europe

: , [1] * . - () () - . ( ).

. , - 70 . , , , , . , , . . , . . [2] , , . . , . , 1950, , . ; , , ,

, ; 1950 1960 . . , , , . . [3] . , , , -. [4] Moss (2000, . 251), , , , . , , - , , . [5] , , , , . , , . : 1980, . . . , . . . [] . , . ,

, , , . [ ] . -. , . . , . [6] , - . , , . , : , , () , - , () (Mandel, 1967,. 28). , (Mantel 1975) . , . [7] , . . ... , , . (Mandel, 1970, . 55-6). , -- . , , , . , . .

(Mandel, 1970, . 94). , , , , . Holloway Picciotto (1980) - . ... , , , ... ... ( ) (-) (, 1975, . 78). , . . ( ). , . , , ( , . 88). , ( , . 81). , , ;

, . , , . . , , , . , . . . , . , . , , ,

, . . , , , , , , . , , . () . , . [8] : , , , , , , , , . , ( , ) , , . , , , . [9] , , , (!). , . , , , : . [10] , . [11] , . [12] , , Milward (1992), , . (Anderson, 1997, . 62) , -, , 19 ( MacAllister, 1997, . 17). [13] -- , .

, . 1933, * . , . . ( Schlesinger, 1958, . 202). , , - , , .., , . (. Brittan, 1977). ---------------------* 21 . (...)

, - 1933 , , ( Bruckner, 1978, . 70). , - . [15] - -- (Moss, 2000, . 258) , (. Muller-Armack, 1947, . 95), , (. Muller-Armack, 1960), . (formierte Gesellschaft). - (Gesellschaftspolitik), , , . 1965 : , , , ( Berghahn, 1986, . 299). , Volksgemeinschaft [ ] 1930, - Volksgemeinschaft (.Mey, 1971). [16]

, . , , , , . . , , : . , . 1930 1950, . [17] . . (1932, 1934a), . , . , . [ ] 1970. . (1977, . 248) . . : (King, 1976, . 12). , (. Brittan, 1977) , , . , . [18] 1919 , . . , , :

, , , , . , , . , , . . , , . , . , , , , . , , . . , . , , . 1945. Fuhrerstaat. ! . , . , , . 1950, . [19] , . , , , . [20] 1945: . , --

. - : . , , . : 1945, . - (Moss, 2000). , - (. Muller-Armack, 1947). , . , , , . . . , , . , (1968) . , . , , . , . , , . , . [ ] . , (. Agnoli,

1997). , 1958 . [22] (1971, . 143): ... , . , , , , . , , , . [23] . , , . , , -- : -- , . . , . [24] ; . , 1899, , . , , , , . , , . : (, 1974, . 389 .., . ). . , ,

. , , . , . . , . . [25] , , , . (. Agnoli, 1995) , . . . . , (1997, . 130), . 1930. . . , . , (. ) , . , , , (Hayek, 1939, . 255). , . . ( , . 268). . ( , . 260). ( , . 259). ,

, . , , , , . , , . , , , , . , . [26] , , - , (. ). . , , . , , (Stabilitatsgemeinschaft, . Muller-Armack, 1971). -, , , , .

, - . . (Clarke, 1988, . 179). , (Burnham, 1995). . , ,

. 1950 . Gill, .., , , (1992, . 168). , , - : (Gowan, 1997, . 97). , [ -]. (Gill, 1992, .. 178 1998). , , . , , , . Hix (1999, . 299300) : , . , . , .. . . - - . ; - . , [ , (...)]. . , , .

, Garret (1994, . 49), - , , , . , (Emerson, 1992, . 100). , , .. - ; - , , ; , - ; ..; - .., - . , . , . . - . , [27] . , (. Benson, 1995): ., , ; - , , ; . . , ; , [28] , . , [29],

; , . - -. , , ( Eltis, 2000, . 146). , , . . . , . 1. . . 2000. 2.. Committee (1980, . 19-20) Emerson et al (1992). 3. , . .. Moss (2000). 4. , . , . Moss (2000). , . , , , , Carchedi (1997, . 100-1), , . , , . . Bellofore (1999) & Bonefeld (2001). 5. , . Carchedi (1997) & Carchedi/Carshedi (1999). 6. Holloway & Picciotto (1980) 7. (1969) . . Murray (1971). - , , , , . 8. , . ( Connolly, 1995, . 7). , ( )

, . (Carchedi/Carchedi, 1999, . 120). , . Huffschmid (1994) . Burnham (1990) . , , . . , , , , , , . , . . .. Altvater et al (1979) & Graf (1992). 9. , . Glyn (1995) & Mathews (1968). . Altvater et al (1979) . 10. , . Agnoli (1990,2000). . , .., 1949 [] . , , . . . , . , , . (Grimm, 1997, . 249). .. , . . 23. 11. / , . , Menge [, , ] ! . Luxemburg, The Mass Strike , . 12. , . Holloway (1995). , (1968), . 13. Milward (1992) , . - . , . , Moravcsik (1999). , .

