fall final exam review. chapter 1.1 1. astronomy- scientific study of the universe beyond earth;...

Fall Final Exam Review

Chapter 1.1• 1. Astronomy- scientific study of the universe

beyond Earth; space.• 2. Earth Science- scientific study of the Earth and

the universe that surrounds it.• 3. Geology- scientific study of the origin,

structure, and history Earth.• 4. Oceanography- scientific study of Earth’s

oceans• 5. Meteorology- scientific study of Earth’s

atmosphere; weather.

Chapter 1.2

• Biosphere- all living organisms on Earth• Atmosphere- the gases that surround Earth• Geosphere- the area from the surface to the

core• Hydrosphere- the water on Earth

Chapter 1.3

• 1. Purpose/Problem• 2. Research• 3. Hypothesis• 4. Experiment• 5. Analyze• 6. Conclusion

Chapter 2.1

• 25 degrees• 15 minutes• 22 seconds

Chapter 4.1• Mineral: naturally occurring, inorganic solid

with a specific chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure.

• Luster: the way that a mineral reflects light from its surface; two types-metallic and nonmetallic

• Color: visual appearance, color of mineral.• Hardness: measure of how easily a mineral

can be scratched, which is determined by the arrangement of a mineral’s atoms.

Chapter 4.1• Streak: color a mineral leaves when it is

rubbed across an unglazed porcelain plate or when it is broken up and powdered.

• Cleavage: the manner in which a mineral breaks along smooth planes

• Fracture: when a mineral breaks into rough uneven surfaces

• Density: mass per volume of mineral.

Chapter 4.2

• A silicate is a mineral that is composed of both silicon and oxygen. A nonsilicate does NOT have both silicon and oxygen.

Chapter 4.3

• Softest is talc• Hardest is diamond

Chapter 5/6.1

• From fire: igneous• Changed form: metamorphic

Chapter 5/6.2

• Igneous• Sedimentary• Metamorphic

Chapter 5/6.3

• James Hutton

Chapter 5/6.4

• Clastic• Chemical• Biochemical

Chapter 5/6.5

• Melt at different rates: partial melting• Cool at different rates: Fractional

crystallization

Chapter 5/6.6

• Granitic, intermediate, basaltic, and ultrabasic• They are classified according to silica content

Chapter 5/6.7

• Buildings

Chapter 5/6.8

Metamorphic

Sedimentary Rock

Magma

Igneous Rock

Sediment

Magma cools and hardens

Weathering and

transportationlithification

Heat and Pressure

melting

Chapter 5/6.9

• As glaciers started to retreat they melted and left behind a sea over Indiana. As that sea evaporated the particles from the living substances settled to the ground and reacted chemically to each other and the water to form chemical sedimentary rocks.

Chapter 7/8.1

• Ice Wedging• Thermal Expansion• Abrasion• Organic Activity• Biological Activity

Chapter 7/8.2

• Oxidation• Dissolution

Chapter 7/8.3

• Differential Weathering: Rocks weather at different rates.

• Mass movement: downslope movement of earth materials due to gravity, can occur quickly or slowly.

• Abrasion: Is the grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles.

Chapter 7/8.3• Erosion: process in which the materials of

Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported from one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice, or gravity

• Mechanical weathering: produces smaller pieces

• Chemical Weathering: Chemical alteration of minerals, changes both the composition and physical appearance of the rock.

Chapter 9.1• Evapotranspiration: all water that is lost from

an area• Precipitation: water of any form that falls to

the earth• Evaporation: when liquid water changes to a

water vapor (gas)• Condensation: When water vapor turns to

liquid gas• Transpiration: plants and animals release

water vapor into the atmosphere

Chapter 10.1

• Groundwater: water beneath the ground.• Well: hole that is dug to below the level of the

water table and through which groundwater is brought to Earth’s surface.

• Spring: natural flow of groundwater to Earth’s surface in places where the ground surface dips below the water table.

