evolution of information technology infrastructure
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Definitions
Information Technology (IT) Infrastructure: physical facilities, services and management that support computing resources Information Technology
Hardware/Systems SoftwareDatabaseTelecommunications & Networks
IT personnel
Definitions
Information Systems (IS) Architecture: the “plan” that aligns IT infrastructure with business needs Help people effectively fulfill their information
needs What is the focus of the IT applications?
S1
19601980
1990
Ab
ilit
y t
o f
ill in
form
ati
on
need
s
2000
PC/LAN
Client/Server db
db
db
Distributed
db
dbdb dbdb
Web Services
Mainframe
Evolution of Information Technology Infrastructure
Data Processing Era
IT Infrastructure (host-centric processing) Hardware: Mainframe with text-based terminals Systems Software: Batch systems Data Storage: independent “files” for each
functional application Telecommunications: Limited support of
distributed operations IT Personnel: technically oriented
Mainframe
IS Architecture:Transaction Processing System (TPS)
Emerged in the early days of IS Collect, store, and process transactions
Source documents are basis for input Perform routine, repetitive tasks Independent functional applications Found in all functions of an organization If they fail, the whole organization may suffer
Efficiency Focus Automate “highly structured” decision processes
Mainframe
IS Architecture: Management Information System (MIS)
Convert/use TPS data to support monitoring Alert managers to problems or opportunities Provide periodic and routine reports
e.g., summary reports, exception reports, comparison reports
Starting toward an effectiveness focusProvide structured information to support decision
makingResulted in “Information overload”
Mainframe
IS Architecture: Centralized Corporate Structure
Executive
Operational
Managerial
InboundLogistics
Purchasing
RawMaterials
Production FinishedGoods
OutboundLogistics
Sales
Functional Transaction Processing System
Management Information System
Mainframe
Micro-Computing Era
IT Infrastructure (PC environment) Hardware: PCs (low cost compared to
mainframe) Systems Software: DOS Data storage: Individual files linked to apps Telecommunications: low-speed LANs IT Personnel: technically oriented & mainframe
biased
PC/LAN
IS Architecture:Desktop Support Systems
Proliferation of desktop applications Why?
TPS/MIS were not providing information needed to support decisions
Needed an effectiveness focus “End-user” development
Undocumented spreadsheet models Proliferation of localized data storage
PC/LAN
db
db
db
db
IS Architecture
Executive
Operational
Managerial
InboundLogistics
Purchasing
RawMaterials
Production FinishedGoods
OutboundLogistics
Sales
Functional Transaction Processing System
Management Information System
Desktop DecisionSupport System
PC/LAN
Client/Server Era IT Infrastructure (distributed computing
environment) Hardware: PCs and Specialized Servers Systems Software: Network Operating Systems, 2-Tier Data storage: Distributed Relational database and
centralized warehouse Telecommunications: high-speed LANs Network: Client/Server, Distributed Middleware IT Personnel: technically skilled, business oriented
Information Systems architecture? Share applications and data within and across functional
areas
Client/Server
db
Facilitating Software Systems
Office automation IT for “office” employees
Document tracking, communication, scheduling, etc.
Client/Server
db
Facilitating Software Systems (cont’d)
Decision Support SystemsProvide information to support “semi-structured”
decision makingSimon’s model: Intelligence, Design, ChoiceAt least one of those stages is unstructured, and at least one
is structuredEffectiveness focus
Expert SystemsKnowledge-base integrated with DSSMost are “rule-based” systems that process facts, not
numbersCredit evaluationCisco tech support
Client/Server
db
Database Approaches
Centralized All data in one location
Promotes maintenance and securitySubject to single point of failure
As size of database grew, performance sufferedBroadband still emerging, very expensive
Client/Server
db
Database Approaches
Distributed data management Get data closer to applications Replicated
Complete copies in multiple locationsSignificant overhead
PartitionedEach location has portion of database
Data management becomes an issue
db
db
db
Distributed
db
db
Transactions used to interact with a relational “client-server” database For each transaction, OLTP typically deals with
a small number of rows from the tablesThe transactions are typically highly
structured, repetitive and have predetermined outcomes
E.g., orders, changing customer address, etc.