14. 1945, - 1950 . , , : Ordnungpolitik, ( ) . , , . Bonefeld (1998). 15. Berghahn (1986). 16. , , , (. Reich, 1992). . . , Bonefeld (2000). 17.. Gambino (1996, . 48) , , 1930, . 18. , . Burnham (2000). 19.O Hennis Agnoli (1997, . 136). 20. , . Nolte (1982), . , Brittan (1977, 275) . , , . Bologna (1994). . Bonefeld (1999). 21.. Burnham (1942) - . 22. , .., 1958. 23. ../.. . , , .. , , . , , , .. . , . Beethan & Lord (1998). 24. , . Bernholz (1992) & Keech (1995). , . Bonefeld (1998). 25. , . Carchedi (1997) & Bonefeld/Burnham (1996). . Connolly (1995) , - - , . 26. 1970, , 1930. , (Hayiek, 1978).

, . (1988) - . , , , (. Moss, 1998). , -. , . 27. , 35 (Economist, 5/2/2000, . 43). 28. , . Bonefeld (2000). 29. Political Theology (1934b) : .

... !

, 18 2012 . . . ... , , , . , , , , - . , , , 6 New York Times.

. , , 500 2010, . , , . La Vanguardia, : .., , ; . . , . , , N-VA, , 2014. , .. , , . . , 2014, . , , , , 700 . 40%, . , , . , , 25 , . 11 , 1,5 , , , , ! , .

, , , . 11% 65% 70% . , Generalitat, (!) , , 12 , , 11 . , , Group Planeta, , , . , 20% , , , , . , , - , , ; , . , , . , , , , - , , ..- . .. , , . , . . .. . , . , , , ..,

, . .. . , , ( ) . , , , , . , , . , , , . , . , .. , . .. . , , . , ; , ...

:

.

.

() () . . . . , , ( . ) . . . ( , ). . , 1989, . . , , ( ) . , , ( ) . . . ,

: () - / () - ( ). 21 , ( ) ( (2009, 2011)) . . , . , 1973 ( (2010, 2011)). , , , . . . - . , , , . , , , . . () ( ) () ( (2010, 2011). . . , . , .

, , , . . . . . . . ( ) . , , ( ) .

. , . . . , , , , . , ,

. ( ) ( ). ( ) . - . (sic!) . . , , . . , , . . , . , . ( ) . , , , , . , ( ) . , , . . , . , , . , , . . , , . , . .

. , . . ( ).

(, , , .) . : (1) . , , . (2) . (3) ( ) . (4) ( ) . (5) , . . ( ).

, . , . , . .

. E ;03/07/2011 Stavros Mavroudeas 7 . E ;

. .

, , -. , , . (capital relation) . , .

. : () ( 19 ) () -: 1) ( 1929 2 . ) , 2) - ( 2 . 1973). () 1973 , . . ( , , ) , , . .

I. 70 . 1973, (, , , .). , . [1] . , , - , ,

. , , . , - . . ; , , ; ; , ; 70, . : ( ). /- , . , . , . , . - - . : , . , 20 ( Lenin). A , 20 . (Lenin (1977), Hilferding (1981),

Luxemburg (1971), Bukharin (1976) ..), . . (), ( ) , , . - (. -). . . : () ( 19 ), () ( 70), , - , () 1973. , , . , 70, . .

. : . Marx . , (Marx (1982), ., .47) -: (), , , . , , . , , . Hilferding (1981), ( ,

) . . , Hilferding. Lenin (1977), . Lenin Hobson (1902), Hilferding Bukharin. , Lenin. * , [2]. , , [3]. . - . . - , - . . , -[4], . - () ; - . , . (Althuser-Balibar (1977), Poulantzas (1975, 1978)), [5]. , ( ). , . , , () . , .

. . . , . , [6]. , . , , . , Fine-Harris (1979), . -. , , . - . . , [7]. , . , , . . . - . , 70, . ( Brenner-Glick (1991), Mavroudeas (1998)) ( ) ,

. , Fine-Harris (1979), . A, , , . , . - . -. . . , ( (1994)). , , , , . -. . , , ( , .) . ( ) . , , , . .

. , . , .

- ( ). . , . , , - . , , . . , - . . , , -. , , . (Fine-Harris (1979), .) . ( Mavroudeas (1998)) ( Brenner-Glick (1991)) . , . , . , , ..: 1) / 2) . ( , .) . ( , .) . 3) ( , () - .)

4) : . . 5) 6) : . , . . : () ( 19 ) () -: 1) ( 1929 2 . ) , 2) - ( 2 . 1973). () 1973 , . . , - , , .

1) /: , , . , , , . 2) : . . : . , , . .

. : , (. - ) ( ). . : . 3) : . , . 4) : , , . 5) : , . , . . , ( ), (, ) . . 6) : . , - , .

- 1) /: , . ( , .). 2) : . , . . ,

. ( ) . , - . - ( ) . - . , . - . . : . . , , ( .). . : . . . : , ( .). - (, ) ( ). . 3) : , - . , , , , . - , . 4) : . 5) : , .

. , , - , . 6) : , . , - , ( - ).

