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Enhancing Access and Utilization of Improved
Seed for Food Security in Kenya
Miltone Ayieko and David Tschirley18th May 2006
Correspondence:
Tegemeo Institute of agricultural policy and development
Kindaruma Lane, Off Ngong Road P.o. Box 20498 00200, Nairobi Phone: +254-20-2717818
The Seed Challenge
Overarching Goal of Kenyan Agriculture: Increasing agricultural Productivity for
accelerated economic growth
The Seed Challenge: Development of a Seed system that
encourages wider use of quality seed at all levels to tackle poverty and food security
Kenyan Seed Industry Structure
The Formal and Informal Systems
Formal system Purchases of hybrids and OPVs, most
industrial crops, flowers
Informal system Seed retained from production or
received from other farmer seed systems
Purchases of local varieties
Sources of Seed and Planting Materials (All
Crops)
Seed Type % of Households
using Type Frequency of Use (%)
Retained Seed 99 63
Informal Seed Purchases 86 19
Formal Seed Purchases 83 18
Sources of Seed and Planting Materials (All
Crops)
Seed Type % of Households
using Type Frequency of Use (%)
Retained Seed 99 63
Informal Seed Purchases 86 19
Formal Seed Purchases 83 18
Households tend to use all three sources of seed …
Sources of Seed and Planting Materials (All
Crops)
Seed Type % of Households
using Type Frequency of Use (%)
Retained Seed 99 63
Informal Seed Purchases 86 19
Formal Seed Purchases 83 18
Households tend to use all three sources of seed …
Most frequent source of seed is retained production…
Value Share of Seed and Planting Materials Sources (All Crops)
Seed Type
Share of total value of seed used in
country
Share of total value of crop production in
country
Retained Seed 40 42
Informal Seed Purchases 8 10
Formal Seed Purchases 52 48 Source: TAMPA, 2004
Value Share of Seed and Planting Materials Sources (All Crops)
Seed Type
Share of total value of seed used in
country
Share of total value of crop production in
country
Retained Seed 40 42
Informal Seed Purchases 8 10
Formal Seed Purchases 52 48 Source: TAMPA, 2004
Value of seed purchases from formal source exceeds that of informal
Value Share of Seed and Planting Materials Sources (All Crops)
Seed Type
Share of total value of seed used in
country
Share of total value of crop production in
country
Retained Seed 40 42
Informal Seed Purchases 8 10
Formal Seed Purchases 52 48 Source: TAMPA, 2004
… same pattern for value of production coming from each channel
Value Share of Seed Source
by Commodity GroupCommodity
Group Retained
Seed Informal
Purchases Formal
Purchases
---- % of Total Value of seed ----
Cereals and Pulses 34 14 52
Of which: Maize 10 3 88
Others 58 24 17
Tubers 84 16 0
Veg & Non-Tree Fruit 43 34 22
Industrial Crops 1 0 99
Tree Crops 93 7 0
Fodder 98 1 1
Overall 40 8 52 Source: TAMPA, 2004
Value Share of Seed Source
by Commodity GroupCommodity
Group Retained
Seed Informal
Purchases Formal
Purchases
---- % of Total Value of seed ----
Cereals and Pulses 34 14 52
Of which: Maize 10 3 88
Others 58 24 17
Tubers 84 16 0
Veg & Non-Tree Fruit 43 34 22
Industrial Crops 1 0 99
