entomology lab syllabus
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Entomology Lab Syllabus
Teaching Assistant:
Jose Crespo Georgia Sinimbu
ASB 370 ASB 540
Phone: (801) 581-4795 Phone: (801) 585-9853
Office hours: by appointment Office hours: by appointment
- , . . . . . .
Insect Biology and Diversity. 3rd Ed. Oxford University Press.
- Borror, D.J. and R.E. White. 1970. A Field Guide to the Insects of America North
of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin.
Lab meets: Tu 12:25-2:55 pm JTB 230
Tu 3:05-5:35 pm JTB 230
Field Trip: 7-9 September, Rio Mesa Center, Utah
(Required)
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Grading: Based on a total of 300 points allocated as follows:
2 Lab practical exams (50 points each)
5 Lab quizzes (10 points each)
2 Lab reports (25 points each)
1 Insect collection (100 points)
Lab quizzes and practical exams will test your practical knowledge of Entomology. Exams
will consist of a series of stations at which you will be asked to identify anatomical features
Entomology Lab Syllabus
, ,
use a key to make the identification.
Laboratory reports will be in the style of a scientific paper and will be based on the results
of the experiments conducted during the two following labs (invertebrate systematics and
insect flight labs).
Every student is expected to put together a referenced insect collection with specimens from
at least 50 different insect families. Evaluation of each collection will be based on number
of insect/arthropod families included, correctness of identifications, completeness of the
collecting information on the labels, and proper presentation of the specimens. Students will
be provided with all necessary equipment to make their collection.
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Exams: Laboratory exams will be based on all the laboratory material covered until the day
of the exam and might also include some lecture material. In general though, the exams
include material covered in quizzes, reports, handouts, and laboratory presentations. Exams
will be graded as quickly as possible and returned to you in class. There will be no makeup
exams. In the event of a true emergency (e.g., you are hit by a car on the way to the examand are in the process of a blood transfusion during the scheduled exam period), OBTAIN
WRITTEN DOCUMENTATION of the emergency and contact me as soon as you are able
and I will try to work something out with you.
Entomology Lab Syllabus
Quizzes: 10-20 min. assessments of laboratory material. There are only 5 quizzesthroughout the course and you will not be allowed to take them in other than the specified
dates on the syllabus.
Reports: These are reports based on the two experimental laboratories. More on that later in
the course.
Regrade policy: Laboratory exams are graded with care against a predetermined key. We
will correct any addition errors on exams, but we will NOT regrade exams.
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Course Drop Policy: The course withdrawal policy is the same as the University of Utah
policy described in the Class Schedule. Wednesday, August 29 is the last day to drop with
no tuition and no notation on the transcript. Tuesday, September 4 is the last day students
can elect the CR/NC or audit option. Friday, October 19 is the last day students can
withdraw from classes, but tuition will be assessed Friday, November 30, is the last day toreverse a CR/NC option. Withdrawal from the course after October 19 requires special
permission from the instructor. It will NOT be allowed except in cases of significant
medical or personal emergency that must be documented by a medical professional or
Entomology Lab Syllabus
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): The University of Utah Department of Biology
seeks to provide equal access to its programs, services and activities for people with
disabilities. If you will need accommodations in this class, reasonable prior notice needs to
be given to the instructor and to the Center for Disability Services, http://disability.utah.edu/,
162 Olpin Union Bldg, 581-5020 (V/TDD) to make arrangements for accommodations. Thisinformation is available in alternative format with prior notification.
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Entomology Lab Schedule
Introduction
Orders
Collection
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Scientists have used morphological features to determine phylogenetic relatedness betweenorganisms for a long time.
Why? Is it accurate? Is there anything else that we could be using?
Phylogenetic context
Well, since morphological features are inherited genetically, the tree of life alsorepresents a tree depicting evolutionary trends through time
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How do we organize different groups of organisms in terms of relatedness?
The Linnaean hierarchy has been adopted by general agreement for zoologicalclassifications and which is the basis for the zoological nomenclature.
This hierarchy was mainly developd in the 17th and 18th century and reached nearlydefinitive form in the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae published by Carolus Linnaeus
(Carl Linnaeus) in 1758.
Linnaean hierarchy
The sequence from top to bottom and theindentations indicate inclusiveness of the previous
levels
The number of organisms to be classified has now
become so enormous that seven levels are notenough and so additional levels have been added
(i.e. super- lying above the various basic levels and
sub- and infra- lying successively below them).
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Phylum: Arthropoda
Myriapoda: Chilopoda
Legs
Insecta: Hymenoptera
Crustacea: IsopodaRegier et al. 2010
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Which animals are included in Arthropoda?
