examination of peripheral blood smear dr s homathy 1

Examination of Peripheral Blood Smear

Dr S Homathy

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Complete blood count

• The most common test used in clinical medicine

• Determine type and severity of blood cell

abnormalities

• Nowadays, CBC is fully automated and highly reproducible.

• Correct interpretation of automated CBC can reduce rate of unnecessary blood smear examination

• Provide useful information for provisional diagnosis of RBC and WBC diseases

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A well Made and well Stained Smear can provide:

• Estimates of cell count

• Proportions of the different types of WBC

• Morphology

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Preparation of blood smear

There are three types of blood smears: 1.The cover glass smear.2.The wedge smear .3.The spun smear.The are two additional types of blood smear

used for specific purposes1.Buffy coat smear for WBCs < 1.0×109/L 2.Thick blood smears for blood parasites .

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Peripheral Blood Smear

• Objective

1. Specimen Collection

2. Peripheral Smear Preparation

3. Staining of Peripheral Blood Smear

4. Peripheral Smear Examination

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Specimen Collection

• Venipuncture– should be collected on an EDTA (Disodium

or Tripotassium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid) Tube

– EDTA liquid form preferred over the powdered form

– Chelates calcium

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Specimen CollectionAdvantages

1. Many smears can be done in just a single draw

2. Immediate preparation of the smear is not necessary

3. Prevents platelet clumping on the glass slide

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Specimen Collection

Disadvantages:

PLATELET SATELLITOSIS

• causes pseudothrombocytopenia and pseudoleukocytosis

• Cause: Platelet specific auto antibodies that reacts best at room temperature

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Specimen Collection

• Platelet satellitosis

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Peripheral Smear Preparation

• Wedge technique

• Coverslip technique

• Automated Slide Making

and Staining

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Peripheral Smear Preparation

Wedge technique

1. Push Type wedge preparation

2. Pull Type wedge prepartion

• Easiest to master

• Most convenient and most commonly used technique

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• Material needed

1. Glass slide 3 in X 1in

2. Beveled/chamfered edges

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Peripheral Smear Preparation

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Peripheral Smear Preparation

• Procedures:

1. Drop 2-3 mm blood at one end of the slide

Diff safe can be used

a. Easy dropping

b. Uniform drop

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Precaution:

Too large drop = too thick smear

Too small drop = too thin smear

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2. The pusher slide be held securely with the dominant hand in a 30-45 deg angle.- quick, swift and smooth gliding motion to the other side of the slide creating a wedge smear

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• Control thickness of the smear by changing the angle of spreader slide

• Allow the blood film to air-dry completely before staining.

• Do not blow to dry. • The moisture from your breath will cause RBC

artifact

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Peripheral Smear Preparation

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Peripheral Smear PreparationPrecautions:• Ensure that the whole drop of blood is

picked up and spread• Too slow a slide push will accentuate

poor leukocyte distribution, larger cells are pushed at the end of the slide

• Maintain an even gentle pressure on the slide

• Keep the same angle all the way to the end of the smear.

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Peripheral Smear PreparationPrecautions:

Angle correction:

1. In case of Polycythemia: – high Hct

– angle should be lowered

- ensure that the smear made is not to thick

2. Too low Hct: – Angle should be raised

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Feature of a Well Made Wedge Smear

• Smear is 2/3 or 3/4 the entire slide

• Smear is finger shaped, very slightly rounded at the feathery edge: – widest area of examination

• Lateral edges of the smear visible

• Should not touch any edge of the slide.

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• Should be margin free, except for point of application

• Smear is smooth without irregularities, holes or streaks

• When held up in light: – feathery edge should show rainbow appearance

• Entire whole drop of blood is picked up and spread

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Cover Slip Technique

• rarely used

• used for Bone marrow aspirate smears

• Advantage: – excellent leukocyte distribution

• Disadvantage:– labeling, transport, staining and storage is a

problem

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• 22 x 27mm clean coverslip• More routinely used for bone marrow aspirate• Technique:

1. A drop of marrow aspirate is placed on top of 1 coverslip2. Another coverslip is placed over the other allowing the aspirate to spread.3. One is pulled over the other to create 1 thin smears

4. Mounted on a 3x1 inch glass slide

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Precautions:

• Very light pressure should be applied between the index finger and the thumb

• Crush preparation technique

• Too much pressure causes rupture of the cells making morphologic examination impossible

• Too little pressure prevents the bone spicules from spreading satisfactorily on the slide 29

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tail body head

Thin area: • Spherocytes which are really "spheroidocytes"

or flattened red cells. • True spherocytes will be found in other

(Good) areas of smear.