Tree Crops 93 7 0
Fodder 98 1 1
Overall 40 8 52 Source: TAMPA, 2004
The formal seed source is dominated by maize and industrial crops …
Value Share of Seed Source
by Commodity GroupCommodity
Group Retained
Seed Informal
Purchases Formal
Purchases
---- % of Total Value of seed ----
Cereals and Pulses 34 14 52
Of which: Maize 10 3 88
Others 58 24 17
Tubers 84 16 0
Veg & Non-Tree Fruit 43 34 22
Industrial Crops 1 0 99
Tree Crops 93 7 0
Fodder 98 1 1
Overall 40 8 52 Source: TAMPA, 2004
Non-maize cereals dominated by informal seed sources
Value Share of Seed Source
by Commodity GroupCommodity
Group Retained
Seed Informal
Purchases Formal
Purchases
---- % of Total Value of seed ----
Cereals and Pulses 34 14 52
Of which: Maize 10 3 88
Others 58 24 17
Tubers 84 16 0
Veg & Non-Tree Fruit 43 34 22
Industrial Crops 1 0 99
Tree Crops 93 7 0
Fodder 98 1 1
Overall 40 8 52 Source: TAMPA, 2004
Tubers and vegetables dominated by informal seed
Value Share of Seed Source
by Agro Regional Zones
Retained Informal FormalZone Seed Purchases Purchases Total
----- % of value in the region -----Central Highlands 49 10 41 100High Potential Maize Zone 31 7 61 100Eastern Lowlands 80 11 9 100Western Lowlands 45 7 48 100Western Transitional 11 4 85 100Western Highlands 35 6 60 100Coastal Lowlands 55 26 19 100Source: 2004 Tampa data set, authors' calculations
Value Share of Seed Source
by Agro Regional Zones
Retained Informal FormalZone Seed Purchases Purchases Total
----- % of value in the region -----Central Highlands 49 10 41 100High Potential Maize Zone 31 7 61 100Eastern Lowlands 80 11 9 100Western Lowlands 45 7 48 100Western Transitional 11 4 85 100Western Highlands 35 6 60 100Coastal Lowlands 55 26 19 100Source: 2004 Tampa data set, authors' calculations
Formal seed source important for all ARZ … except Eastern lowland
Where does the Seed go? (by Value)
Over 40% of all seed purchases from formal channels, by value, are for maize in the High Potential Maize Zone
Seed from the informal channels is spread over more crops and a broader area
Who uses Seed Source?
Income Quintile
Retained Seed
Seed from Informal Sector
Seed from Formal Sector
Mean total value of seed used
---- % of value for each quintile -----1 35 12 53 5,1362 44 10 46 7,8643 48 10 42 11,7174 41 8 51 15,1655 36 7 57 29,976
Overall 40 8 52Source: 2004 Tampa data set, authors' calculations
Who uses Seed Source?
Income Quintile
Retained Seed
Seed from Informal Sector
Seed from Formal Sector
Mean total value of seed used
---- % of value for each quintile -----1 35 12 53 5,1362 44 10 46 7,8643 48 10 42 11,7174 41 8 51 15,1655 36 7 57 29,976
Overall 40 8 52Source: 2004 Tampa data set, authors' calculations
Retained seed is important for all income levels…
Who uses Seed Source?
Income Quintile
Retained Seed
Seed from Informal Sector
Seed from Formal Sector
Mean total value of seed used
---- % of value for each quintile -----1 35 12 53 5,1362 44 10 46 7,8643 48 10 42 11,7174 41 8 51 15,1655 36 7 57 29,976
Overall 40 8 52Source: 2004 Tampa data set, authors' calculations
Retained seed is important for all income levels… but so is the formal
Who uses Seed Source?