Subphylum: Trilobitomorpha Trilobites (extinct)
Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida (Spiders, Ticks, Mites, Scorpions)
Class: Merostomata (Horseshoe crabs and Eurypterids) Class: Pycnogonida (Sea spiders)
Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Branchiopoda (fairy shrimp, water fleas) Class: Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps) Class: Malacostraca (isopods, amphipods, krill, crabs, shrimp, lobsters) Class: Maxillopoda (copepods, barnacles)
Class: Remipedia (Remipedes)
Subphylum: Atelocerata or Labiata
Superclass: Myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes) Superclass: Hexapoda (insects, proturans)
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Arthropods: Characteristics
Arthropods are closely related to mollusks (e.g. octopuses, snails, clams) and annelids
(earthworms, leeches)
Characteristics shared with Annelida:
Tri loblastics three erm la ers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
Coelom (fluid filled cavity formed within the mesoderm)
Bilateral symmetry (Only sagittal plane divides an organism into mirror image
halves)
Metamerism (homonomous metamery in Annelida and heteronomous metamery in
Insecta)
Ventral nervous system (in contrast to Chordates that have a dorsal nerve cord)
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Arthropods: Characteristics
Characteristics unique to Arthropoda:
Jointed appendages (usually used for locomotion)
Tagmosis (fusion and modification of segments specialized for different functions)
Exoskeleton (chitinous cuticle)
Ecdysis (molting) Compound eyes (consists of many individual photoreceptor units called ommatidia)
Open circulatory system (the hemolymph bathes the organs directly with oxygen
and nutrients)
Reduced coelom (the principal body cavity is the hemocoel)
Respiration (tegument, gills, or tracheae)
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Insects
Appeared around 400 MYA
1 million species described (estimated 2 to 30 million)
Great adaptive radiation (found in almost every medium)
Chitinous exoskeleton
Uniramous jointed appendages
Respiration (tracheae and spiracles)
Mouthparts (mandibles, maxillae, and labium)
Body divided into three parts (head, thorax and abdomen)
Head with two compounds eyes and usually 3 ocelli
Two antennae
Each thoracic segment with a pair of legs (last two usually with wings)
Gonopores in segment 7,8 or 9 of the abdomen
Cerci (paired appendages on the last segment not in Protura and Collembola)
Direct development with gradual (Ametabolous and Hemimetabolous) or abrupt changes (Holometabolous)
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8- Endopterygota
Holometabola: Complete
metamorphosis
7- Hemipteroids: Piercing-
sucking mouthparts.
6- Orthopteroids:
Concentration of abdominal
an lia.67
8
Insect diversity
5- Neoptera: Wing folding
mechanisms.
4- Paleoptera: Primitive wing.
3- Exopterygota: Simple
metamorphosis.
2- Ectognathous: Mouthparts
external and visible, adapted
for either sucking or chewing.
1- Entognathous: Mouthparts
inconspicuous, more or less
internal, party hidden by oral
folds or cheeks.
1
2
34
5
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Keys
These consist of a series of numbered dichotomies or two-way choices.
A pair of choices is called a couplet.
Each half of a couplet leads either to a subsequent couplet (as indicated by the appropriate
number) or to the name of a taxon (order, family), which is then identified.
If a couplet lists more than one feature, the primary, or most diagnostic, character is comparedfirst. Secondary characters that follow should be used to confirm identifications made with the
primary character, or as alternatives when primary characters are missing or damaged.
Numbers in parenthesis indicate the couplet immediately preceding, so that the keys can beworked backward or forward (see page 326).
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Keys
A Wild
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Materials
1. Aerial net (Need to return it at the end of
the semester)
2. Aspirator (Sign in/Need to return it at the
end of semester)
3. Plastic flasks (2)
4. Large glass flasks (3)
5. Small glass flasks (3)
6. Pins ( size 0 and size 2)
7. Small container for flasks (1)
8. Large container with Styrofoam base (1)
9. Killing jar (1)
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Collecting and Preservation
(Chapter 47, Page 641)This chapter covers the following:
Basic equipment that entomologists and others use to catch insects (e.g. aerial nets,
aspirators, light traps, etc).
Killing methods (e.g. killing jars with different toxic agents).
reserv ng me o s:
- Ethanol is used for soft body insects or if soft tissue is to be examined
- Mounted in pins (dry)
- Double mounts: paper points and minuten pins
How to find insects.
Legal requirements (e.g. collecting insects in parks, foreign countries, etc).
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Specimens should be pinned as soon as possible after death.
Specimens should be mounted so that about 1 cm of the pin extends above the dorsalsurface.
A convenient surface for mounting is a block of high-density foam, but many peopleprefer to hold the specimen between the thumb and fingers while inserting the pin with
the other hand.
Most specimens are pinned in horizontal position with the pin just right to the midline
Pinning of an insect
of the mesothorax
-Grasshoppers, roaches, and beetles are usually pinned
through the right wing or elytra, and Heteroptera through the
right side of the scutellum.
-Dragonflies are best pinned through the sides with wings
folded over the back.
- Lepidoptera are traditionally pinned with the wings spread
horizontally, exposing the venation and color pattern
(Special spreading boards are available for this).
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For insects smaller than about 5 mm, we use double mounts
-Paper points: Small triangles cut or punched from light card stock,
are used with small Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera, and
optionally for most other orders.
-The point is pinned through the board end and the specimen
glued to the pointed end (all of them should point to the same
direction which is bent with fine force s to conform to the side of
Pinning of an insect (Contd)
the specimen.
-Fingernail polish is a convenient source of glue, or special glues
that remain flexible are also good.
-Small Diptera and Lepidoptera are usually mounted through theventer or the sides on tiny pins called minuten, that are first thrust
through a small block of pith that is mounted on a standard insect
pin.
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All pinned specimens and all alcohol vials should receive an individual white label(printed or by hand but use indelible black ink for alcohol specimens!) bearing thecollection locality and date in black ink.
-The locality should include the country, state or province, county ordistrict (if appropriate), and a specific locality with orientation to a
place name on standard maps.
-Dates should include ear month and da .
Labeling and storage
-This locality label is usually placed on the pin just below the
specimen.
The collectors name usually appears on a smaller separate label.
Additional information, such as host plant name, time of day, or other specificecological information appears on one or more additional labels.
Labels should be as small as possible (usually no more than about 3cm long or 1.5 cmbroad)
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Show pages of the book that the students will be needing
Material that they can look at
Explain what they are going to do in this lab and the next
Dissection kit
They can look at the collection of orders that we have
I will try to get graduate students that work with insects to give a short presentation
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