1) /: . , . Braverman -. - (.. .). , , - - [8]. . , . . -, , ( ) . , , . , , . ,

, , . .

2) : . : . . , ( ). , , . , . , , . . : ( .). - ( - ) ( - ). ( ) ( , .). Bretton Woods. . : - . - ( ). . - , , - (.. ). .

3) : . . , ( ), . , .

4) : - . 1973 .

5) : , . - .

6) : - . . , (, , NAFTA .)

V. :

1. . ,

. , , . 2 . . , - , . . - .

2. , - . (, .) 11 ., ( ) ( (1976), .13-20). , 17 18 ., . , - . - , .. , () . , , [9].

. , [10]. 18 . , . . , . , . - , , . , . , ( ). , , . , 1875 1929 . 1930 . . 19 ., , , 1960 ( ) . 19 . .

, , ( ), . , 1870 , * ( (1978)). , ( ) 20 . . (1976, .100-105), 1875-1909 , - . (.. ). , , - . 1920, (1920-22, 1924, 1927) 1929 . . . 1913 . 1922 . , ( (1978, .46). 1929. 1929 . ( ). 1931

1932. ( , , .) ( , , (clearing)) . . (, ) (, , .). . 1928-38, , (65%) . (87%) (73%). , , ( (1978), .). , , 1928 , ( (1978), .) . , 1870-80 . . . [11]. , , . , . . , . (1944-53) .

(.. (1992)) , . , , , , . - 1/3 . , [12]. , 1944-53 . , , . ( ) ( ). , . 1946 1948 . , ( Power, Cable Wireless .) (, , ). 1953 1950 196070. , , . , , . , 1953 (.. 2687/53). (.. 1953). ( 1950-60 5.7%) ( 20.2% 1950

25.7% 1960 28.5% 1950 22.5% 1960 ( (1987), .16). , 1960-73 ( (1990), .39). . . ( (1987), .15-43). . . ( ). ( , , , ) ( (1988)). : , , , , , , -. . 1973-74 .

3. . (1) 1830-70 . , . (, , .). . , . (, .).

, . (2) 1870-80 . . , , ( ) . (3) (1880-1920) , , . (4) 1920-30 . , . (5) 1930-1944 . . (6) 1944-50 . (7) 1950-60 - - . (8) (1960-73) . (9) 1973 : ,

1830 1920 . 1920 () . 2 . - . 1973 , , .

1870-80 1920-30. ( ). . . , , , [13] . , . , 1884, [14]. , , . , ( ). 2948 1922 1926. 1931-32. , ( 1927, ., ). (1931), (1927) . . clearing . , , 1914 . To 1914 Batignoles. (). . . - . 8

[15]. . . . , . , 60 .[16].

V. ; , 1960-70, , . , , 1973. , . . .

1. . , , , , . . ,

, . . . ( ). . , , , ( ) . , . . . , , , . . . , :

. 1, 1983- 1992 .

1. .

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

. 38,7 38,6 38,2 38,4 37,7 38,4 38,6 38,4 39,2 39,6

( EUROSTAT)

, ( ), . , , , .

. , , () . . . ( (1998)) 160000 , . , (1997) , .

. - , . ( ), . , ( ) .

. .

. (. 2). , .

2. .

1993

1993

1997

1997

%-

% 1,6% 9,6% 8,8%

. 2583993 1534386 2612004 1682401 1,1% 2419472 1300707 2438980 1415075 0,8%

3258311 3474251 3260956 3530561 0,1%

(- 1998)

, .

. ( ) .

2. . (), , (, ) . . . () , , : (. , , , ) . ( , ) .

. . , .

. . 1973, , . ( ) , , .

(, ), , , . . , .

3. . . . , (,1998) 1980, 1984 1997 17,5%. ( EUROSTAT ,1998). , , . , .

4. . . ( ), . (-) . ( , , ). , .

VI. , , . , (.. Schor (1992)). . , . . , .

Althusser L.-Balibar E. (1977), Reading Capital, New Left Books . . (1987), , Gutenberg . (1978), 19 , . (1978), , Bucharin N. (1976), Imperialism and World Economy, erlin . . . (1991), , 1880-1930, (1997), 1997 EUROSTAT(1992), Work organization and working hours 1983 1992 (1998), 33, 1998 (1998), EUROSTAT 35, 1998

Fine B. Harris L. (1979), Rereading Capital, Columbia University Press Hobson J. (1902), Imperialism a study, Allen & Unwin Hilferding R. (1981), Finance Capital, Routledge . . (1990), , . . 1998), , .38 . (1998) , , .36, 1998 lyenkov E.V. (1982), The dialectics of the abstract and the concrete in Marxs Capital, Progress Lenin V.I. (1977), Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism in Lenin I.V. (1977), Selected Works, Progress Lipietz A. (1986), Behind the crisis: the exhaustion of a regime of accumulation,Review of Radical Political Economics vol.18 no.2 Luxemburg R.-Bucharin N. (1972), Imperialism and the Accumulation of Capital, Penguin Luxemburg R. (1971), The Accumulation of Capital, Routledge arx K. (1982), Capital, vol.III, Penguin . (1994), : , .5 . (1994), : , .9 Mavroudeas S. (1998), Contemporary Capitalism: Is there a new stage in process?, Marx II International Congress, CNRS University of Paris X, 30 3 . (1988), : , . . (1987), (1958-1985), .19 Poulantzas N. (1975), Classes in Contemporary Capitalism, New Left Books Poulantzas N. (1978), L Etat, le Pouvoir, le Socialisme, PUF

