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Biology
CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 24
FishFish FishFish
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Ch.24 Fish
Interesting Fish Facts:Interesting Fish Facts:Gills are efficient at extracting Gills are efficient at extracting oxygen from water that has oxygen from water that has 1/20 the 1/20 the oxygen of airoxygen of airLateral line system detects water Lateral line system detects water currents and vibrations, a sense of currents and vibrations, a sense of “distant touch”“distant touch”Adapted to live in medium Adapted to live in medium 800 times 800 times denser than airdenser than airCan adjust to the salt and water Can adjust to the salt and water balance of their environmentbalance of their environment““Fish”Fish” refers to one or more refers to one or more individuals of one speciesindividuals of one species““Fishes”Fishes” refers to more than one refers to more than one speciesspecies
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History of FishHistory of FishDescended from an unknown free-swimming Descended from an unknown free-swimming protochordate (tunicates) ancestor about 550 protochordate (tunicates) ancestor about 550 million years agomillion years agoEarliest fish-like vertebrates: Group of Earliest fish-like vertebrates: Group of agnathan fishesagnathan fishesAgnathans (Jawless)Agnathans (Jawless)
Include extinct ostracoderms and living hagfishes Include extinct ostracoderms and living hagfishes and lampreysand lampreys
HagfishesHagfishes lack vertebrae lack vertebrae Lampreys Lampreys have primitive vertebraehave primitive vertebrae
Gnathostomes (Jawed)Gnathostomes (Jawed)Appear after Agnathans in fossil record with fully Appear after Agnathans in fossil record with fully formed jawsformed jaws
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Types of Fish Ch. 24Ch. 24
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What Is a Fish?
What are the basic characteristics of fishes?
Ch. 24Ch. 24
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What Is a Fish?
What Is a Fish?
Fishes are aquatic vertebrates. Most fishes have paired fins, scales, and gills.
Anal fin
Eye
Mouth
Dorsal fin Caudal fin
Operculum (gill cover- bony fish)
Pelvic fin Pectoral fin
Lateral line
Scales
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Evolution of Fishes
What were the important developments during the evolution of fishes?
Evolution of Fishes
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Evolution of Fishes
Evolution of Fishes
The evolution of jaws and the evolution of paired fins were important developments during the rise of fishes.
Evolution of Fishes
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Evolution of Fishes
The First Fishes
The earliest fishes to appear in the fossil record lived about 510 million years ago.
These fishes were jawless and had bodies covered with bony plates.
Evolution of Fishes
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Evolution of Fishes
The Arrival of Jaws and Paired Fins
The evolution of jaws in fish was extremely useful.
Jaws with muscles and teeth made it possible for fish to eat a wider variety of foods.
Animals with jaws can also defend themselves by biting.
Evolution of Fishes
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Evolution of Fishes
Fishes evolved paired pectoral and pelvic fins.
These fins were attached to girdles—structures of cartilage or bone that support the fins.
Cartilage is a strong tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone.
Paired fins gave fishes more control of body movement.
Tail fins and powerful muscles gave fishes greater thrust when swimming.
Evolution of Fishes
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Evolution of FishesEvolution of Fishes
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Hagfish - only caudal finHagfish - only caudal fin
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Shark - many single and paired finsShark - many single and paired fins
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Evolution of Fishes
The Rise of Modern Fishes
Early jawed fishes soon disappeared, but left behind two major groups that continued to evolve and still survive today.
One group—the ancestors of modern sharks and rays—evolved a skeleton made of strong, resilient cartilage. Chondrichthyes
The other group evolved skeletons made of true bone. Osteichthyes
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How are fishes adapted for life in water?
Form and Function in FishesForm and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Form and Function in Fishes
Adaptations to aquatic life include various modes of feeding, specialized structures for gas exchange, and paired fins for locomotion.
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Feeding
Every mode of feeding is seen in fishes.
A single fish may exhibit several modes of feeding, depending on the type of food available.
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Food passes through the mouth and esophagus, into the stomach.
In the stomach, the food is partially broken down.
Mouth
Esophagus Stomach
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
In many fishes, the food is further processed in fingerlike pouches called pyloric ceca.
The pyloric ceca secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs nutrients from the digested food.
Pyloric cecum
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
The liver and pancreas add enzymes and other digestive chemicals to the food as it moves through the digestive tract.
Liver
Pancreas
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption.
Intestine
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Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Undigested material is eliminated through the anus.
Anus
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Respiration
Most fishes exchange gases using gills located on either side of the pharynx.
Gills
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Fishes use their gills to exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water in through their mouths, pumping it over their gill filaments, and pushing oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx.
Gills
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Circulation
Fishes have closed circulatory systems with a heart that pumps blood around the body in a single loop from the heart to the gills, from the gills to the rest of the body, and then back to the heart.
