families in transition instructor: ting kwok fai
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Families in Transition
Instructor: Ting Kwok Fai
2
Family in transitions What is family? Traditional Chinese families Macro causes of change Trends in Hong Kong
3
What is family? Defining family Marriage as a social institution Family as a social organization Consequences of marriage: costs & benefits
4
Traditional Chinese families Blood ties
Chinese: Father-son relationship (vertical axis) Western societies: Husband-wife relationship (horizontal
axis) Harmony
Strong leadership: Patriarchal society Division of labor
By age By sex
5
Gender preferences if respondents have 3 children (in %)
10
20
30
40
50
60
1977 1982 1987 1992 1997
Don’t care
More boys
More girlsBoth sex OK
Source: Report on the Survey of Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude & Practice in Hong Kong, 1997
6
Expectation of children's education by female respondents
Girl Boy Girl Boy
Primary 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.3Form 1-3 5.9 2.3 7.5 3.9Form 4-7 71.1 62.1 60.9 46.0University 18.8 30.3 29.2 46.2Graduate studies 2.5 4.0 1.0 2.6
N
Source: Report on the Survey of Family Planning Kowledge, Attitude & Practice in Hong Kong, 1997
Education level1992 1997
1681 1511
7
The preference for sons in Hong KongCumulative proportion of having the second birth
Birth cohort 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year
1941-551st child: Female 0.057 0.346 0.563 0.686 0.7581st child: Male 0.040 0.311 0.516 0.626 0.702Ratio 1.423 1.113 1.093 1.095 1.079
1956-701st child: Female 0.048 0.221 0.369 0.560 0.6181st child: Male 0.011 0.156 0.297 0.449 0.585Ratio 4.435 1.413 1.240 1.247 1.057
Source: Social Change and Economic Life: A Sociological Study, 1994-96
8
Domestic duties Service class
Intermediate class
Working class
Total
1. Bring kids to school 1.05 1.27 1.40 1.272. Cooking 1.06 1.23 1.23 1.193. Laundry, ironing 0.93 1.19 1.30 1.164. Purchasing goods 0.97 1.14 1.23 1.135. Dish washing 0.73 1.07 1.14 1.006. Household cleaning 0.74 0.99 1.18 0.997. Help kids' homework 0.76 1.02 1.01 0.948. Financial matters 0.32 0.54 0.57 0.489. Installing & repairing -0.76 -0.78 -0.78 -0.77
Sample size 344 448 336 1128
Division of domestic labor in Hong Kong, 1996
Source: Social change and life history in Hong Kong Scores from -2 (husband) to +2 (wife)
9
Macro causes of change The longevity revolution
Trends Infants are more likely to survive adulthood Lower fertility rates create smaller family sizes
Effects: Redefine family life Strengthen emotional bonds between parents & children
(child-centered family) Lengthen the duration of marriage Create “new” life stages: childhood, adolescence, empty-nest
10
Industrial Revolution Separation between private & public spheres Families as emotional organization
The subtle revolution Female labor force participation
11
Female labor force participation rate in HK
10
20
30
40
5060
70
80
90
100
1961 1971 1981 1991 1998
Male
Female
Female 15-19
Female 20-24Female 25-34 Female 35-44
12
Percent of dual working families in Hong Kong
40
45
50
55
60
65
1981 1986 1991 1996
Married women’s labor force participation rates
All women
Age 25-34
13
Trends in Hong Kong Dating Marriage Divorce Remarriage Parenthood
14
圖一﹕第一次約會的平均年齡
20.4
19.0 18.718.7
19.8 20.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
25.0
1940-44 1945-49 1950-54 1955-59 1960-64 1965-69
出生年份
年齡
男性
女性
注﹕在 1965-69 年出生的男性而並未開始約會的比率為 12%,使這個組別的平均約會年齡有可能被低估。
Dating
15
Sexual revolution: Premarital sex in Hong Kong 24% female & 26% male (age 18-27) in 1991 31% female & 31% male (age 18-27) in 1996