Petras J. (1982), , .6 Schor J. (1992), The overworked American, Basic Books . [] (1992), , . (1992), : 1944-1953 . (1992) . (1976), , Zeleny J. (1980), The Logic of Marx, Blackwell

[1] (1994). [2] , Hilferding (1981) , . Kautsky . [3] , , Lenin . , . [4] , , ( ) (. ). [5] (1988, .100-108) . [6] Zeleny (1980, .3) Marx, Ricardo, . , Ilyenkov (1982) Marx - . .

[7] Marx 1844 , . . [8] , , - - . [9] , - . , (. Petras (1982, .7) , , . [10] , 18 ., ( (1976), .51), , . [11] , , ( (1992, .21)). [12] (.. 1945) (.. 1946). , - . , (.. ) . ( (1947)) . , , . . , , . , 1952 .

[13] ( , ) , , . , . (-- (1991, .)). 1877-1928 . - 19 ., . , , , . [14] ( (1978), .109-115). . , . (1867) . [15] 8 . 8 3994. .2269 27.6/1.7.1920 Washington 8 48 , . , 1932 (27.6/4.7.1932) 1937 . [16] , . , Marx ( , .461). , -. . , 60, . ,

. , 60 70, ( , ( , ) ).

03/05/2011 Stavros Mavroudeas no.1 1 . ; 2, . , - , . : 3. , . , . , . ( , Independent Social Research Network Marxists Internet Archive. 1 , . 174180). * , , , , 40 , 10 , ( ) . 30 . 4, , , , , ... 5.

, . , , , , , , , ..., , . , , 6. : . , , , . , , , , ..., . , . . . . , . . , , , ... ( ) ( ), 7. . , . . 8. , , . .

, , , 9, , , , 10. . , . , 11. . , . , , . . , . , , 12. , , , 13. , , , , 14. , . , . , , . . , . , . , , , . , , .

, , . , . , , , . . . . , , . . , , , : . . , . : , : , . , . , ( ), : , , , ... , . , , . . , ,

. . , . , . , . , . , . , . , , , . , , , . . , . (1) , (2) (3) , , , . , , , , . , . , , . , , .

2008, . ( ) , . , , ; . . . . , . ; 700 2008. 20% , ! , ... 1% . , . , . . , . . , . , . . , 3,3 . 34.000 . , , . , . . .

, . 1. , Gail Collins, New York Times, 17 2008 Stuart Jeffries, The Guardian, 21 2008. 2. , . . 3. 32 . 4. . 5. . I, 9. 6. , . 7. , I, 4. 8. Pecunia non olet, , , I, 3, 2. 9. , I, 33. 10. , I, 1. 11. , , . 12. . . 13. , , , MECW, . 20, . 101-149, , . 14. , I, 8.

14, 2010 politikespsifides

http://politikespsifides.wordpress.com/2010/11/14/%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF %83%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE-%CF%83%CF%84%CE %B7%CE%BD-%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE %B1-%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD-%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE %B9%CF%8E%CE%BD-%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1/ Anwar Shaikh

. , , . . , . . , . , . . I. . , . , . , , . , , : .

, . ( ) : , . . . . ( ), (Keynes), . . ( ) (Keynes), . , . : . , ( ) . : . , , . , , , : . , .

, . . . Laissez-Faire . . Laissez-Faire , , . Adam Smith , . .1 - - . . , : . , . , , . . , . . , . , . . , , , , . . , . ( ) . , . , , Welay Clair Mitchell 110 1810 1920, Paul Samuelson 1945 1975.[2 ] !

, . : . , . , ( , ..) ( , , ).[3] , , , , . , , . : . . . , , , , , . . , , . . . , . . , Laissez-Faire. , , . , . . () Laissez-Faire , . . :

. () , 1939 - . , Laissez-Faire . Keynes , , , . , Keynes, . , . . , , . , . , , : . . :4 ( ), , , , . , , Keynes . , , , ( , Joan Robinson) LaissezFaire. , . .5 , . , , . . .6

. Keynes , , Joan Robinson. Michael Kalecki Joseph Steindl . . , Laissez-Faire . , , : . , , , , . , . , , ( ) . , . . : . . , . : , , , (. ). , , . : - . . 150 . , , . . ( , ,

), II (, , ..). , , II ( ), ( ). : . II , . , , II . . , , , , . . . . . . : . . . . , . , . , - - . , . ; . II, . ( ) ( II), ( ) . .

, . . , , , . . , . . , , . , , , . , . . , , , II . , , / II. . 200.000$, . 150.000$ 50.000$, 30.000$ ( ) 20.000$ ( ). 30.000$, . , II , , . , . , . . . , . , , , . , , .