Online Transaction Processing
db
db
db
Distributed
db
db
Client/Server Systems
Executive
Operational
Managerial
InboundLogistics
Purchasing
RawMaterials
Production FinishedGoods
OutboundLogistics
Sales
Functional Transaction Processing System
Client/Server System
db db db db db
db
Network Era (Distributed Computing)
IT Infrastructure (distributed computing environment) Hardware: PCs and high-end Servers Systems Software: Middleware – 3 tiered Data storage: Distributed Relational Database Telecommunications: high-speed WAN Network: Middleware IT Personnel: still technical, but business
awareness
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Introduction of Middleware
Software that makes it possible for systems on different platforms to communicate with each other. Allows applications to talk to each other
Consistent Application Program Interface (API)Code application to talk to middleware, not
underlying resourcesUpgrade/modify underlying resources without
needing to modify applications
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Middleware Technologies
Basic types of middleware Transaction Processing Monitor (TP) Object Request Broker (ORB)
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Transaction Processing Monitor
(TP)
TP system:
Clients TP Monitor Data
Transaction request
Transaction Processing
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
TP Monitor (cont’d)
TP is used to build on-line transaction processing (OLTP) systems by coordinating and monitoring the efforts of separate applications.
TP can provide the following: Control transaction applications Provide business logic/rules Database updates
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Object Request Broker (ORB)
ORB involves synchronous communication and location/platform transparency.
ORB uses object-oriented programming methods. Two standards
Distributed Component Object Model (COM) COM was the Microsoft approach to allow integration of applications
on the desktopCommon Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
ORB (cont’d)
ORB architecture:
ORB
ClientRemote Service
(object)
locate service
activate service
establish connection
communicate
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
File Sharing
Napster:
ORB
RequestStored Files
locate service
activate service
establish connection
communicate
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Peer-to-Peer File Sharing
Kazaa:
Request
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Advantages of ORB Middleware
Anonymous interaction among applications Integrate new client/server applications with
existing legacy, mission-critical applicationsEasier development environment
Reduce cost Improve time-to-market of applications
Enables distributed data environmentEnables dynamic web applications
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Disadvantages of ORB Middleware
Switching costs are high Upgrade from previous “Middleware” solutions
Requires high technical expertise Tend to outsource Lengthy deployment time
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Unresolved Issues with ORB
SecurityScalability
Related to network capacityRapidly changing technologies
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
DBMS Applications
With advent of high-speed, distributed architectures, expanded our use of database beyond capturing and storing transaction data Knowledge Discovery
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Knowledge Discovery
What is it: Process of extracting useful knowledge from
volumes of dataSupported by three technologies
Massive data collection Multiprocessor computing Data mining
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Massive Data Collection
Business problem: Difficult for larger organizations to analyze
organizational data from multiple sourcesEven with enterprise-wide applications, tend to have
distributed databases Solution Data warehouse
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Data Warehouse
Collection of data in support of decision making process that is: Subject-oriented: organized by entity, not application Integrated: stored in one place, even though it originated
from a variety of sourcesCrosses functional boundaries of an organization
Time-variant: represents a snapshot at one point in time Nonvolatile: data is read-only Typically very large
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Multidimensional Database
OLTP not good when doing analysis of data – poor performance
OLAP – on-line analytical processing
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Multidimensional Database
OLAP – on-line analytical processing Data stored in arrays – similar to tables Dimensions are the edges of the cube
Represent views of business dataSales Example: product, geography, time
Intersection represents sales of specific product, to customers in specific market, on certain date
Look for relationships among business elements in database – form basis for the “cubes”
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Advantages of OLAP
All hierarchical or aggregated values can be pre-calculated in the cube rather than accessing the Warehouse Major reduction in query time
Each cube makes “business sense” Not normalized data structures
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Multidimensional Database (cont’d)
Data marts Scaled-down version of a data warehouse that
focuses on a specific areae.g., a department, a business process
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Massive Data Analysis
Data mining Provides a means to extract patterns and
relationshipsExample: Analyze sales data to identify products that
may be attractive to a customerAmazon.com buyer suggestions
Two capabilitiesAutomated prediction of trends and behaviorsAutomated discovery of previously unknown patterns
Example: Shopping cart analysis
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Massive Data Analysis
Characteristics of Data Mining Relevant data in large database Typically has client/server architecture Tools integrated with spreadsheets to support
analysisData Mining Tools
Neural computing Intelligent agents Association Analysis
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
Network Enabling Software
Supplier Customer
Enterprise Wide Systems
Enterprise Wide Systems
Enterprise Wide Systems
Supply ChainManagement
Customer Relationship Management
db dbdbdb
Distributed Computing
Middleware
IT Infrastructure (Web-enabled) Hardware: Low-end PC with Browser, high-end
Servers Systems Software: XML, AJAX, .NET Database: Distributed Relational Network: Use IP-based standards Telecommunications: broadband IT Personnel: Business analysts, technical
specialties
Internet Era
What is the Internet? Global network of LANs How did Internet evolve?
