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An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
Matt Birtles
Ergonomics approach and tools
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
The goal of ergonomics is to create a balanced and effective relationship between the needs of the workforce, the requirements of the activity and the influence of the environment.
Ergonomics approach
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
environmentwork
machine
Ergonomics approach
Human centredHolisticApplied
human
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
environment
human
Ergonomics approach
Study humans (and all their limitations)Who are your workers?
human
machinework
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
environmentwork
machine
Ergonomics approach
human
Ensure that machines/tools meet workforce needs
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
environment
work
Ergonomics approach
Ensure work suitable for humans workers
machinehuman
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
environmentwork
Ergonomics approach
Ensure environment is safe, healthy and conducive to work tasks
machinehuman
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
environmentwork
machine
Ergonomics approach
Provides an approach for understanding the workforce and what they do, to make judgements on risk and find improvements.
human
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
Ergonomics approach
The benefits of a human-centred approach?
risk is reduced, performance enhanced and acceptance and satisfaction are improved.
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
Ergonomics approach
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
load
repetitionposture
individual
environment
MSD
psychosocial
Ergonomics approachexposure
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
Manual Handling
Upper Limb Disorders
Posture
• lower frequency, • higher force (~ >4kg per hand), • gross movement of the body/torso, • generally lower back symptoms.
• higher frequency (>twice per min), • repetitive use of upper limbs, • reduced forces, • less movement in the body,• generally upper limb symptoms.
• possibly no set forceful task, • often none neutral posture (bending),• often stationary task.
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
Manual Handling
L23 MAC
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
L23Manual Handling
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
L23Manual Handling
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
L23• HSE authored• Covers all risk factors• 2 key parts (risk filter and risk checklist)
Manual Handling
• Long winded / time consuming• Covers non-relevant factors• Subjective• Often misinterpreted eg. “25kg limit”
• Well established (courts & inspectorate) • Thorough• Obviously schedule 1 of MHOR• List of risk factors and probable solution
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
MACManual Handling
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
MAC
• HSE authored• Traffic light approach to risk• Quantifies risk (internally)• Assesses lifting, carrying and team
handling tasks• Push pull tool is on it’s way
Manual Handling
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
MACManual Handling
• Less obviously Schedule 1 of MHOR• Psychosocial and individual often
overlooked (including gender)
• Well established• Quick to use• Simple to understand and interpret• Strong guidance• HSE guidance (EMM)• Easy to teach and share• Highlights key risk factors• Compares tasks within an organisation
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
Manual Handling & ULDS QEC
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
Manual Handling & ULDS QEC
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
Manual Handling & ULDS QEC
12
8
8
10
6
8
6
6
8
4
4
4
12
8
8
10
6
8
6
6
8
4
4
4
12
8
8
10
6
8
6
6
8
4
4
4
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
Manual Handling & ULDS QEC
• Developed by Surrey University, revised for HSE
• Well evaluated• Designed to be highly useable• Will assess manual handling or upper
limb disorders• Assess risk to 4 main body areas
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
Manual Handling & ULDS QEC
• Back end a bit laborious• Action limits are not to be used too
rigidly (little validation)• Does not deal will multi-element tasks
(i.e. job rotation)• No too many weaknesses, I like it.
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
Manual Handling & ULDS QEC• Quick to complete, easy to use• Designed for Occ. Health Practitioners• Participatory approach with workforce • Provides action limits• Good at comparing a large number of
tasks• Include psychosocial factors• Validity and usability confirmed• Indicates body area are greatest risks
http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr211.pdfhttp://www.hse.gov.uk/food/live.htm#msd
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
Upper Limb Disorders
ARTHSG 60
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
HSG 60
• HSE authored • Risk factors listed• Similar approach to L23• Good for when thorough examination or
a small number of tasks is required
Upper Limb Disorders
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
HSG 60
• Long winded – time consuming• Not so accessible to communicate• Does not provide simple comparison of
risks or tasks• Does not deal will multi-element tasks
(i.e. job rotation)
Upper Limb Disorders
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
HSG 60
• Simple approach• Easily understood• Well guided• Very thorough and comprehensive• Applies to all upper limb tasks• Good guidance and explanation given
in the HSG60 book• List of risk factors, reasons they are
relevant and possible management methods
• Mild boredom
Upper Limb Disorders
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
ARTUpper Limb Disorders
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
The worker has to pick sheets from a bin, locate the corners and feed them on to attachments for the machine to iron automatically.
<1 kg
None
~14
Ironing sheets
N/A
18 Sept ‘07
Company Y
Mrs X
ARTUpper Limb Disorders
What approach to take?
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
2
3.5
Daily
Daily
Placing folded sheets on conveyor
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14start
finish
ARTUpper Limb Disorders
What approach to take?
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
ARTUpper Limb Disorders
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
The assessment is split into four stages.
All together ART assesses 12 risk factors that are common in repetitive work. The level of risk (colour) of each risk factor is determined by following the instructions in the assessment guide.
Each stage covers a different risk:
Frequency and repetition of the movements
Force applied by the worker
Awkward postures of the neck, back, arm, wrist, and hand
Additional factors, such as breaks, work pace, duration and other factors
AA
BB
CC
DD
AA
BB
CC DD
What approach to take?
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
ARTUpper Limb Disorders
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
ART
• HSE authored (probably)• Traffic light approach to risk
assessment• Quantifies risk (internally)• Suggests action levels• Ties into other tools (QEC, RULA)• Will be published early next year on
HSE website
Upper Limb Disorders
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
ART
• Not sure yet – hasn’t been used enough• May be issues with subjectivity of some
responses.• More complex than MAC…. • New, so not been through courts,
unions, inspectorate.
Upper Limb Disorders
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
What approach to take?
ART
• Relatively simple approach and interpretation
• Participatory approach with workforce• Builds on MAC experience• Provides detailed guidance • e-training will be available• Provides method of dealing with multi
element tasks• Highlights key risk factors• Compares tasks within an organisation
Upper Limb Disorders
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
Ergonomics approachRemember these are all just approaches to understand what is going on and to try to help you fix what’s not working.
From experience, the biggest challenges are knowing where to start – and then the finding investment to make any necessary improvements. environment
workmachinehuman
environmentwork
machinehumanhuman
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
Ergonomics approachSitting down with the workforce over a cup of tea can often get you 80% of the way there and already highlight areas of possible improvement.
Probably
environmentwork
machinehuman
environmentwork
machinehumanhuman
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executivewww.hsl.gov.uk
Ergonomics approach
environmentwork
machinehuman
environmentwork
machinehumanhuman
Thank you for your time
matthew.birtles@hsl.gov.uk
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