exam #3 review slides. open pit coal mine and a lump of anthracite coal
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EXAM #3 Review Slides
Open pit coal mine and a lump of anthracite coal.
Oil pumpjack near Lubbock, Texas and an oil derrick (drilling rig) in Okemah, Oklahoma circa 1922.
Natural gas processing plant and basic processing steps.
Pitchblende, a uranium bearing ore and a nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania.
World
Nuclear power6% Hydropower, geothermal,
solar, wind7%
NaturalGas12%
Biomass11%
Oil32%
Coal21%
United States
Nuclear power8%
Hydropowergeothermalsolar, wind4%
Biomass4%
NaturalGas23%
Oil39%
Coal22%
Solar water heater
Nellis solar power plant on Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.
Thorntonbank wind farm off the coast of Belgium and a wind farm in
southern California.
Three Gorges Dam in China, the largest hydro-electric power station.
The Nesjavellar Geothermal Power Plant in Iceland.
Types of vegetation that can be used as biomass fuels.
Energy consumption in the U.S., 1860 to 2000.
Mined coalPipeline
Pump
Oil well
Gas well
Oil storage
CoalOil and Natural Gas Geothermal Energy
Hot waterstorage
Contourstrip mining
PipelineDrillingtower
Magma
Hot rockNatural gas
Oil
Impervious rock
Water Water
Oil drillingplatformon legs
Floating oil drillingplatform
ValvesUndergroundcoal mine Water is heated
and brought upas dry steam orwet steam
Waterpenetratesdownthroughtherock
Area stripmining
Geothermalpower plant
Coal seam
MEXICO
UNITED STATES
CANADA
PacificOcean
AtlanticOcean
GrandBanks
Gulf ofAlaska
Valdez
ALASKABeaufortSea
Prudhoe Bay
ArcticOcean
Coal
Gas
Oil
High potentialareas
Prince WilliamSound
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Trans Alaskaoil pipeline
The Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
The distribution of water at the Earth’s surface.
The water molecule & phase changes.
Water may flow over the surface or infiltrate into the soil.
Three basic components of a groundwater system.
Unconfined aquifer & Groundwater characteristics and dangers.
Confined aquifer & Groundwater characteristics and dangers.
Confined groundwater system (aquifer)
Springs along the Snake River, Idaho.
Development of ground subsidence.
Saltwater encroachment
5,500
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Wat
er u
se (c
ubic
kilo
met
ers
per y
ear) Total use
Agricultural use
Industrial use
Domestic use
Year
United States China
Industry 11% Public 10%
Powercooling38%
Agriculture41% Agriculture 87%
Public 6% Industry 7%
Acute shortage
Shortage
Adequate supply
Metropolitan regions with populationgreater than 1 million
High None
NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
Level of Stress
Africa
Europe
Asia
Australia
Level of stress on major river basins, comparing the amount of water available with the amount used by humans.
Large lossesof water throughevaporation
Flooded landdestroys forestsor cropland anddisplaces people
Downstreamflooding is reduced
Downstreamcropland andestuaries aredeprived ofnutrient-rich silt
Reservoir isuseful forrecreationand fishing
Can producecheap electricity(hydropower)
Migration andspawning ofsome fish aredisrupted
Provides waterfor year-roundirrigation ofcropland
North BayAqueduct
South BayAqueduct
California Aqueduct
CALIFORNIA
NEVADA UTAH
MEXICO
Central ArizonaProject
Colorado RiverAqueduct
Los AngelesAqueduct
Shasta Lake
Oroville Dam andReservoir
FeatherRiver
Lake Tahoe
Sacramento
Fresno
Hoover Damand Reservoir(Lake Mead)
Salton Sea Phoenix
Tucson
ARIZONA
ColoradoRiver
SacramentoRiver
San Francisco
San Luis Damand Reservoir
Santa Barbara
Los Angeles
San Diego
This plant supplies 25 MGD
by filtration & reverse osmosis
processes.
Tampa Bay, FL desalination plant.
• Lining canals bringing water to irrigation ditches
• Leveling fields with lasers
• Irrigating at night to reduce evaporation
• Using soil and satellite sensors and computer systems to monitor soil moisture and add water only when necessary
• Polyculture
• Organic farming
• Growing water-efficient crops using drought-resistant and salt-tolerant crop varieties
• Irrigating with treated urban waste water
• Importing water-intensive crops and meat
• Redesign manufacturing processes
• Landscape yards with plants that require little water
• Use drip irrigation
• Fix water leaks
• Use water meters and charge for all municipal water use
• Raise water prices
• Require water conservation in water-short cities
• Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and front-loading clothes washers
• Collect and reuse household water to irrigate lawns and nonedible plants
• Purify and reuse water for houses, apartments, and office buildings
• Not depleting aquifers
• Preserving ecological health of aquatic systems
• Preserving water quality
• Integrated watershed management
• Agreements among regions and countries sharing surface water resources
• Outside party mediation of water disputes between nations
• Marketing of water rights
• Wasting less water
• Decreasing government subsides for supplying water
• Increasing government subsides for reducing water waste
• Slowing population growth
The primary gases of the lower atmosphere.
The various layers of the modern atmosphere.
The 3 primary variable gases in the lower atmosphere.
Steady rise in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Rise in atmospheric methane gas.
Water vapor in the atmosphere.
The Antarctic Ozone “Hole” on Sept. 24,
2006.
Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) molecule, such as CFCl3, breakingoff a chlorine atom and leaving CFCl2.
