europe first lesson
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EuropeBeginnings of Western Civilization
48 Countries
• Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria
• Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany
• Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania
• Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino
• Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia• Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey• Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City
The Aegean Civilization
Chief Cultures
• Minoans – Island of Crete
• Mycenaeans – Greek mainland
• Trojans – Asia Minor or Turkey
Minoan Civilization
• Ended 1400 BC
• Produced clay vases, bronze daggers, cups of gold and wall paintings
• Traded with Egypt• Mycenaeans were a warlike people
who likely destroyed them.
Mycenaeans• On the Greek mainland
• Greeks of the Trojan War in Homer’s epics of the Iliad and the Odyssey.
• Arrived in Greece in 1900 BC and adopted the Minoan culture
• Invaded by the Dorians 1100 to 800 BC
Trojan War
• 1200 BC
• Mycenaeans destroyed the city of Troy after a 10 year siege.
• They left a wooden horse – Trojan Horse
Homer
• Singing Poet
• 700 BC
• Iliad – War of the Greeks against Troy
• Odyssey – Adventures of a brave Greek Warrior on his 10 year journey after the war with Troy.
Greek Religion
• The Olympian Gods – Homer wrote about them.
• Associated with powers of nature
• Zeus was the chief god – thunder and lightning
• Apollo – Connection with the sun
• Poseidon – Sea
• Artemis - Moon
Heroes
• They were different than the gods
• They could die
• Achilles – invincible Greek warrior
Greek down fall
• Greek religion offered no standard of morality or incentives for just living
• “How far, indeed, did the Olympian or “Homeric” deities of the Acropolis – those gods to whom magnificent temples were dedicated in every Greek city – offer true freedom of spirit of the Greek citizen?”
• Those temples, and the gods’ images that stood within, were symbols of civic pride, and often of civic arrogance; these were “official” gods, but they did not speak to private conscience, or nourish the human longing for immortality, or clearly declare a norm for what men and women ought to be.
City- States
• Grew from the worship of Ancestors• Acropolis – “polis” – city which was on a
hilltop. Seat of government and of religion• 150 city – states • Start of the Olympics to honor the god
Zeus 776 B.C. was the first year of the Olympics
• Olympics were suspended in A.D. 394 but revived in 1896
Acropolis
Politics of Ancient Greece
• Monarchy – rule by one
• Council of the Elders and the Assembly
• Aristocracy – rule by the best
• Aristocrats were of noble birth and had an important religious role. They were better than the average citizen they thought.
• Oligarchy – rule by the few (rich)
• Tyranny – rule by one man who has seized power by rebellion and insurrection.
• Democracy – rule by the many or the common people. Only citizens could participate in government. (Women, slaves and men born outside the city-state were not citizens)
Spartan Military State
• Three classes of people – Ruling class, middle class and the slaves (helots)
• Expanded by conquering
• Education was only physical training
• Chief duty was that of a soldier
Athenian Democracy
• Last monarch 1050 BC
• Chose “Archon” to be chief
• Solon’s Laws 594 BC
• Repealed harsh laws
• Relieved debtors
• Redeemed slaves
• Forbade parents to sell their children
• Ordered every father to teach his son a trade
• Required sons to support their aged father
• Every native born had the right to vote
Pericles
• 461 to 429 BC
• Direct Democracy – citizens made the big decisions of government
• All citizens could assemble in one place, speak and listen to speeches and then make the decisions
• “Golden Age of Greece”
Alexander the Great
• Finished what his father Philip II started in conquering the Persian Empire
• Pupil of Aristotle – learned Homer’s Iliad
• Thought himself as the new Achilles
• Introduced Greek culture to the world
• Died 33 years of age – fever or poison after returning from India
• Empire divided among 4 generals
Greek Culture
• 700 BC to 338 BC when conquered by the Macedonians
• Hellenic Age
• Philosophy – “Man is the measure of all things”
• Education – high regard to learning , began at 7 years of age
• Sculpture – 5th century able to imitate the human form
• Architecture – Temples in Athens, most
famous is the Parthenon. It was dedicated to Athena, goddes of Athens.
• Greek writers – Aesop – freed slave
• He wrote fables – brief story used to teach a moral.
• Hippocrates – Father of medicine
• Disease resulted from rationally explainable causes.
Hippocratic Oath
• The regimen I adopt shall be for the benefit of my patients according to my ability and judgment, and not for their hurt or for any wrong. I will give no deadly drug to any, though it be asked of me, nor will I counsel such, and especially I will not aid a woman to procure abortion . . .
• Whatsoever house I enter, there will I go for the benefit of the sick, refraining from all wrongdoing or corruption, and especially from any act of seduction, or male or female, of bond or free.
Philosophy• Socrates 470-399 BC
• Search for Absolutes (Ultimate foundational truths)
• “What is the best way to live?”
• He was poisoned for denying the existence of the gods
• Inspired Plato who attempted to find an explanation for the obvious order, design,and purpose in the universe
• Aristotle – 384 -322 BC • Student of Plato• Concluded that the order of the universe
must have come from God• Tutor of Alexander the Great• Hellenistic – • Stoicism – live according to reason, obey
the law of nature, seek to do lasting good, honor all men as brothers and remain indifferent to the pleasures and pains of life.
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