final biochips

BIOCHIPSAJITH

S7 EC-BROLL NO:O2

CONTENTS• INTRODUCTION • DEFINITION• STRUCTURE AND BASIC WORKING• DEVELOPMENT AND WORKING• DNA BIO CHIPS• ADVANTAGES• DISADVANTAGES• FUTURE• CONCLUSION• REFERANCE

INTRODUCTION

• Identifies us uniquely• Can be used to track our location• Size- uncooked grain of rice• Injected under the skin using syringe• Respond to signal from detector• Daniel Man holds the patent for a

chip that can be tracked by satellite

DEFINITION• Collection of micro arrays arranged on a solid

substrate• Can perform millions of mathematical

operations• Can perform thousands of biological

operations• Human Genome Project• Increased speed of identification of genes• Also used in toxicological, protein &

biochemical research • Motorola, Hitachi, IBM, Texas Instruments

STRUCTURE

• Two parts- Transponder & Reader or Scanner

Transponder :

Cont…• Actual biochip implant• Uses RFID system• Two types- Active & Passive• Not harmful to human body• Four parts- Microchip, Antenna coil,

Capacitor & Glass capsule

Cont…Microchips:• Stores unique identification number,

10-15 digit.• AVID stores 70 trillion unique numbers.• ID number etched to surface.• Cannot be altered.• Electronic circuitry transmit ID number

to reader.

Cont… Antenna coil:• Copper around ferrite or iron core.• Simple, tiny, primitive.• Receives and sends signals from the

reader or scanner. Tuning capacitor:• Stores small electrical charges(< 1/1000 of

a watt)• Tuned to same frequency as reader.

Cont…Glass capsule:• Houses all components• Made of biocompatible material• Polypropylene sheath• Injected using hypodermic syringe

Cont… Reader:• Exciter coil provides energy to activate chip• Receiving coil receives data• Decodes the data• Displayed in LCD• All done in milliseconds

Basic Working• Generates low power electromagnetic

field• Enables biochip• Receiver amplifies code• Data displayed

DEVELOPMENT AND WORKING Oxy sensors:

• Size of a button• Monitor breathing inside ICU• Sends light pulse into body to detect oxygen• Act as a pulse monitor• Application range from sick children to

chemotherapy patients

Cont… Brain On-Off switch:• Activa implant – Medtronics Inc., US• Turns off brain signals• Uses high frequency eletric pulses• Primarily interfere with abberrant brain functions

Cont… Adding sound to life:• Cochlear implant• Electrical pulses directly to nerve cell• Mimics the job of hair cell• Splits incoming noises to channels• Clarion & Nucleus

Cont…Experiments with lost sight:• Joseph Rizzo , John Wyatt

(Massachusetts)• 20 electrode 1 mm sq chips- mimics

photoreceptors• First on rabbit• Final setup- pair of glass with camera

detect & encode• Send as laser pulse

Cont…• Eugene de Jaun- Hoplkins Wilmer Eye Inst.• Inserted electrodes• Completely blind saw well defined flashes.• Latest- implanted at surface or retina

DNA BIOCHIPS• Tuan Vo-Dinh- at DOE of ORNL• Gene probe based• Matched box sized• Less blood, no sacrifice on accuracy• No radioactive labels• Reduces disposal cost• Distinguish b/w bacteria, virus,

chemical or biological species

ADVANTAGES• Small in size• Faster & powerful• Detect multiple viral agents in parallel• Aids deaf, dumb, blind• Stores personnal data• Ease of use• Human tracking etc..

DISADVANTAGES• Loss of privacy• End of human freedom and dignity• Expensive• Cannot be fabricated at high density

and mass

FUTURE• Widely established in veterinary field• In the case of humans future lies in

the hand of users

CONCLUSION• Developing • Have advantages and disadvantages• Future is unpredictable

REFERANCE• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnum

ber=4129415• Herold, KE; Rasooly, A (editor) (2009). Lab-on-a-

Chip Technology: Fabrication and Microfluidics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-46-2.

• Fan et al. (2009). "Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis in a Chip". Lab-on-a-Chip Technology: Biomolecular Separation and Analysis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-47-9.

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