ethics and privacy - city university of new york · four categories of ethical issues related to...
Post on 16-Apr-2018
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1.Define ethics, list and describe the three
fundamental tenets of ethics, and describe the
four categories of ethical issues related to
information technology.
2. Identify three places that store personal data,
and for each one, discuss at least one
potential threat to the privacy of the data
stored there.
[ LEARNING OBJECTIVES]
Ethical Issues 3.1 • Ethical Frameworks
• Ethics in the
Corporate
Environment
• Ethics and
Information
Technology
Ethical Issues 3.1
• Ethics
– The principles of right and wrong that
individuals use to make choices that
guide their behavior.
Ethical Frameworks
• Four Widely Used Standards
– Utilitarian Approach
– Rights Approach
– Fairness Approach
Ethical Frameworks
• Four Widely Used Standards
– Utilitarian Approach
– Rights Approach
– Fairness Approach
– Common Good Approach
Ethical Frameworks
• Four Widely Used Standards
– Utilitarian Approach
– Rights Approach
– Fairness Approach
– Common Good Approach
• Combine Four Standards to Create a
Framework for Ethical Decision Making
Ethical Frameworks
• Five Steps in Ethical Decision Making
Framework
1. Recognize an ethical issue
2. Get the facts
3. Evaluate alternative actions
4. Make a Decision and Test It
5. Act and Reflect on the Outcome of Decisions
Ethics in the Corporate Environment
• Code of Ethics
• Fundamental Tenets of Ethics
– Responsibility – accepting consequences
– Accountability – accepting responsibility
– Liability - damages
Ethics in the Corporate Environment
• Code of Ethics
• Fundamental Tenets of Ethics
– Responsibility – accepting consequences
– Accountability – accepting responsibility
– Liability - damages
• What is Unethical is not necessarily
Illegal
Ethics & Information Technology
• Four General Categories of Ethical
Issues Related to IT:
1. Privacy Issues
2. Accuracy Issues
3. Property Issues
4. Accessibility Issues
Privacy 3.2
• Electronic Surveillance
• Personal Information in Databases
• Information on Internet Bulletin
Boards, Newsgroups, and Social
Networking Sites
• Privacy Codes and Policies
• International Aspects of Privacy
Privacy 3.2
• Privacy
– The right to be left alone and to be free
of unreasonable personal intrusions.
Privacy 3.2
• Privacy
– The right to be left alone and to be free
of unreasonable personal intrusions.
• Information Privacy
– The right to determine when, and to what
extent, information about you can be
gathered and/or communicated to others.
Privacy 3.2
• Court Decisions in Many
Countries have followed two
rules:
1. The right of privacy is not absolute.
Privacy must be balanced against the
needs of society.
Privacy 3.2
• Court Decisions in Many Countries have followed two rules:
1. The right of privacy is not absolute. Privacy must be balanced against the needs of society.
2. The public’s right to know supersedes the individual’s right of privacy.
Privacy 3.2
• Digital Dossier – data gathered about you in a typical day
• Profiling - putting a dossier together
• Data Aggregators
– LexisNexis
– ChoicePoint
– Acxiom
Privacy 3.2
• Digital Dossier – data gathered about you in a typical day
• Profiling - putting a dossier together
• Data Aggregators
– LexisNexis
– ChoicePoint
– Acxiom
Privacy 3.2
• Digital Dossier – data gathered about you in a typical day
• Profiling - putting a dossier together
• Data Aggregators – companies that keep dossiers
– LexisNexis
– ChoicePoint
– Acxiom
Electronic Surveillance
• Using technology to monitor individuals
as they go about their daily routines.
• Is conducted by employers,
governments, and other institutions.
• Examples:
– Surveillance cameras in airports, subways, banks,
and other public venues.
Electronic Surveillance
• Inexpensive digital sensors are found in
laptop webcams, video game sensors,
smartphone cameras, utility meters,
passports, and ID cards.
• Smartphones create geotags
• Google and Microsoft street view images
• Satellite imaging
Personal Information in Databases
• Personal Data / Record Keepers
– Credit Reporting Agencies
– Banks and Financial Institutions
– Utility Companies
– Employers
– Hospitals
– Schools
– Government Agencies (IRS, State, City)
Personal Information in Databases
• Major Concerns about Information You Provide Record Keepers
– Do you know where the records are?
– Are the records accurate?
– Can you change inaccurate data?
– How long will it take to make a change?
– Under what circumstances will personal data be released?
Personal Information in Databases
• Major Concerns about Information You
Provide Record Keepers
– How are the data used?
– To whom are the data given or sold?
– How secure are the data against access by
unauthorized people?
Information on Internet Bulletin Boards, Newsgroups, and Social Networking Sites
• Free Speech versus Privacy on the
Internet
• Derogatory Information Can Influence
Hiring Decisions
• Little to No Recourse for Victims
Privacy Codes & Policies
• Opt-out Model – you can share my
data unless I tell you not to
• Opt-in Model – you can’t share my data
unless I specifically allow you to.
Privacy Codes & Policies
• Opt-out Model – you can share my data
unless I tell you not to
• Opt-in Model – you can’t share my data
unless I specifically allow you to.
• Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P)
– A protocol that communicates privacy policies
between a web site and its visitors
Privacy Codes & Policies
• US Federal Trade Commission’s Fair
Information Practices Standard
• European Directive on Data Privacy
International Aspects of Privacy
• The Global Nature of the Internet
Complicates Data Privacy
• Approximately 50 Countries Have Data-
Protection Laws
– Inconsistent standards from country to country
– Transborder data flow.
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