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Thick area: • Rouleaux, which is normal in such areas. • Confirm by examining thin areas. • If true rouleaux, two-three RBC's will stick

together in a "stack of coins" fashion.

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Common causes of a poor blood smear 1.Drop of blood too large or too small.2.Spreader slide pushed across the slide in a

jerky manner.3.Failure to keep the entire edge of the spreader

slide against the slide while making the smear.4.Failure to keep the spreader slide at a 30°

angle with the slide.5.Failure to push the spreader slide completely

across the slide.

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6.Irregular spread with ridges and long tail: Edge of spreader dirty or chipped; dusty slide

7.Holes in film: Slide contaminated with fat or grease

8.Cellular degenerative changes: delay in fixing, inadequate fixing time or methanol

contaminated with water

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Biologic causes of a poor smear

1.Cold agglutinin: – RBCs will clump together.– Warm the blood at 37° C for 5 minutes, and then

remake the smear.

2.Lipemia:– holes will appear in the smear.– There is nothing you can do to correct this.

3.Rouleaux: – RBC’s will form into stacks resembling coins.

There is nothing you can do to correct this

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• Automatic Slide Making and Staining

• SYSMEX 1000i

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Peripheral Smear Preparation

• Drying of Smears– Fan

– Heating pans

– No breath blowing of smears – may produce crenated RBCs or develop water artifact (drying artifact)

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Romanowsky staining

Leishman's stain : a polychromatic stain

• Methanol : fixes cells to slide

• methylene blue stains RNA,DNAblue-grey color

• Eosin stains hemoglobin, eosin granulesorange-red color

• pH value of phosphate buffer is very important

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• Pure Wright stain or Wright Giemsa stain– Blood smears and bone marrow aspirate

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Procedure

• Thin smear are air dried.• Flood the smear with stain. • Stain for 1-5 min.• Experience will indicate the optimum time. • Add an equal amount of buffer solution and mix the

stain by blowing an eddy in the fluid.• Leave the mixture on the slide for 10-15 min. • Wash off by running water directly to the centre of

the slide to prevent a residue of precipitated stain.• Stand slide on end, and let dry in air.

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Features of a well-stained PBS

• Macroscopically: color should be pink to purple

• Microscopically:

RCS: orange to salmon pink

WBC: nuclei is purple to blue

cytoplasm is pink to tan

granules is lilac to violet

Eosinophil: granules orange

Basophil: granules dark blue to black

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• Optimal Assessment Area:

1. RBCs are uniformly and singly distributed

2. Few RBC are touching or overlapping

3. Normal biconcave appearance

4. 200 to 250 RBC per 100x OIO

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Trouble shooting

• Macroscopic

1. Overall bluer color: increased blood proteins (multiple myeloma, rouleaux formation)

2. Grainy appearance: RBC agglutination (cold hemagglutinin diseases)

3. Holes: increased lipid

4. Blue specks at the feathery edge: Increased WBC and Platelet counts

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• Microscopic:• 10x Objective

1. Assess overall quality of the smear i.e feathery edge, quality of the color, distributin of the cells and the lateral edges can be checked for WBC distribution

2. Snow-plow effect: more than 4x/cells per field on the feathery edge: Reject

3. Fibrin strands: Reject4. Rouleaux formation, large blast cell assessment

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Too acidic Suitable Too basic

Too Acid Stain:RBC too pale, WBC barely visible

1. insufficient staining time

2.prolonged buffering or washing

3.old stain

Correction:

1)lengthen staining time

2)check stain and buffer pH

3)shorten buffering or wash time

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Too Alkaline Stain:RBC gray, WBC too dark, Eosinophil granules are gray

1.thick blood smear2.prolonged staining3.insufficient washing4.alkaline pH of stain components5.heparinized sample