. , , . , , (. ) . - - , , . . . , Marx Kalecki. , , . , , , . , . 19 , , . , , . . , . , , () . .( . , , , . , Bleaney). , . Michael Bleaney : ,

. , , , Chalmers. .[7] Thomas Malthus (1820-1830). , Malthus . , , Malthus . , () () . Malthus -, (). ( Malthus . , , ). Sismonde de Sismonti Malthus, , , . , , . , ( ). , , , , ( ). Sismonti, , , . . Parson Malthus, Sismonti . , Marx , . Sismonti .8 . Malthus Sismonti, ,

. , , . . , . Sismonti . Sismonti ( 1850) J.A.Hobson ( 1900) . 1870 1914, , 700%, . , , 1900, , , . , , , , . Hobson Rosa Luxemburg ( ) . Hobson . , , . , ( ) II ( ), , , . ( ) () . .[9] Hobson , . , Hobson .[10] , ( , ..). ( ), . , Hobson , ( ). , , , . , , . [11]

Hobson, , . , , . , , , . , , . : . , Hobson. : , . , , . [12] Hobson 1900 . 1916, Lenin , Hobson. , 1920, Rosa Luxemburg , , , Hobson . , , Paul Sweezy Paul Baran Hobson, , , , , . . . , . , , , . . Marx . , Marx. Marx, , () (II).

. Marx . , , : , , . Marx . , . , , , . , , . . , ( ). . , . , , . : . , . , , , , . ; ! , , . , , . , . . , .

. . , .13 10%, 10%. , , 10%, . Marx, . . , , . , , , . , , . , . Marx . 1858-1865, Marx . 1867, II, , , 1870. Marx Engels. Marx, , . [14] Marx , , . , . . , , mir. 1850, mir . 1880, - , - - .15 - Marx . , , . , , . ,.

, , . II 1885, Marx. , , -, .16 : Bulgakov, Tugan-Baranowsky, Struve, Lenin. . , . Lenin (1899), . , Lenin . , , . , , Marx . . , , . Struve, Bulgakov, Tugan-Baranowsky Lenin. , , : , ; ; , ; Tugan-Baranowsky , II . , , , . - , , , . Lenin Tugan-Baranowsky , , , . , , , Rudolph Hilferding . Tugan-Baranowsky Hilferding , , . , Hilferding, , .17 Roza Luxemburg . . , , .

. Luxemburg .18 ( ) Marx , Luxemburg . Marx , Luxemburg, Marx , , , .19 . . . , Luxemburg, ; ( , ). Marx , Luxemburg, . , ; Marx, , , . Marx , .20 , . Luxemburg , . , , , , . , , . , , . , , , . . , . Luxemburg , , . ;

, , . . . , ( ). , , ( ) . . Marx , . , ... , . , . ( , Marx : E-X-E X-E-X. , , , . ( ) . Luxemburg ). , Luxemburg , Luxemburg . , , , ; , , , , ; , . 1929 , . , , , . Paul Sweezy (1942) . Sweezy - .21 , Sweezy . II, ( ) . , Sweezy 1% , 1%. Hobson, .

, , , ( ). , Sweezy, . , , . , , . , , . . , , II. Sweezy : .[22] Sweezy II. , . : , Luxemburg, . Sweezy, , , . Sweezy Paul Baran, , . , , Sweezy II, . , Marx, Keynes Kalecki, II . , .[23] () .[24] , (, , ),

, , .., . . , , . Baran Sweezy / . , , . Marx ( , ). , , . , , . , . , . , ; Marx, , , ) . - , - . Baran Sweezy, () , . , , . . , Eric Olin Wright : () , , , . . , .[25]

Baran Sweezy Joan Robinson, Michael Kalecki Joseph Steindl. , . . . , . Joan Robinson , Kalecki.[26] Kalecki , , , , . , , Kalecki .[27] , (1968), Kalecki .[28] , Steindl Kalecki . , , , . Kalecki , .[29] , , Baran Sweezy . IV. . Marx, , . , , . , , .. . , Rosa Luxenburg, , ( ) ; . Marx, . .[30] . , Marx,

. , . , , . ( ) , . , (. ) . , , / . , . (). . ( Marx) , . , . , . , Marx , . , , , , .., Baran Sweezy. ( , , , , , . , . , ). , . . Marx . , ; , ; , Marx . , ,

, , . , . , . . , , , . , , . . , . . Marx ( ) . . , , . , ( ) . , , : , (, ) , , . Marx (C), , (L). C + L. . C, . (L) . L. , . (L) , (V) (S). , (L) , (S) : S = L V. (V) (S) . Marx S/V . Ceteris paribus,

. (L) . (V), , ( ) . (S) : , L, , , V, . S S/V , . . / . . , Marx, . .[31] S/V . . . , (C) (V) (S). (S) (C + V) . , S/(C + V) . . , ( , Marx . , . Marx, . . , .) ( ). . . , .