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
In most fishes, the heart has four parts:
• the sinus venosus - chamber that receives bloods and forces into atrium
• the atrium - received oxygen deprived blood
• the ventricle - pumps to force blood to gills/lungs
• the bulbus arteriosis - chamber that receives blood from ventricle before heading throughout body thru aorta.
• Blood flows from heart to gills to body and back
Form and Function in Fishes
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Bulbus ArteriosisBulbus Arteriosis
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Form and Function in Fishes
Body muscle circulation
Brain and head circulation
Heart Digestive system circulation
Gills Circulation in a Fish
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Excretion
Fishes eliminate nitrogenous wastes in the form of ammonia.
Some wastes diffuse through the gills into the surrounding water.
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Others wastes are removed by kidneys.
The kidneys of marine fishes concentrate wastes and return water to the body.
Kidney
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
The kidneys of freshwater fishes pump out dilute urine. (High water content, low salt)
The kidneys of saltwater fish, pump out concentrated urine.(Low water content, high salt)
Kidney
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Response
Fishes have well-developed nervous systems organized around a brain.
Brain
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
The olfactory bulbs are involved with the sense of smell, or olfaction.
Olfactory bulb
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
In most vertebrates, the cerebrum is responsible for all the voluntary activities of the body.
In fishes, however, the cerebrum primarily processes the sense of smell.
Cerebrum
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
The optic lobes process information from the eyes.
Optic lobe
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
The cerebellum coordinates body movements.
Cerebellum
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
The medulla oblongata controls the functioning of many internal organs.
Medulla oblongata
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Almost all fishes that are active in daylight have well-developed eyes and color vision.
Many fishes have extraordinary senses of taste and smell.
Most fishes have ears but may not hear sounds well.
Fishes use the lateral line system to sense the motion of other fishes or prey swimming nearby.
Some fishes can detect low levels of electric current.
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in FishesForm and Function in Fishes
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Lateral Line in ScalesLateral Line in Scales
Lateral Line in a sharkLateral Line in a shark
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Form and Function in Fishes
Many bony fishes have an internal, gas-filled organ called a swim bladder
(or air-bladder) that adjusts their buoyancy.
Gases are pulled out of circulatory system and into the bladder to increase buoyancy. Controlled by pressure of water
Swim bladder
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Movement
Most fishes move by contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone.
A series of S-shaped curves move down the fish’s body.
The force and the action of the fins propels the fish forward.
The fins of fishes are used to keep on course and adjust direction.
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
Reproduction
The eggs of fishes are fertilized either externally or internally, depending on the species.
Fishes whose embryos in the eggs develop and hatch outside the mother's body are oviparous.
The embryos of oviparous fishes obtain food from the yolk in the egg.
Male banded jawfish: Retrieves famales eggs Male banded jawfish: Retrieves famales eggs and incubates until they hatch.and incubates until they hatch.
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
In ovoviviparous species, the eggs stay in the mother's body after internal fertilization.
Each embryo develops inside its egg, using the yolk for nourishment.
The young are “born alive” like most mammals.
Rainbow surfperch:Rainbow surfperch:Giving birthGiving birth
Form and Function in Fishes
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Form and Function in Fishes
In viviparous animals, the embryos stay in the mother's body after internal fertilization.
These embryos obtain the substances they need from the mother's body (not from material in an egg).
The young of viviparous species are “born alive.”
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Bull shark give Bull shark give live birth to up to live birth to up to 13 young.13 young.
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Groups of Fishes
What are the three main groups of fishes?
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Groups of Fishes
All living fishes can be classified into three groups: jawless fishes (agnathan), and Chondrichthyes fish and Osteichthyes fishe (gnathostomes).
Chondrichthyes = cartilage skeleton (sharks)
Osteichthyes = bony fish- ray-finned (most) or lobe-finned (gave rise to tetrapods)
Groups of Fishes
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Jawless Fishes- Agnathan
Jawless fishes have no true teeth or jaws.
Their skeletons are made of fibers and cartilage.
They lack vertebrae, and keep their notochords as adults.
Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes
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Modern jawless fishes are divided into two classes: lampreys and hagfishes.
Lamprey
Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes
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Lampreys are typically filter feeders as larvae and parasites as adults.
Adult lampreys attach themselves to fishes, whales, and dolphins.
They scrape away at the skin with small toothlike structures.
The lamprey sucks up the tissues and body fluids of its host.
Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes
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Hagfishes have pinkish gray, wormlike bodies and four or six short tentacles around their mouths.
They lack eyes, but have light-detecting sensors scattered around their bodies.
They feed on dead and dying fish by using a toothed tongue to scrape a hole into the fish’s side.
Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes
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Hagfishes - Jawless fish
Hagfish use teeth to grasp foodHagfish use teeth to grasp food
Hagfish knotting, to help tear fleshHagfish knotting, to help tear fleshfrom preyfrom prey
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Lamprey - Jawless fish - feeding on fish
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Lamprey - Jawless fish - Life Cycle
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Sharks and Their Relatives - Chondrichthyes
The class Chondrichthyes contains sharks, rays, skates, sawfishes, and chimaeras.