Originated in 1969, restricted to government, research and education (Arpanet)
WWW released in 1992 In 1993:
Ban on commercial use liftedMosaic released
Growth (different data depending on source)3 million in 9440 million in 97100 million in 98
What are the underlying technologies?
Packet Switching .X25 standard uses packets of 128 bytes Each packet travels independently through
networkProtocols: TCP/IP
Internet Protocol – destination addressEach computer has its own IP addressDomain name system (DNS)
Transmission Control Protocol – breaks information into data packets
What is WWW? Application that uses the internet
Set a standards for storing, retrieving, formatting and displaying information via client/server architecture
HTML – standard language Connection
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) Hypertext transport protocol (http) – communication
protocol to transfer pages ftp: File Transfer Protocol
Business use of the Internet:Electronic Commerce
E-business: Subset of e-commerce Transactions between
business partners
Individual EnterpriseSupplier/ Customer
Internet
Intranet
Extranet
B2C: InternetB2B: ExtranetB2E: Intranet
Web-based SolutionsEarly attempts to incorporate WWW into
inter-organizational systemsStatic, state-less web pages
Complicated navigation Not “connected” to underlying data
Page not dynamically updated when data changes
IT Infrastructure (Application Service Providers) Hardware: Web-based Servers, Browsers Software: Object-Oriented Database: Distributed Relational, XML Wrappers Network: Use IP-based standards Telecommunications: wireless IT Personnel: Business Partners, technical
specialties
Web Servicesdb dbdb
Web Services
Web Service Components
WS Directory
WS ClientWS Provider
XML/SOAP/HTTP
UDDIUDDI/W
SDL
db dbdb
Web Services
Dictionary: definewhat it is and how
it worksDirectory
Protocols for exchanging information
SOAP
Simple Object Access Protocol Protocol for exchanging XML-based messages
using HTTP Uses Remote Procedure Call Works well with network firewalls
XML
Extensible Markup Language Way of describing data Provides a text-based means to describe and apply
a tree-based structure to information
XML Example from wikipedia
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <recipe name="bread" prep_time="5 mins" cook_time="3 hours">
<title>Basic bread</title> <ingredient amount="3" unit="cups">Flour</ingredient><ingredient amount="0.25" unit="ounce">Yeast</ingredient><ingredient amount="1.5" unit="cups“ state="warm">Water</ingredient><ingredient amount="1" unit="teaspoon">Salt</ingredient>
<instructions> <step>Mix all ingredients together, and knead thoroughly.</step><step>Cover with a cloth, and leave for one hour in warm room.</step> <step>Knead again, place in a tin, and then bake in the oven.</step>
</instructions>
</recipe>
Web Service Components
WS Registry (UDDI, WSDL)
.Net
EnterpriseApplication
Enterprise Integration Server
(SOAP processor)
Secure TCP/IPConnections
SOAP/HTTP
Service Requests
J2EE
SOAP/H
TTP
SOAP/H
TTP
JDBC
ODBC
Web Services
ApplicationServer
db dbdb
Web Services
J2EE
J2EE 1.4 Standards IBM, Sun and Oracle have compliant offerings Still not the complete solution to build and
integrate enterprise applicationsBut neither is .NetDo not define:
Clustering, reliability, security, application integration, etc.
db dbdb
Web Services
Impact of Web Services on CRM
Siebel Systems added support for Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), Web Services Description Language, and Java Connectivity Architecture
Oracle supports Java, SOAP, UDDI, and XML. Epiphany supports SOAP and XML and is planning
additional SOAP interfaces to improve integration with third-party applications.
PeopleSoft exposes all application functions to XML
db dbdb
Web Services
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