, . , -. , . . , , .. ( , . Harry Braveman (1974), Labor and Monopoly Capital, New York : Monthly Review Press). . , . , , . Marx . . Marx, (C + L) , . , , C L. S/(C + V). S = L V, (S) (L) (V). (V = 0), S Smax = L Smax/C = L / V. , L / C , ( L = V). C / L - L / C , . Marx . L V S, S / V. , , , , S / V. , , . , , . , , .[32] , , Marx,

, . ( Marx , (. XXV, ), . 619). Marx , . . . , Marx, / (). , . , . , , . ( , , . Shaikh . (1978), Political Economy and Capitalism :Note on Dobbs Theory of Crises, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2). Paul Sweezy Maurice Dobb .[33] . . Marx , . Sweezy Dobb , . , . (, ) . L . . , , , . , (C) . Marx C C / L . , ,

; C / L . , . , (. C L). ( Yaffe [34]) , . . [. Shaikh . (1978), Political Economy and Capitalism :Note on Dobb's Theory of Crises, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2. 6 . (...)] . , , . , Okishio,[35] , -, Joan Robinson, , Bob Rowthorn. , . Marx , . . .[36] , C / L, . C L , , , , . / / , , C / L.[37] , , .. , . , , , ( ) ( ).

. , , , . , . , , - .[38] . , , . . Adam Smith ( 1770), , , , . , , . . , . , , Smith . , David Ricardo ( 1810) . , , . . . , , . , , , . Ricardo . , Marx, . , . , Marx : , . , [39] Marx () .

. , , . , , , , . Marx . , , .[40] , , . . . , . , . Marx . , Marx , ( ) . Marx; . , Henryk Grossman (), Paul Mattick () David Yaffe () , Marx . Grossman . , Grossman . Marx, , , . , .[41] , . . , . . , . , . , , . Grossman, , .

. , Marx, : , , . . . .[42] Paul Mattick Grossman . Mattick Marx , , . Grossman , Mattick , . .[43] David Yaffe Marx . . , Grossman Mattick, Yaffe . , , . , , . , .. ( ). , , , . . , , , . , Yaffe, , . , . . , , , , . , , . , . . , Yaffe,

, . [44] . . , , , , . , , . , . Marx, , . , , , ( ) . ( , Marx, Capital III, . XVI, . 240). Marx , . , . , S / V / W. / . . , , . , ( Marx), , . /. , , , . , . , , . . - ; , -, , ,

. / W S / V , Glyn, Sutcliffe Rowthorn Boddy Crotty . [45] -. , , , William Nordhaus Brookings Institute .[46] Nordhaus, , - . , . Nordhaus , . . , , , . , . , ( ). , Frederic Bastiat (1840-50) Henry Carey (1860-70), Marx , () , .[47] Bastiat Carey. Eric Olin Wright, , : . , , . , , ( ). , . .[48] Bastiat Carey, . , , .

( ) . . , . , . . . , , . , ( Marx), . . , , . : - ; , / W S / V; S V. . , . () 100.000$. 40.000$ (Cp*) 20.000$ (Vp*) , .(X . , . ). 40.000$ (S*). . , . , (S*) , (Vp*) . -. - : S* / Vp* = 40.000 / 20.000 = 200%. . . , , (Cu*) (Vu*)

. , (, ..), . (). ( , ( , , , ), , ). Cu* +Vu* = 15.000$ + 10.000$ = 5.000$, = 10.000$. . , , (/) . . , . () ( ) . , . ( Boddy-Crotty (. ) The Communist, . 1, . 2.). / W, . , = 10.000$ W = + .. = 20.000$ + 10.000$ = 30.000$, / W = 10.000/30.000 = 33,3%. , S* /Vp* = 200%. / W S* / Vp* , ( . S*, VP* W , . , , , . . . ( ), S / Vp* 1900 1972, / W . .). , / W S* / Vp* . . - / W . ,

, Marx, . , , . , , /W S*/Vp* . Yaffe . - . , , . , . : ( ). , , . . . , , . . 21 . . , , , , . ; , . . . , , . , . , . . . ,

. , , . , , , , . . . . . . Parson Malthus Simone de Sismondi, Rosa Luxemburg Paul Sweezy Paul Baran. , , , Ricardo , Marx Lenin. , . . . , . , , . , . ( ) . , , - ( / W) (S / V). . . , . , . , , . . .

. . . e-mail: smavro@uom.gr web: http://stavrosmavroudeas.wordpress.com 21 , 9 2011 . : - . : ( ) . , ( ) () , () . . , . , . , , , . , , , ( ). ( ), ( ). : . , , , . , , ,

. , . , ( ) , . . , ( , ) , , . ( - ). , , -. . , , ( ) [1]. ( ) 17 . . . 19 . - ( .) . . , . . . , , . , , ( ) , . , .

