essential of paragraph: coherence

•To stick together

•Making ideas flow smoothly and clearly •And making the reader understand

Repetition

Synonymy

PronounPreference

ParallelismTransitional

Words

Repeat key words and phrases.

Repetition

Example:

The problem with contemporary art is that it’s not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves viewers wondering what they are looking at.

Synonymy The state of being a synonym. If

direct repetition is too obvious, use a synonym of the word you

wish to repeat.

SynonymyExample:He appeared so thankful to all the staff, thankful to all of the parents, and especially thankful to his students.

He appeared so thankful to all the staff, grateful to all of the parents, and especially appreciative towards his students.

Pronoun Preferenceas well known, a pronoun is a

word that substitutes for noun or noun phrase. To refer back a key noun use appropriate pronouns

Pronoun Preference

PersonalPronounRelativeInterrogativePronoun

SubjectForm

ObjectForm

Possessive Pronoun

I, you, she,he, it we,they

me, you, him,her, it, us,

them

my, your, hers,

his, its, ouryour, their

mine, yours,hers, its, ours,yours, theirs

WhoWhichThat

WhomWhichThat

Whose+ Noun

Adjectives

Pronouns

Pronoun PreferenceExample:

While the commuters were driving home, they saw the highway buckle. Immediately, they began pulling over to stop. Within moments they realized an earthquake had struck their city, San Francisco.

Pronoun PreferenceExample:

While the commuters were driving home, they saw the highway buckle. Immediately, they began pulling over to stop. Within moments they realized an earthquake had struck their city, San Francisco.

Pronoun PreferenceExample:When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.

Pronoun PreferenceExample:When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.

Parallelism

-is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or

clauses that have the same grammatical structure.

ParallelismExample:I acquired my considerable fortune by investing carefully, hard work and marrying a rich woman.  I acquired my considerable fortune by investing carefully, working hard and marrying a rich woman.

Transitional Words

- show the relationships between sentences in a paragraph as well

as between paragraphs with particular logical relationships.

Transitional WordsExample:My morning routine never changes. My alarm clock rings for the third time. I get up. I sleepwalk to the shower. I stand in the shower for ten minutes. I am

finally awake. I get dressed. I got to the kitchen, make a cup of tea and put a slice of bread in the toaster. I eat breakfast and feed my cat. I put her outside. I am ready to face the world. I get on the

bus and go to school. My first class begins, I go back to sleep.

Transitional WordsMy morning routine never changes. When my alarm clock rings for the third time, I get up and sleepwalk to the shower. I stand in the shower for ten minutes until I am finally awake. Then I get dressed. Next, I got to the kitchen, make a cup of tea and put a slice of bread in the toaster. After I eat breakfast and feed my cat, I put her outside. Finally, I am ready to face the world, so I get on the bus and go to school. As soon as my first class begins, I go back to sleep

Transitional WordsMy morning routine never changes. When my alarm clock rings for the third time, I get up and sleepwalk to the shower. I stand in the shower for ten minutes until I am finally awake. Then I get dressed. Next, I got to the kitchen, make a cup of tea and put a slice of bread in the toaster. After I eat breakfast and feed my cat, I put her outside. Finally, I am ready to face the world, so I get on the bus and go to school. As soon as my first class begins, I go back to sleep