Correction :1.check pH2.shorten stain time3.prolong buffering time

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Problem encountered during staining

Water artifact:

• moth eaten RBC,

• heavily demarcated central pallor on the RBC surface,

• crenation,

• refractory shiny blotches on the RBC

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• What contributes to the problem:1. humidity in the air as you air dry the slides.2. Water absorbed from the humid air into the

alcohol based stain• Solution:1. Drying the slide as quickly as possible.2. Fix with pure anhydrous methanol before

staining.3. Use of 20% v/v methanol

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• AUTOMATED SLIDE STAINERS1. It takes about 5-10 minutes to stain a batch

of smears2. Slides are just automatically dipped in the

stain in the buffer and a series of rinses

• Disadvantages:1. Staining process has begun, no STAT slides

can be added in the batch2. Aqueous solutions of stains are stable only

after 3-6 hours51

QUICK STAINS• Fast, convenient and takes about 1 minute to

be accomplished• Modified Wrights-Giemsa Stain, buffer is

aged distilled water• Cost effectiveDisadvantage:Quality of stains especially on color acceptanceFor small laboratories and for physician’s clinic

only52

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Principle

White Blood Cells

1.Check for even distribution and estimate the number present (also, look for any gross abnormalities present on the smear).

2.Perform the differential count.

3.Examine for morphologic abnormalities.

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Red Blood Cells, Examine for:

1.Size and shape ( Anisocytosis,Poikilocytosis

2.Relative hemoglobin content.

3.Polychromatophilia.

4.Inclusions.

5.  Rouleaux formation or agglutinationPlatelets.

1.Estimate number present.

2.  Examine for morphologic abnormalities.

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Observations Under 10X

1.Check to see if there are good counting areas available free of ragged edges and cell clumps.

2.Check the WBC distribution over the smear.

3.Check that the slide is properly stained.

4.Check for the presence of large platelets, platelet clumps, and fibrin strands.

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WBC estimation Under 40X

• Using the × 40 high dry with no oil.

• Choose a portion of the peripheral smear where there is only slight overlapping of the RBCs.

• Count 10 fields, take the total number of white cells and divide by 10.

• To do a WBC estimate by taking the average number of white cells and multiplying by 2000.

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Platelet estimation Under 100X

1.Use the oil immersion lens estimate the number of platelets per field.

2.Look at 5-6 fields and take an average.3.Multiply the average by 20,000.4.Note any macroplatelets.

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Platelets per oil immersion field (OIF)

1)<8 platelets/OIF = decreased

2)8 to 20 platelets/OIF = adequate

3)>20 platelets/OIF = increased

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Manual differential counts• These counts are done in the same area as

WBC and platelet estimates with the red cells barely touching.

• This takes place under × 100 (oil) using the zigzag method.

• Count 100 WBCs including all cell lines from immature to mature.

Reporting results• Absolute number of cells/µl = % of cell type in

differential x white cell count

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• If 10 or more nucleated RBC's (NRBC) are seen, correct the

• White Count using this formula:• Corrected WBC Count = WBC x 100/( NRBC +

100)• Example : If WBC = 5000 and 10 NRBCs

have been counted• Then 5,000× 100/110 = 4545.50• The corrected white count is 4545.50

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Determine a quantitative scale

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• Left-shift: non-segmented neutrophil > 5%– Increased bands Means acute infection, usually

bacterial

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• Right-shift: hypersegmented neutrophil • Increased hypersegmented neutrophile

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• Leukocytosis, a WBC above 10,000, is usually due to an increase in one of the five types of white blood cells

Neutrophilic leukocytosis- neutrophilia Lymphocytic leukocytosis - lymphocytosis Eosinophilic leukocytosis - eosinophilia Monocytic leukocytosis - monocytosis Basophilic leukocytosis- basophilia

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Morphology of WBC• Normal blood smear

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Segmented neurophile• Diameter: 12-16• Cytoplasm : pink• Granules: primary secondary• Nucleus: dark purple blue• dense chromatin• 2-5 lobes

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Eosinophil • One eosinophil - mature. Normal blood -

100X.

• Orange colour granules.