Income Quintile
Retained Seed
Seed from Informal Sector
Seed from Formal Sector
Mean total value of seed used
---- % of value for each quintile -----1 35 12 53 5,1362 44 10 46 7,8643 48 10 42 11,7174 41 8 51 15,1655 36 7 57 29,976
Overall 40 8 52Source: 2004 Tampa data set, authors' calculations
Retained seed is important for all income levels… but so is the formal
Higher income hhs seed value 5-6 times the lower income hhs
Summary of Basic Patterns
Highly diversified seed sector Nearly all HHs rely on all three types of seed
Very high shares of retained seed Low shares of seed purchased in
informal sector Except for vegetables and non-tree fruits
Formal sector primarily serves higher income HHs … … and is heavily focused on maize in HPMZ
Challenges: Unavailability of clean seed and
cases of fake seed Certified seed costs expensive Also marketing problems: Linking
farmers to markets
Horticultural Crops
Horticultural Crops (1):Positive Seed Selection in
Irish Potato
Certified Seed
Local Variety
Positive Selection
Seed Cost (Ksh/kg) 38 13 13 Yield (bags/acre) 40 - 60 20 - 30 40 - 60 Features: Yields High Low High Seed Quality High Low High Certification Certified Not Certified Not Certified Farmers Reached 1% --------------99%----------------- Transfer of Tech Moderate -- Easy Disease Prevalence Disease-free Highly
infected Effective against wilt
than virus Challenges: Unavailability Diseases; low
yields No verification done
Horticultural Crops (2):Quality Declared Seed
(QDS) Seed produced at village level as Quality
Declared Seed (QDS), Does not meet the full requirement of certified
seed Advantages:
Farmers trained on seed production; Access to clean and high yielding seed; Production costs drastically reduced Rules and regulations developed and entrenched
in the Laws, including graduated seed qualities;
Horticultural Crops (2):Quality Declared Seed
(QDS)Kenya Tanzania
Seed Variety
Imported Seed
Imported Seed
Locally Produced Seed (QDS)
-------------------- Ksh/kg ---------------------
Onions
Red Creole 2958 3250
Red Bombay 1500 1813 1250
Mang'ola red - 600
Horticultural Crops (3):Contract Farming –
Export crops Private sector approach to link farmers to
export markets and avail improved inputs and services.
Two approaches: Direct delivery of quality seed to farmers Training of farmers to multiply seed and share
among groups Key challenge:
Side selling risks undermining the approach to input provision
Approach only works for certain crops that have limited local market
Grains and Pulses
Challenges: Most of the crops included in the
schedule II crop list Due to lack of availability, many
farmers forced to use “illegal” seed Also many cases of fake certified
seed Heavy KEPHIS involvement in the
formal Seed System
Grains & Pulses (1): Community-Based Seed
Prod. Farmer-group based approach to seed
multiplication and bulking Collaboration between MoA, research
institutions (KARI, CIMMYT), donor community, development agencies
Programs revolve around food security: promotion of drought tolerant crops
Support includes training, extension, provision of initial seed for multiplication
Challenge: Seed source not legally recognized; Most groups do not meet the isolation distances, Groups not licensed as seed merchants
Grains & Pulses (2): Seed Vouchers and Fairs
(SVF) Objective: to enhance food security and access to
seeds of preferred crops, and to ensure seed security.
Model challenges the assumption that seed is unavailable in a community during emergency
Farmers bring their own seeds to sell to other farmers
Seed companies also sell their seed Seed vouchers distributed according to
vulnerability Advantages:
Cost-effective; Additional source of income for communities Expands the reach of the commercial seed sector
Grains & Pulses (3): Integrated Model
Based on hypothesis that better access to markets leads to increased adoption of improved technology
Components: Cereal Banks, Input Market, Market information, Variety trials
Participation in more components leads to higher and better results
The Seed Regulatory Framework
Seed and Plant variety Act (Cap 326) Seed Policy The current seed regulations only recognize
seed from formal source Over-regulation of the seed industry:
hinders release of new seed varieties by local breeders Faking of seed
Selective application of the Seed Regulations e.g., Committees and Tribunals
Schedule II crops
Key Policy and Programmatic Challenges
How to expand the scope and quality of the informal system?
Help farmers do better selection of retained seed Improve quality of seed locally selected for sale Promote more active trade in locally selected
seed How to expand access to the formal seed
system? How to reduce costs in the formal system Encouraging integrated approaches to
technology adoption Fallback position for farmers who buy fake seed
Key Policy and Programmatic Challenges
Strengthen Private-Public partnerships in Seed Production
Seed Regulation and the Role of KEPHIS Amendment of Regulations to provide
enabling environment for seed producers. Establishment of Committees and Tribunals
provided for in the Act Stakeholder groups (STAK, FPEAK, KFC,
KENFAP)
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