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1FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Emitter Turn-off (ETO) Thyristor Development
Principal Investigator: Dr. Alex Q. Huang Graduate Students: Bin Zhang, Aaron Xu
Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Tech
SNL Project Manager: Stan AtcittyDOE Manager: Dr.Imre Gyuk
FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Program Review
2FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Acknowledgment
• This project is funded by DOE and is managed by SNL through the ESSP.
3FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
•Project Objectives
•ETO Milestones and History
•FY2001 Activities and Accomplishments
•Applications and Insertions of ETOs
•Planned Future Works
Presentation Outlines
4FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Energy StorageMedia
(SMES, DUCAPFlying Wheel etc)
Power
Conditioning
System (PCS)
output
A typical energy storage system (ESS)
• ESS provides reactive and real power to the grid • PCS is one of the most important part of ESS• Improved high-power high-frequency power semiconductordevices are needed for the high-performance PCS
Project Objectives: Motivation
5FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
GTO
Switching frequency (Hz)50 500 5000
Pow
er (I
x V
, MW
)
5
15
45
IGBT
SCR
Target Region
Developing an improved high-frequency, high-power switch for PCS
Project Objectives: Advanced High-Power Switch
6FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Improving GTO: Unity-gain turn-off
Drive the gate current equal to the anode current (unity gain)• Positive feedback loop broken• NPN transistor turns off first• Main turn off in open-base PNP transistor mode• Snubberless turn-off capability
Gate
Anode
Gate
Anode
IK=IAIG≈0 IG=IA
IK=0
Conduction Hard-Driven Turn-Off
Cathode Cathode
Gate
Anode
IK=¾IAIG= ¼IA
Cathode
GTO Turn-Off
7FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Emitter Turn-Off (ETO) Thyristor
•Low voltage MOSFETs in series with GTO•Uses the anode current to provide the turn-off energy•Transient voltage is equal to breakdown of QE
LG ≈ 10nH
QG QE
CPES Gen-1 ETO (ETO4060)
GTO
Emitter MOS ring
Driver
60 V
18 V
VE
t
8FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
ETO Key Characteristics
+ Lower drive and control power (MOS control)+ Lower cost solution based on conventional components+ Lower dependence on driver performance+ Built-in current sensing
VAK
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-25
0
25
50
75
100
0 1 2 3 4i ( S)
IA
VKG
time (µs) 1kA/ 4.5 kV ETO
9FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Impact on PCS: Traditional GTO Phase Leg
dI/dt Snubber
dV/dt Snubber
dI/dt snubber for turn-on
dV/dt snubber for turn-offP = 1/2 C*Vdc
2*fsFor 4-kA/6-kV GTO:Vdc = 3000 V, C = 6 µFP1kHz = 27 kW per switch
Auxiliary Parts Count:Capacitors: 3Resistors: 3Diodes: 3Inductors: 1Total: 10
Load
10FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Impact on PCS: ETO Phase Leg
dI/dt SnubberdI/dt snubber w/ clamp
Eliminated dV/dt snubber
Auxiliary Parts Count:Capacitors: 1 (3)Resistors: 1 (3)Diodes: 1 (3)Inductors: 1 (1)Total: 4 (10)
Load
11FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
•Develop a better, high-power, high-frequency, reliable switch (FY1998)
•Demonstrate the ETO in a high-power system (FY1999)
•High-power ETO based PCS development (FY2000)
•Working with ACI to develop manufacturable Gen-3 ETO (FY2001)
ESS ETO Project History
12FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Major ETO MilestonesThree generations of development (supported primarily by the ESS program)ETO ratings cover all available GTO ratings
•symmetric ETOs•asymmetric ETOs
97 98 99 00 01 02
First ETOFirst ETO
• 4 kA, 6 kV ETO• 1kA, 4.5 kV ETO• Snubberless demonstration• GEN 1 gate driver
• 4 kA, 6 kV ETO• 1kA, 4.5 kV ETO• Snubberless demonstration• GEN 1 gate driver
• 5 kA ETO circuit breaker• 5 MVA ETO STATCOM• Transparent emitter ETO• Manufacturabe ETO• Gen 3 gate driver
• 5 kA ETO circuit breaker• 5 MVA ETO STATCOM• Transparent emitter ETO• Manufacturabe ETO• Gen 3 gate driver• 1 MVA 2.5 kHz ETO VSC
• GEN 2 gate driver• ETO Series operation• Overcurrent protection• Symmetrical ETO
• 1 MVA 2.5 kHz ETO VSC• GEN 2 gate driver• ETO Series operation• Overcurrent protection• Symmetrical ETO
13FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
4.0 kV to 6 kV
1.0 kA to 4 kA
Major ETO Milestones
Gen-0 ETOs (1998)
14FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Gen-1 4-kA/6-kV ETO (1999)
Picture Turn-off waveforms
(3.0-kA/2.0-kV, 25 °C)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 5 10 15 20Time (µµµµS)
Iak Vak
GEN 1 gate driver4-kA/6-kV GTO
Major ETO Milestones
15FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
4-kA/4.5-kV transparent emitter Gen-2 ETO (2001)
4-kA/4.5-kV transparentemitter GTO GEN-2 gate driver
Snubberless turn-off waveforms
Major ETO Milestones
Voltage (500V/div)
Current (200A/div)
Time (2 µs/div)
16FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Manufacturable Gen-3 ETO (2001)
FY2001 Activities and Major Accomplishments
Objective :Improving manufacturability and reliability of the ETO
17FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Major Accomplishments
Gen-3 ETO Prototype (OCT. 2001)
18FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Major Accomplishments: Gen-3 ETO Test ResultsTurn-off Waveforms with 3-µF Snubber
Voltage (500V/div)
Current (500A/div)
Time (4 µs/div)
19FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Major Accomplishments: Gen-3 ETO Test Results-Snubberless Turn-off Waveforms
Voltage (500V/div)
Current (200A/div)
Time (4 µs/div)
20FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
ETO-based 1-MVA 2.5-kHz VSC PCS (2000)
3 phase legs 3 di/dt snubbers
Active circuit breaker DC capacitors
Device voltage waveforms
Device current waveforms
Major Accomplishments
21FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Major Accomplishments
HVDC Source
HVDC Capacitor
1 MVA ETO VSC PCS
VSC PCS Hardware Upgrade & Test (2001)
Inductive load
22FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
• DC bus voltage: 2000V
• Peak current of the ETO: 390A
Major Accomplishments
FY2001 Test Result @ 2000 V Bus
23FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
5-MVA ETO-based STATCOM system (2001)Experimental waveformsPicture of one phase leg
ETO-based DC circuit breaker
ETO-based H-bridge converter
DC bus capacitor
dI/dt snubber
Load Current (200 A/div)
Device Voltage(2000 V/div)
Device Current (500 A/div)
Diode Current (500 A/div)
Time (5 ms/div)
Other Major Accomplishments
24FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
5-KA/2000-V ETO-based DC circuit breaker (2001)
Experimental waveformsPicture
4-kA/4.5-kV ETO(ETO4045TA)
DC bus bar
Current Transducer
Load Current (1000 A/div) Device Voltage
(500 V/div)
Device Current (500 A/div)
Time (1 µs/div)
Other Major Accomplishments
Excellent current sharing is achieved in paralleled ETOs
25FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
ETO-based DC circuit breaker for VSC PCS (2001)Over-current protection waveforms
under shoot-through failure
4-kA/4.5-kV ETO(ETO4045TA)
Anode Voltage(500 V/div)
Anode Current(200 A/div)
tftd(2 µs)
(0.5 µs)
Vout (5 V/div)
Shoot-ThroughFailure Point
Picture of 1.5-kA/2.5-kV DC circuit breaker
Other Major Accomplishments
Utilize built-in current sensing in the ETO!
26FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Over-current protection waveforms under load short-circuit failureAnode Voltage
(500 V/div)Anode Current(500 A/div)
tf(2 µs)
• Built-in current sensing • Vref = 200 mV, trigger current is about 1900 A• Anode current increasing rate is about 13 A/ µs
Other Major Accomplishment
27FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Future Plan: An ETO Based DVR/DSTATCOM
ETO-basedVSC
Distrib.Bus Load
EnergyStorage
• Active filtering• Dynamic reactive
power compensation• Active load balancing • Flicker compensation • Active power exchange• Sag compensation
28FY2001 Energy Storage Systems Peer Review
Gen-3 manufacturable ETO successfully developed in FY2001•Improvement in manufacturability, reliability and functionality
ETOs have the following key characteristics:• High-power rating (up to 4 kA and 6 kV)• Low conduction loss• Fast switching speed (up to 5 kHz)• Snubberless turn-off capability• Built-in Current sensing• Capable of parallel and series operation
Suitable for the applications in• Distributed Energy Resources, Energy Storage, FACTs, Motor drive,
Power system protection
Conclusions
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