• Bi-lobed nucleus

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Basophil

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•One mature basophil.•Blackish granules overlying the nucleus

Normal lymphocytes• Lymphocytes are the smallest WBC.

• They have large condensed nucleus, with a scanty bluish cytoplasm.

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Normal monocyte

• Monocytes are the largest WBC.• The nucleus is slightly indented .• The cytoplasm is abundant, sky blue in colour.• Some have vacuoles in the cytoplasm.

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Red cells

• Normal red cells or erythrocytes show only slight variation in size and shape.

• The blood film should be examined in the area where the red cells are touching but not often overlapping.

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•In this area many red cells have an area of central pallor which may be up to a third of the diameter of the cell.

•This is consequent on the shape of a normal red cell, which resembles a disc that is thinner in the centre.

Summarizing RBC Parameters

• RBC Count )RBC x 1012/L)• Hb (g/dl)• Hct (5 or L/L)• Mean Cell Volume (MCV. Fl)• Mean Cell Hb (MCH, pg)• Mean Cell Hb Concentration (MCHC. %, g/dl)

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• RBC distribution• Morphology– Size

– Shape

– Inclusions

– Young rbcs

– Color

– Arrangement

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Platelets

• Normal platelets are also apparent.

• They are small anuclear fragments between the red cells containing small purple-staining granules.

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Platelet aggregates

• Platelet aggregates may be composed of – apparently intact platelets, – degranulated pale grey platelets – or a mixture of both, as in this

example.– If the platelet count is low it is

essential to examine the blood film carefully for platelet aggregates

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Platelet satellitism

• Platelet satellitism describes the phenomenon of adherence of platelets to white cells.

• It is an in vitro phenomenon of no clinical significance.

• However it is important that it is detected since the platelet count will be factitiously low.

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Staining of Peripheral Blood Smear

HEMA-TEK STAINER 82

Component of automated CBC

Blood count basic parameters:

Hb, Hct,RBC, WBC, platlet.

• Red cell indices: MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW

• WBC differentials

• Cytogram or Scattergram

• Reticulocyte count

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• Red cell parameters

Direct Measurement

• Erythrocyte Concentration (RBC) x 106/ml

• Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Femtolitre (fl)

• Hemoglobin (Hb) Gram/decilitre (g/dl)

Indirect Measurement

• Hematocrit (Hct) = RBC x MCV/10 %

• Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) = HB x 10 / RBC (pg)

• Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) = Hb/Hct x 100 (g/dl)

• Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) %84

Reticulocyte count• Reticulocyte = – non-nucleated RBC with polyribosomal RNA

– as stained by supravital stain (new methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue)

• Polychromasia underestimates Reticulocytes

• Three methods of reticulocyte Enumeration

• Manual count on slide per 1,000RBC

• Automated CBC with reticulocyte counter (Coulter VCS, Cell-Dyne 4000, Technicon-H3)

• Flow cytometry with fluorescent dyes85

• RBC disorders

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

• Iron deficiency anemia

• Thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy

Macrocytic anemia

• Megaloblastic anemia

• Non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

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Hemolytic anemia

• Immune hemolytic anemia: AIHA, DHTR

• Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)

• Red cell enzymopathies: G-6-PD deficiency

• RBC membrane defects: spherocytosis,

• ovalocytosis, elliptocytosis, stomatocytosis

RBC inclusion bodies and parasites

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WBC disorders

Leukopenia

• with absolute neutropenia: bone marrow failure, agranulocytosis

• with atypical lymphocytes: viral infection, chronic lymphoproliferative disorders

• with immature myeloid cells: acute leukemia, MDS or myelopthisis

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Leukocytosis

• Reactive leukocytosis: leukemoid reaction

• Acute leukemia: AML vs. ALL

• Chronic myeloproliferative disorders

• Chronic lymphoproliferative disorders

Leukoerythroblastosis

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Platelet disorders

Quantitative disorders

• Isolated thrombocytopenia: Immune vs. non-immune

• Thrombocytopenia associated with other hematologic abnormalities

• Thrombocytosis

Qualitative disorders

• Giant platelets (megathrombocytes)

• Platelet inclusion or granule abnormality

• Bizarre in shape and size

• Megakaryocytes or megakaryoblasts99

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