exam 4 review chapter 11 (human development). prenatal develop- ment temper- ament & attachment...

Exam 4 Review

Chapter 11 (Human Development)

Prenatal Develop-

ment

Temper-ament &

Attachment

Cognitive & Moral

Reasoning

Adoles. & Adult-

hoodMisc.

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Prenatal Development 100

The longest stage of prenatal development, lasting from approximately 2 months until

birth

What is the Fetal Stage?

Prenatal Development 200

The stage during which most of the vital organs begin to form, a time of great

vulnerability

What is the Embryonic Stage?

Prenatal Development 400

The age at which a fetus, if born prematurely, is likely to survive

What is the Age of Viability?

Prenatal Development 600

Increased risk of prematurity, stillbirth, and miscarriage

What are the risks of Tobacco use during pregnancy?

Prenatal Development 800

Irritability, heart defects, hyperactivity, and delayed mental development

What are possible symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Prenatal Development 1000

Birth complications and neurological problems

What are the risks of Severe Malnutrition?

Temperament & Attachment 100

The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant

What is Temperament?

Easy, slow-to-warm-up, difficult and mixed

Temperament & Attachment 200

What are the Basic Temperament Styles identified by Thomas, Chess

and Birch?

These are the theorists who said we become attached to our mother only

because she reinforces that attachment with food

Temperament & Attachment 400

Who are the Behaviorists?

His research with monkeys contradicted the Behaviorists’ theory on attachment

Temperament & Attachment 600

Who is Harlow?

The type of attachment illustrated when an infant plays comfortably when mother is

around, becomes upset when she leaves, but calms quickly when she returns.

Temperament & Attachment 800

What is Secure Attachment?

The type of attachment illustrated when an infant is anxious when mom is near, protests when she leaves, but is not

comforted when she returns

Temperament & Attachment 1000

What is Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment?

Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 100

Piaget’s stage, which occurs from birth until about age 2, when infants do not

understand that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

What is the Sensorimotor stage?

Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 200

Piaget’s stage where children demonstrate irreversibility, egocentrism, animism, and

centration

What is the Preoperational Stage?

Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 400

The ability to understand that physical quantities remain the same despite changes in shape or appearance

What is Conservation?

Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 600

Vygotsky’s term for the gap between what a child can accomplish alone and what a

child can achieve with guidance from more skilled learners

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 800

If I believe that the man should steal the medicine for his wife because her life is

more important than laws against stealing, I am probably in this level of moral

reasoning

What is the Postconventional Level?

Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 1000

If I believe that eating meat is wrong because my friends will be more accepting of me if I am a vegetarian, I am probably

at this level of moral reasoning

What is the Conventional Level?

Adolescence & Adulthood 100

The part of the brain that is not fully developed until we are in our 20s

What is the Prefrontal Cortex?

Adolescence & Adulthood 200

Early puberty is associated with more distress and emotional difficulty for this

gender

Who are Females?

Adolescence & Adulthood 400

Arnett’s name for his proposed new developmental stage

What is Emerging Adulthood?

Adolescence & Adulthood 600

If I plan to be a veterinarian because my father is a veterinarian and feels it’s the best career for me, I am in this identity

status according to Marcia

What is Identity Foreclosure?

Adolescence & Adulthood 800

After considering several colleges that have the programs I am interested in, I have

decided to attend a college in New England. According to Marcia, this

represents the following identity status

What is Identity Achievement?

Adolescence & Adulthood 1000

Lengthier participation in higher education, more barriers to financial independence,

and delaying marriage/parenthood

What are the reasons used by Arnett for his new stage of Emerging

Adulthood?

Misc. 100

Research suggests that this gender is more sensitive to nonverbal cues

Who are Females?

Misc. 200

The tendency for children to gain control over their torsos before their extremities

What is the Proximodistal Trend?

Misc. 400

An advantage of longitudinal research over cross sectional research is that there is less risk of these, which are differences between age groups that are due to the

groups growing up at different times

What are Cohort Effects?

Misc. 600

The tendency for children to gain control over the upper part of their bodies before

the lower part

What is the Cephalocaudal Trend?

Misc. 800

The four broad periods of development during our lifespan

What are the prenatal period, childhood, adolescence and

adulthood?

Misc. 1000

The median age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities

What are Developmental Norms?