( ). . : ( ) . , , . , , . . / . . . , . . , , . : ( )[2]. - . . ( , ) . . . , . . ,

. , . - ( ) . - . , , . . . : 1973-75, ( 1873 1929), (), a-la-Marx (Shaikh & Tonak (1994)). , , . , 25 , ( 1873). , . . . , . ( ). , ( ) . , , . 1973 [3]: , ( ), ( )

. . () , () () 20 . ( , [4]. ( ). ( (Shaikh (2011)) (.. 1987, 1990). 2000-2003 2003-2007. , , 2000-3 . 2005-6 ( ) 2004 ( ). , 2000, : ( ) ( [ , ] []). [5]. , ( ) . . . , ( ) . ( ) . . , , . .

. . , ( a-la-Marx), ( ), . ( ) [6]. . , , . . : . () ( ) () ( ). 1973 . , . , . , . , . , , . . , , , . ( ).

. 192930 . - , 1985 . , , . . , 1985 . . , - . 1990 . , , . . : , , , . , , 1973-75. . , , . . , .

: . , . , ( ), ( ) ( ). , ( ) . ( ) . - . . , (PIGS) (, .). . . , - . 2004 . , - . . , . , . , . - . - ( ) .

( ) . ( ). , 2008 . . ( , ) ( ) . - . ( ). () . , . ( , ) . IV. : , ( - ). -. ( ) . , , . . . , , ( , , .) . , ( - ) .

. . , - , . , 2012. , . , , , . , . , , . . . V. ; . . , - . . , , . , , . , , . : (1) ( , ) . , , . (2) (3) ( )

(4) ( ) . (5) , . . , ( ). , .

. .

o John Martinussen , , , 2007

; , - . , , . . ,

. , (, .) ( ). , , , . , . Martinussen . . , , . , , . , . . - . . . ( ) , . . , , . , , . , () ( ). , , . , . ,

( ), ( ) ( ). , , . , , , & (1993). , , . , , . 19 20 , , ( ) ( ). , , , . , A.Smith D.Ricardo ( ) K.Marx , . . , , . , - . . , , , .

, . . , .Lazear (2000), Quarterly Journal of Economics 21 , . , .Fine (2002) . . , , , (hard science) . , , . Fine (2002) . G.Becker, . ( ), , . - . Becker (1990, : 39) . , . , , . , . Fine (2002) . J.Stiglitz, .

. , ( , ). (North (1995) .) . . ( ), , . , Fine (2002), . . , . . (Washington Consensus): , , , , . . ( , ) . . , . - . , . , - . J.Stiglitz , Stiglitz (Nobel (2001), .10). . , Stiglitz & Hoff (2001) ,

. , . . . , . , . . , , ( ) ( ) . , , ( ) . - . . - . , . . . Becker , Stiglitz . , ( ). . , , . - . , .

- . . . . , . , .

;

, . . , . . - . . . . - . ( ) , . . .

, . , , - . : - . J.Stiglitz . , , ; . . . , : . . , , . .

Henryk Grossmann : 11/02/2011 Stavros Mavroudeas

Henryk Grossmann : . .

H.Grossmann . . , Grossmann ( P.Sweezy, Howard & King ..). Grossmann, . 1. Henryk Grossmann[1] , , () (). , , 20

, . Grossmann 1881 . Bohm-Bawerk Karl Grunberg. , , 1918, . . , 1925, , Grunberg, , 1930. 1933 . 1937 . . , 1949, . 1950[2]. Grossmann (Das Akkumulations-und Zusammenbruchsgesetz des Kapitalistischen Systems) 1929 1992 ( ). Sismonde de Sismondi , 1924, 1924. Marx (Die Anderung des ursprngliche Aufbauplans des Marxschen Kapital und ihre Ursachen) 1929 Marx* Roman Rosdolsky. Grossmann . Marx . Grossmann. , . Harrod (1939, 1948) Dommar (1946). Grossmann. . 2. ,

. , ( ), . . , , . Marx ( , ) ( , ). Marx, (1) , (2) [3]. . , Marx . , ( ). . Marx, , (capacity utilization), . (fixed capital) . , . , (, .) . , , - ( ) ( ). ( ). , , .

. , . . , , . . . ( ) . , . , , . Marx , , (.. ), , . Marx, . , , . , . , , : o (s) (v): . , . . .

. . Okishio (1961), , ( , .), . , , . . , , . . Okishio. , Foley (1986) , . Fine (1989) Okishio ( ) ( )[4]. Okishio . , Shaikh (1978a) (, ) (margin of profits ). ( ). 3. H.Grossmann Grossmann 20 . , , Bernstein . ( Bernstein). .Kautsky, Bernstein. - . Rosa Luxemburg . ,

Marx, , . Luxemburg . Sternberg, Luxemburg -, . , Sternberg, , , . Grossmann . , Grossmann . - Luxemburg Sternberg. Grossmann ( , , .) . ( , .). . - . Grossmann , . . . , ( ) .

Bauer (1913). , Luxemburg, . Grossmann 4 Bauer 20 36 . Bauer Grossmann Grossmann . . , . , , . , . , . , ( 100%). , . , . , ( ). ( [ ] [ ]) Bauer Marx. , . Grossmann, Bauer, 10% 5%. , . Marx Luxemburg[5] ( ) (Grossmann (1992), .70). , , : / / = / .

