ethics in scientific research
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ETHICS in SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHN. Yasemin YALIM, MD. PhDProfessor of BioethicsAnkara University School of Medicine
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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RESEARCH*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
A structured work, consists of the development of methods for producing, testing and evaluation of knowledge,
in order to improve and contribute to the generalizable knowledge.
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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RESEARCH in ENGINEERING*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
An engineering research is a professional study in the fields of Engineering,and the general purpose of it is not to solve the immediate practical problems, but to take advantage of the newly created knowledge for the future.It is important not to forget the experimental nature of engineering paradigms in general.
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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STEPS of a SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Planning
Application
Publication
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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PLANNING *Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Determining research subject
Selecting research question
Deciding about the method
Subject recruitment
Financial support
Confidentiality
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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RESEARCH QUESTION*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Time allotted
Financial sources
Human resources
Labor
Scientifically significantExpected outcomes must be important
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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DETERMINING the METHOD*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Scientific validity
Appropriateness for the question
Applicability
Trofim Lisenko
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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IDENTIFYING RESEARCH SUBJECTS*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Adequate number
Voluntariness
First the least vulnerable groups (e.g. scientists, academics etc.)
Last the most vulnerable groups (e.g. immigrants, prisoners etc.).[Hans Jonas]
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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FINANCIAL SUPPORT*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Government funds
Private sector funds
Research funds (University, NGOs etc.)
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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RELIABILITY*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Who owns the data?
Which terms of confidentiality is in effect?
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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PUBLICATION
BASIC SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE is a publication, which (1) consists of the results of an original research, (2) in a format that enables other scientists to repeat the tests conducted and to assess the results and (3) published in a periodical or in another scientific literature that is easily accessible for the scientific community.*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION
is the last step of every scientific study. It is subject to definite rules and a certain structure. Besides informing the scientific community about the results, the ends of these rules are to enable the colleague scientists to check, use and reproduce the knowledge.
*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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A GOOD SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE
should have Correct information
Appropriate presentation*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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CORRECT INFORMATION
Dry LabPruningNormalizationPlagiarismPiracySalamization
*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*Hwang Woo-Suk
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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TERMS
Dry Lab: Publishing the results of research that has not been done
Pruning: Manipulating the data by declaring the results which support the hypothesis
Normalization: Manipulating the data in order to achieve statistically more accurate results
Plagiarism: Publishing someone elses article as a whole or partially
Piracy: Using someone elses results or ideas without referring to him/her
Salamization: Dividing the data into smaller sections and publishing them seperately
*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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APPROPRIATE PRESENTATION
WritersTitleAbstractsMethodsDiscussionReferencesAcknowledgements
*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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WRITERS
The one who finds the question
The one who puts the hypothesis
The one who creates the method
The one who writes the article*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Routine lab works
Statistical analysis
Mentorship
Translation
do not deserve authorship.
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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TITLES & ABSTRACTS
Title should reflect the content
Slogan-like titles are unscientific
Abstracts should contain the results
A scientific article is not a popular novel in which the mystery will be solved at the end.
*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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METHODS
is the most important part of a scientific paper and should be well written.
No hiding or distortion is allowed.
*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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REFERENCES
The writer should personally see all the material he/she refer to.
shows a direct quote.
Self-reference (continuous); referring to foreign writers while overlooking the local studies are inappropriate.
Arrogance is also unethical in science.
*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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TAKE HOME MESSAGES*Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM*
Research activities are regulated by international, national and institutional (local) rules.
It is O.K. to err in science, but being unethical or immoral is a great dishonor for a scientist.
Scientific publication is the last step of a scientific study and the ethical status of a scientific paper is important for the entire scientific community.
All scientists have the responsibility of investigating the ethical basis of a scientific paper, either as a writer, an editor, a reviewer or a reader.
No scientific achievement is more valuable than a single human life (or suffering)
Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM
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