retards (delays) alarm signal, usually by de-
energizing power to the detector. Length of time varies with design.
BCRestart period (detector power-up time)Power to the detector is reapplied and time is allowed for detector to become operational for
alarm. Time varies with detector design.
ACRetard-reset-restart periodNo alarm obtained from control unit. Maximum permissible time is 60 seconds.
CDConfirmation periodDetector is operational for alarm at point C. If detector is still in alarm at point C, control unit
will alarm. If detector is not in alarm, system returns to standby. If the detector re-alarms at
any time during the confirmation period, the control unit will alarm.
DEOptional region
Either an alarm can occur at control unit or restart of the alarm verification cycle can occur.
ADAlarm verification period
Consists of the retard-reset-restart and confirmation periods.
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-Inclined Manometer for Velocity Pressure Readings in Low Velocity Ducts, 400 ft/min to 2000ft/min (2.0 m/sec to 14.2 m/sec).
-Smoke Alarm with IntegralNotification Appliance for the Hearing
Impaired.
-Single-Station Smoke Alarm with RemoteNotification Appliance.
If appropriate, the Plans and Specifications addressed in D.3.3 should be updated based on the resultsof the test.
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-Hard-Wired Multiple-Station(Interconnected) Smoke Alarms.
-Multiple- Station Smoke Alarm AuxiliaryRelay Module for Remote Notification Appliance.
-Wireless Interconnected Multiple- StationSmoke Alarm Device.
-AC-Powered Ionization Smoke Alarm withBattery Backup.
-Fixed- Temperature Combination SmokeAlarm and Heat Alarm.
-Low-Profile Rate-of-Rise Heat Detector.
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-Wireless Interconnected Multiple- Station Smoke Alarms.Table 8-5 Ceiling height limits (general).
Table 8-6 Ceiling height limits (category P systems and 5 minute fire service attendance).
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Table 8-7 Ceiling height limits (category P systems and 5 minute fire service attendance).
-End-
Contents
.. ...........................................................................................
..Smoke detector .........................................................
..Smoke Detector ...............................................................................................
.Ionization Detectors ....................................................................................................... 3
..Ionization Smoke Detector (Advantages) .................................................
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..Ionization Smoke Detector (Disadvantages) .........................................................
.Photoelectric Light-Scattering Smoke Detector .................................................................. 8
..Light-Scattering Smoke Detector .................................................................................
..Photoelectric Smoke Detector (Advantages) .....................................................
..Photoelectric Smoke Detector (Disadvantages) ..................................................
..Photoelectric Detectors (Locations) ...........................................
.Beam Smoke Detector .................................................................................................. 11
.Ion Smoke Detector Photo Smoke Detector(Sensitivity) .................... 13
..Smoke Detector(Location) ..............................................................................
.Air-sampling Smoke Detector ......................................................................................... 14
.Air Sampling Smoke Detectors ....................................................................................... 15
.Air Duct-type Smoke Detector ........................................................................................ 16
..Duct Detectors .............................................................................................................................
.Smoke Detector (Placement) .................................................................... 17
.Detector (Coverage) ................................................. 19
. Detector ................................................................................................... 20
.Environmental and Fire Type Considerations ................................................................. 20
.Selection of Detectors for Different Area ....................................................................... 21
.Smoke Detector .............................................................. 22
.Fire Detector (Criteria to Determine Layout) ......... 22
.Mounting ................................................................................................................... 25
.(Detector Spacing) ................................................................. 25
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