, , ( ). Grossmann ( ). c: (c0: ,

ct: t ) (1)

v: (v0: , vt: t ) (2)

k:

c: v: s: ( ) : (), 0 s: , (): : ( ) . : (3) (4) (3) (4) : (5) (1) (2) (5) : Bauer . ( ). , . ,

. . . , . ( ) ( ). , . , . Grossmann ( k=0) : , : , s> v. : () (0) () (c) () (v) () (s) , . . , , . ( ). 1920

(c) , ( ) . Grossmann . Grossmann (1992, .6970) Bauer 200000 100000 . 120000 80000 , (50000) . . 1. Grossmann. c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 21 25 33 34 35 36 200000 220000 242000 266000 292600 321860 354046 389450 428395 471234 758925 v 100000 105000 110250 115762 121500 127627 134008 140708 147743 155130 k 75000 77750 80539 83374 86213 89060 91904 94728 97517 100251 c 20000 22000 24200 26600 29260 32186 35404 38945 42839 47123 v 5000 5250 5511 5788 6077 6381 6700 7035 7387 7756 9899

AV400000 430000 462500 497524 535700 577114 622062 670866 723881 781494

k/s 75% 74.5% 73.04% 72.02% 70.9% 69.7% 68.6% 67.35% 66% 64.63%

/s 25% 25.95% 26.96% 27.98% 29.1% 30.3% 31.4% 32.7% 34% 35.37%

R 33.3% 32.3% 31.2% 30.3% 29.3% 28.4% 27.4% 26.5% 25.6% 24.7%

197988 112197 75892

1154901 56.67% 43.23% 20.6% 53.4% 55.7% 66.1% 16.4% 16.4% 14%

1222252 252961 117832 122225 12634 1727634 46.6% 1344477 265325 117612 134447 13266 1875127 44.3% 1968446 322503 109534 196844 16125 2613452 33.9% 4219536 4641489 5105637 5616200 476480 30703 500304 11141 525319 0 551584 421953 23284 5172496 4.2% 464148 25015 5642097 0.45% 510563 14756 6156275 0%

95.8% 10.1% 99.55% 9.7% 100% 9.3%

Grossmann Bauer 4 Bauer-

35 ( ). Bauer ( (/s) (k/s) . , 20 ( ) . , Grossmann (1992, .71-2) , J.S.Mill 2. , . 21 . Grossmann (1992, .77) . , . , . Grossmann . , . . , . () , () . Marx. , 36 . . , 35 14756 . , 5%, 551584, 540075 ( 525319 35 14756 35 ), 11059 . Bauer Luxemburg. ,

. Grossmann . , . . , , . , , . Grossmann, 36 5616200 551584 . 540075. ( 5616200/551584=10.18), 540075 * 10.18=5499015. 117185 (5616200 5499015 =117185) . Grossmann, Marx . Bauer Grossmann Orzech & Groll (1983) Bauer Grossmann Harrod. Bronfenbrenner & Wolfson (1984) Samuelson & Wolfson (1986)), Orzech & Groll. Bronfenbrenner & Wolfson (1984, .180-1), 1920 1930 (Luxemburg, Bauer, Grossmann .) . () () . , Harrod Domar. , , 1920 1930 : () , , , () , . , , .

, Bauer Grossmann Orzech, Groll, Bronfenbrenner, Wolfson Samuelson Harrod Domar. . Grossmann, Bauer, ( ). . , . . , ( ) : Vt = Vt Vt = (1+) Vt-1 (1) , () s=. , () : = V. , : t = Vt = (1+) Vt-1 (2) (AC), (AV) (): = AC+ AV + , . : Ct = Ct Ct = (1+) Ct-1 (3) , , , : t = Vt + Mt , (1) (2), : t = (1+) Vt-1 + (1+) Vt-1 (4) : Vt = V1(1+)t-1 (1)

Ct = C1(1+)t-1 (2) t = V1 (1+)t-1 (3) t = (1+) (1+)t-1 V1 (4) : Ct = C1(1+)t-1 (5) Vt = V1(1+)t-1 (6) , , >. , , . t ( ) Mt . : (7) : . , , (>): , (1) (2), : (8) , . >, Rt 0. : (8) , : (8) >, 0. , (8) . (8) 0 [6]. Bauer Grossmann Harrod : , :

> (V+M) ( V ) , gG . , . Bauer Grossmann Harrod. , Harrod . : GW = / = s : S: s: ( ) : : : S = sY = / Harrod ( ) Bauer Grossmann: St = Yt (Vt + AVt + Kt) = (Vt + Mt) (Vt + AVt + Kt) = (Vt + ACt + AVt + Kt) (Vt + AVt + Kt) = ACt , Harrod . Harrod . Bauer Grossmann : st = St/Yt = It/Yt = ACt/(Vt + Mt) = O : (9)

= / = /C = (9) (10) : st =

(10)

Bauer Grossmann Harrod. , Orzech & Groll, . Harrod st . , Bauer Grossmann st ( ) . , . (9) : (11) , (1+)/(1+)>1 , st . , (6) : (12) , (1+)/(1+)0). , . 0 S1) s. . () (