Chapter 10.2

• Hot springs• geysers

Chapter 10.3

• Amount of Precipitation• Topography• Permeability of aquifer• Rate humans use water

Chapter 10.4

• Seasons

Chapter 17.1

• Wegener• Pangaea

Chapter 17.2

• Convergent: 2 plates move towards each other

• Divergent: Away from each other• Transform: Slide past each other

Chapter 17.3

• Transform: earthquakes• Convergent: Volcanic island arc, trenches,

volcanoes, and mountains• Divergent: Sea floor spreading, mid ocean

ridges

Chapter 17.4

• Pacific Plate

Chapter 17.5

• Puzzle like fit• Animal fossils• Plant fossils• Climate clues• Rock formations

Chapter 17.6

• Hot material rises• Cool material sinks• This creates a circular motion

Chapter 17.8

• 1. continental crust• 2. lithosphere• 3. asthenosphere• 4. oceanic crust• 5. Mantle

Chapter 17.9

• The Atlantic Ocean is expanding because of the divergent plate boundaries which causes sea-floor spreading. The Pacific ocean is shrinking because it has convergent plate boundaries with subduction.

Chapter 18.1

• Supervolcano• Stratovolcano (composite)• Cinder Cone• Shield

Chapter 18.2

• Caldera: large crater, can form when the summit or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber during or after an eruption

• Pyroclastic Flow: swift-moving, potentially deadly clouds of gas, ash, and other volcanic material produced by a violent eruption.

Chapter 18.3

• Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI)

Chapter 18.4

• Supervolcano• Composite• Cinder Cone• Shield

Chapter 18.5

• Hawaii

Chapter 18.6

• Form along convergent plate boundaries and hot spots.

• Volcanoes along convergent boundaries are more common. (Composite volcanoes are most common type)

Chapter 18.7

• Yellowstone: Supervolcano• Mt. St. Helen’s: Composite

Chapter 19.1

• Epicenter is the point on the surface where the earthquake took place

• Focus: the exact point beneath the surface where the earthquake took place

Chapter 19.2

• 3

Chapter 19.3

• Modified Mercalli scale measures intensity of earthquake.

• Richter scale measures the magnitude of earthquake.

Chapter 19.4

• Body Waves: P-waves and S-Waves• Surface waves: Rayleigh and Love• P waves are the fastest

Chapter 19.5

• Alaska

Chapter 19.6

• Strike Slip: shear stress, movement is side by side

• Normal: tension, move away from each other• Reverse: Compression, move towards each

other

Ch. 21.1

• Widespread• Distinct (recognizable)• Occur over a large area• Exist for a relatively short period of time

Chapter 21.2

• sedimentary

Chapter 21.3

• Law of Superposition says that the older layers of rock are on the bottom while the newer layers are at the top.

• Cross-cutting relationships says that the rock cutting through layers of rock must be younger than the layers it’s cutting across.

• Oldest: Q, O, N, M, L, P, H, I, J, K: Youngest

Chapter 21.4• Mummification: remains are often found in very

dry places, because most bacteria which cause decay cannot survive in these places.

• gastrolith: stones from digestive systems• Coprolite: fossilized feces.• Petrification: Mineral solutions such as

groundwater replace the original organic materials that were covered by layers of sediment with new materials.

• Amber: Hardened tree sap is called amber. Insects become trapped in the sticky sap and are preserved when the sap hardens.

Chapter 21.5

• Absolute Age: actual age• Relative Age: establish order of age• Radiometric dating

Chapter 21.6

• Half-Life: Time it takes for 50% of a sample to decay.

• 1 half life: 50%• 2 half lives: 25%• 3 half lives: 12.5%

Chapter 21.7

• Theory that geologic processes occurring today have been occurring since Earth formed.

Chapter 24.1

• Renewable energy source is a source you can use over and over again (ex. Wind, solar). Nonrenewable is a source that you can only use once (ex. Oil, natural gas)

Chapter 24.2

• Carbon Cycle: Carbon dioxide is absorbed when plants are undergoing photosynthesis, oxygen is released as a by product. Plants also form carbohydrates which is consumed by animals and is the basis for life. Other organisms release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during respiration. The cycle starts all over again.

Chapter 24.2

• Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen is an element used by organisms to produce proteins. Nitrogen fixing bacteria have to convert nitrogen from the atmosphere to be used by organisms to produce proteins. This cycle continues as animals eat one another and as waste is excreted by animals.

Chapter 24.3

• Desalination• Dams/reservoirs

Chapter 24.4

• Very expensive• Not practical for large populations