Social approvalOK to have premarital sex (Hong Kong sample, age 18-27), 1996
Hypothetical Premartial sex for male Premarital sex for femalesituations Male Female Male FemaleAbout to marry 67.5 49.9 62.7 48.8In love 56.3 40.1 49.9 39.2Deep affection 48.0 29.1 42.8 28.6No affection 7.6 1.6 6.4 2.3
Source: Report of the Youth Sexuality Study 1996
16
Cohabitation in Hong Kong
Cohabitation plans (Hong Kong sample, age 18-27), 1996
Plans Male Female
Remain single 0.8 0.5
Only cohabitation 3.1 1.9
Only marriage 39.0 50.1
First cohabitation then marriage 22.2 14.6
No plans 34.9 32.9
Source: Report of the Youth Sexuality Study 1996The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong
17
Mate selection
Ideal marriage partner (Hong Kong)
Priorities Male FemaleCharacters 77% 55%Economic foundation 11% 33%Wisdom 6% 9%Appearance 6% 3%Note: Survey in August 2000 on about 450 personsSource: Apple Daily (28 Sept. 2000)
18
Marriage Late marriage began 20 years ago for men, but 10
years earlier for women Most people eventually married
19
Median age at first marriage in Hong Kong
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996Year
Age
Male
Female
Source: Demographic Trends in Hong Kong, 1971-82 & 1981-1996
20
Most people eventually married
Percentage of never-married person, age 45-49Sex 1961 1971 1981 1991 1999Male 5.1 7.2 9.2 6.4 7.4Female 7.4 3.8 2.3 3.7 7.0
Source: Various years reported in the Census, Hong Kong
21
Percentage of ever-married males, 1981
0
20
40
60
80
100
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50+Age group
Per
cen
t
No schooling/Kindergarten
Primary
Tertiary
Secondary/Matriculation
Source: Hong Kong 1981 Census Main Report, vol. 1
22
Percentage of ever-married females, 1981
0
102030405060708090
100
Age group
Per
cent
Teritary
Primary
Secondary/Matriculation
No schooling/Kindergarten
Source: Hong Kong 1981 Census Main Report, vol. 1
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50+
23
Percent brides older than bridegrooms at first marriage
10
12
14
16
18
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996
Year
Per
cen
t
Source: Demographic Trends in Hong Kong, 1971-82 & 1981-1996
24
Divorce
Divorces per 1000 married women
0
5
10
15
20
25
1972 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996
Hong Kong
United States
25
% remarriages to all marriages in Hong Kong
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996
MaleFemale
Remarriage
26
Percent remarried among divorced/separated persons
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996
Male
Female
Note: The denominator include separated persons
27
Median interval from marriage to 1st birth
14
16
18
2022
24
26
28
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996
Mon
ths
Parenthood Delaying childbirth
28
Fewer births
1
2
3
4
5
6
1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996
The expected # of births to a woman
Hong Kong
Singapore
USA
UK
Japan
Source: World Development Indicator, World Bank
29
Distribution of births by age
050
100150200250300350400
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
# of
bir
ths
per
1000
wom
en
Age specific fertility rates by birth cohorts
1931
19411951
1961
30
Parent-child relationship in Hong Kong, 1981-91
1981 1986 1991 1981 1986 1991
Father-child relationshipVery good 13.3 14.7 19.9 15.2 19.0 21.5Good 32.7 33.3 56.8 29.1 32.5 55.8
Mother-child relationshipVery good 19.6 21.9 34.9 21.3 21.9 39.1Good 43.4 39.6 55.9 38.2 40.8 50.5
Perception of parent's Love
Very much 13.7 23.5 26.4 21.1 28.8 33.6
Source: Youth Sexuality Study (In-school Youth) 1991
ResponsesBoys Girls
Father Mother
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