The skeletons of these fishes are built entirely of cartilage.
Many sharks have thousands of teeth arranged in several rows, new teeth develop internally, and those on the external rows are shed.
Most species of sharks do not attack people.
Sharks do not have a swim bladder, instead they rely on their liver which produces oil (less dense).
Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes
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Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of FishesGroups of FishesSharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes
Male SpinyMale Spiny
Dogfish SharkDogfish Shark
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Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of FishesGroups of FishesSharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes
In males, the medial part of the pelvic fin is modified to form a In males, the medial part of the pelvic fin is modified to form a clasperclasper used in copulation used in copulationLateral eyes are lidlessLateral eyes are lidlessBehind each eye is a Behind each eye is a spiraclespiracle
Remnant of the first gill slitRemnant of the first gill slitTough, leathery skin with Tough, leathery skin with placoid scales placoid scales
Reduce water turbulenceReduce water turbulencePaired nostrils are anterior to mouthPaired nostrils are anterior to mouthDetect prey at a distance by large olfactory organs sensitive to Detect prey at a distance by large olfactory organs sensitive to one part per 10 billionone part per 10 billionPrey may also be located from long distances sensing low Prey may also be located from long distances sensing low frequency vibrations in the frequency vibrations in the lateral linelateral lineElectroreceptors, Electroreceptors, the ampullae of Lorenzini,the ampullae of Lorenzini, are located on the are located on the shark’s head - allow shark to find bioelectric field of preyshark’s head - allow shark to find bioelectric field of prey
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Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of FishesGroups of FishesSharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes
Sensory Canals and ReceptorsSensory Canals and Receptors
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Some skates and rays feed on bottom-dwelling invertebrates.
The largest rays eat floating plankton.
Skates and rays glide through the sea with their large, winglike pectoral fins.
Many skates and rays cover themselves with sand and rest on the ocean floor.
Some “Electric” Rays produce a high-amp current from electric organs. Voltage = 50 , Output = 1 kilowatt
During Egyptian times Rays were used to treat arthritis.
Feed on mollusks, crustaceans, small fish
Groups of FishesRays (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes
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Groups of FishesRays (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes
Contain cells called electrocytes:Contain cells called electrocytes:When discharged simultaneously, When discharged simultaneously, a high amperage current flows into the a high amperage current flows into the surrounding water to stun prey or surrounding water to stun prey or discourage predators. This is controlled discourage predators. This is controlled by the Cerebellum.by the Cerebellum.
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Bony Fishes - Osteichthyes
Bony fishes make up the class Osteichthyes.
Their skeletons are made of bone.
Almost all living bony fishes are ray-finned fishes.
“Ray-finned” refers to the slender bony spines, or rays, that are connected by a thin layer of skin to form the fins.
Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes
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Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes
Ray-Finned FishRay-Finned FishClass ActinopterygiiClass Actinopterygii
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Only seven living species of bony fishes are not classified as ray-finned fishes.
These are the lobe-finned fishes, a subclass that includes lungfishes.
The fleshy fins of lobe-finned fishes have support bones.
Some of these bones are jointed.
Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes
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Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes
Lobe-Finned fish - Class SarcopterygiiLobe-Finned fish - Class Sarcopterygii
Ancestors to the tetrapods: Ancestors to the tetrapods: have lungs and gillshave lungs and gills
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Ecology of Fishes
Some fishes spend most of their lives in the ocean but migrate to fresh water to breed. These fish are called anadromous.
Salmon are anadromous.
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Ecology of Fishes
Spawning Spawning SalmonSalmon
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Ecology of Fishes
Some eels spend most of their lives in freshwater but migrate to the sea to breed. These fish are called catadromous.
The American Eel is catadromous.
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Ecology of Fishes - Eel Migration
Young travel up stream to develop, Young travel up stream to develop, adults swim to oceans to breed and die.adults swim to oceans to breed and die.
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A characteristic of almost all fish is (not catfish and eel)
a. a notocord as an adult.
b. the presence of scales.
c. a skeleton made of cartilage.
d. the lack of jaws.
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Fishes whose eggs hatch outside the mother’s body are
a. ovoviviparous.
b. oviparous.
c. viviparous.
d. parous.
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Salmon are anadromous fishes that
a. spend their lives in the sea.
b. spend their lives in rivers or streams.
c. migrate to the sea in order to spawn.
d. migrate to rivers and streams to spawn.
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An example of a fish that is a filter feeder as a larva and a parasite as an adult is a
a. shark.
b. skate.
c. lamprey.
d. lungfish.
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Most members of the class containing sharks and rays are characterized by
a. a cartilaginous skeleton.
b. a bony skeleton.
c. a single operculum over the gills.
d. swim bladder.
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