UV radiation
Sun
Once free, the chlorine atom is off to attack another ozone moleculeand begin the cycle again.
A free oxygen atom pulls the oxygen atom off the chlorine monoxide molecule to form O2.
The chlorine atom and the oxygen atom join to form a chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO).
The chlorine atom attacksan ozone (O3) molecule, pulling an oxygen atom off it and leaving an oxygen molecule (O2).
ClCl
ClC
F
ClCl
OO
Cl
OO
O
ClO
OO
ClO
O
Summary of ReactionsCCl3F + UV→ Cl + CCl2FCl + O3 ClO + O2
Cl + O Cl + O2
Repeated many times
Break-up of Ozone
Human Health
• Worse sunburn • More eye cataracts • More skin cancers • Immune system suppression
Food and Forests
• Reduced yields for some crops • Reduced seafood supplies from reduced phytoplankton
• Decreased forest productivity for UV-sensitive tree species
Wildlife
• Increased eye cataracts in some species • Decreased population of aquatic species sensitive to UV radiation
• Reduced population of surface phytoplankton • Disrupted aquatic food webs from reduced phytoplankton
Air Pollution and Materials
• Increased acid deposition • Increased photochemical smog • Degradation of outdoor paints and plastics
Global Warming
• Accelerated warming because of decreased ocean uptake of CO2 from atmosphere by phytoplankton and CFCs acting as greenhouse gases
Potential effects of decreased levels of stratospheric ozone.
Pressure & altitude show an inverse relationship. Pressure decreases as altitude increases.
Tº is a function of pressure & volume. The average molecular motion of an object or substance is its temperature (Tº).
Trend in T˚ change as
compared to today’s T˚.
Oxygen isotope analysis of marine
fossils.When seawater
T°s are colder the ratio in ice cores is
more16O than 18O than
under warmer conditions, and
in seashells more 18O than 16O than
under warmer conditions.
Recent climate variations using ice core samples from Greenland.
Use of tree rings to decipher past climatic change.
Pine pollen under the microscopefor use in palynology studies.
Pollen cores being taken at Ft. Bragg, NC.
Trend in CO2 levels over past 250 years.
Trend in Earth’s average T˚ over the last 120 years.
Correlation of carbon
emissions, CO2 atmospheric
levels, & T˚ change
over past 1000 years.
CO2 emissions per mile (pounds per passenger)Type of Transportation
1.6 (0.45 kilogramsper kilometer)
Sports utility vehicle(1 person, 15 mpg)
Average car(1 person, 21.5 mpg)
Jet(U.S average occupancy)
Mass transit(1/4 full)
Economy car(1 person, 40 mpg)
Intercity train(U.S average occupancy)
Carpool(3 people, 21.5 mpg)
Mass transit(3/4 full)
Bike or walk 0
1.1 (0.31 kilograms per kilometer)
0.97 (0.27 kilograms per kilometer)
0.75 (0.21 kilograms per kilometer)
0.59 (0.71 kilograms per kilometer)
0.45 (0.13 kilograms per kilometer)
0.37 (0.10 kilograms per kilometer)
0.26 (0.07 kilograms per kilometer)
The simplistic “Greenhouse Effect”.
The atmosphere is more complex than a greenhouse, so the term “Atmospheric Effect” is a more appropriate term.
• Increased deaths from heat and disease
• Disruption of food and water supplies
• Spread of tropical diseases to temperate areas
• Increased respiratory disease and pollen allergies
• Increased water pollution from coastal flooding
Human Health
• Rising sea levels• Flooding of low-lying islands and
coastal cities• Flooding of coastal estuaries,
wetlands, and coral reefs• Beach erosion• Disruption of coastal fisheries• Contamination of coastal aquifiers
with salt water
Sea Level and Coastal Areas
• Changes in forest composition and locations
• Disappearance of some forests
• Increased fires from drying
• Loss of wildlife habitat and species
Forests
• Changes in water supply
• Decreased water quality
• Increased drought
• Increased flooding
Water Resources
• Shifts in food-growing areas• Changes in crop yields• Increased irrigation
demands• Increased pests, crop
diseases, and weeds in warmer areas
Agriculture
• Extinction of some plant and animal species
• Loss of habitats
• Disruption of aquatic life
Biodiversity
• Prolonged heat waves and droughts
• Increased flooding from more frequent, intense, and heavy rainfall in some areas
Weather Extremes
• Increased deaths
• More environmental refugees
• Increased migration
Human Population
Major urban region at risk Islands at risk
Areas at risk from sea level rise.
• Less severe winters
• More precipitation in some dry areas
• Less precipitation in some wet areas • Increased food production in some areas
• Expanded population and range for some plant and animal species adapted to higher temperatures
Ultra FineParticles
FineParticles
LargeParticles
Sea salt nuclei
Carbon black
Pollens
Cement dust
Oil smoke
Combustion nuclei
Metallurgical dust and fumes
Photochemical smog
Insecticide dusts
Coal dust
Average particle diameter (micrometers or microns)0.001 0.01 2.5 10.0 100.0
Tobacco smoke
Paint pigments
Fly ash
Milled flour
Example of point source or primary pollution.
Primary Pollutants
Secondary Pollutants
SourcesNatural
Stationary
CO CO2
SO2 NO NO2
Most hydrocarbons
Most suspendedparticles
SO3
HNO3 H2SO4
H2O2 O3 PANs
Most and saltsNO3–
Mobile
SO42 –
Photochemical reactions
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