elective study - research questions, tujuan dan hipotesis

ELECTIVE STUDY

RESEARCH QUESTION, OBJECTIVE AND

HYPOTHESES

I Putu Gede ADIATMIKA

RESEARCH QUESTION

Overview

What is a research question? How does one develop one? How does one evaluate one?

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION

The research question is the starting point of the study. Everything flows from the research question. It will determine the population to be studied, the setting for the study, the data to be collected, and the time period for the study.

A clear and concisely stated research question is the most important requirement for a successful study.

Origins of a Research Question

Careful Observation of People Application of New Technology The Annoyance Principle Build on Experience Scientific Communications

Skeptical Attitude (questioning peers and status quo)

Characteristics of a good research question

FINERFeasible

○ Adequate numbers of subjects?○ Adequate technical expertise?○ Affordable in time and money?○ Is it possible to measure or manipulate the

variables?Interesting

○ To the investigator?Novel

○ To the field?

Characteristics of a good research question

FINEREthical

○ Potential harm to subjects?○ Potential breech of subject confidentiality?

Relevant○ To scientific knowledge/theory?○ To organizational, health or social management

and policy?○ To individual welfare?

Developing Your Research Question

I know what general area, but

I’m not sure of my research question?

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Chapter Three8

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Chapter Three

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The Importance of Good Questions

A good research question:

Defines the investigation Sets boundaries Provides direction

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Chapter Three

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From Interesting Topics to Researchable Questions

An ‘angle’ for your research can come from insights stemming from:

personal experience theory observations contemporary issues engagement with the literature

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Chapter Three

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Narrowing and Clarifying

Narrowing, clarifying, and even redefining your questions is essential to the research process.

Forming the right ‘questions’ should be seen as an iterative process that is informed by reading and doing at all stages.

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Chapter Three

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Cycles of ResearchQuestion Development

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Chapter Three

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Good Question Checklist

Is the question right for me?

Will the question hold my interest? Can I manage any potential

biases/subjectivities I may have?

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Chapter Three

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Good Question Checklist

 Is the question right for the field?

Will the findings be considered significant?

Will it make a contribution?

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Chapter Three

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Good Question Checklist

Is the question well articulated?

Are the terms well-defined? Are there any unchecked assumptions?

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Chapter Three

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Good Question Checklist

Is the question doable?

Can information be collected in an attempt to answer the question?

Do I have the skills and expertise necessary to access this information? If not, can the skills be developed?

Will I be able to get it all done within my time constraints?

Are costs likely to exceed my budget? Are there any potential ethics problems?

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Chapter Three

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Good Question Checklist

Does the question get the tick of approval from those in the know?

Does my supervisor think I am on the right track?

Do ‘experts’ in the field think my question is relevant/ important/ doable?

OBJECTIVE

General objective

To show a general objective of your research

Adapted from research question Formulated into positive statement Can be broke down into specific

objective

Specific objective

Dibangun dari research question Dibuat dalam kalimat pernyataan

HINT : Copied from research question Change into positive statement

HYPOTHESES

RQ and Hypotheses

Examples

RQ: Is a happy worker a productive worker?H1: Happier workers are more productive than

unhappy workers.

RQ: Does increasing the happiness of workers make them more productive?

H1: Increasing the happiness of workers does not increase productivity.

Hypotheses should be developed before data are collected.

O'Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Chapter Three

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The Hypothesis Dilemma

Hypotheses are designed to express relationships between variables. If this is the nature of your question, a hypothesis can add to your research

If your question is more descriptive or explorative, generating a hypothesis may not be appropriate

Good hypotheses

Constructs are clear Relationship (sign, direction if experimental, type

of moderation) is clear Population often included Design/statistical method often clear

Mean differencesCompared to who? (can’t have a “more” without a

“than”Related (correlation)

The word “significant” is unnecessary

Good hypotheses construction

Statistical test is clear (usually one per hypothesis)With mediator hypothesis may be

○ X will positively relate to Y○ M will positively relate to Y○ X will positively relate to M○ X will not relate to Y when controlling for M

OR○ M will mediate the positive relationship

between X and Y

Questions

Is hypotheses needed?

AnswerYesNo

Hypotheses must be tested ?

Hypotheses Yes

Related to verification among : ProblemHypothesesDataAnalysisConclusion

Formulated into a theory framework

Hypotheses No

The study is explorative and descriptive Commonly as a preliminary study

Definition

A temporary answer to research question that must be investigated for the truth

State the relationship of what we should study

As a base of verification

The benefit of hypotheses

Limitation and specific coverage for the researcher

To aware the researcher to the fact founded and relationship between fact

As a tool to focus the facts As a guide in hypotheses testing and

meet the fact and among the facts

Good hypotheses

1. State the relationship

2. According to the facts

3. Related to the knowledge

4. Can be tested

5. Simple

6. Can explain the facts

Contoh hipotesis

Tingkat pendidikan ibu berperan dalam tumbuh kembang anakTingkat pendidikan ibu berhubungan

dengan pertumbuhan anakTingkat pendidikan ibu berhubungan

dengan perkembangan anak

Contoh hipotesis

Perbaikan sikap kerja duduk menurunkan keluhan muskuloskeletal karyawan pelinting rokok

Hypotheses null

Formulated to be REJECTED AFTER TESTED

Means : no different Rejected Null hypotheses means

ACCEPT alternative hypotheses

difficulty formulating hypotheses The absence of a theoretical framework

Unable to use the theoretical framework

Unable to master the techniques of research

Hypotheses testing

Function hypothesis: give a conjectural statement of the relationshipIts validity can be tested by appropriate testing techniquesHYPOTHESIS MUST BE TESTEDHypothesis has never been tested truth, but its validity tested

Hypotheses testing

Match with the facts or testing the consistencyrequired experimentsUsing a research design

logical consistencyusing logicResearch is non experiment

Hypotheses testing

Rejecting hypothesesIi’s not means that the study failedGiving more value if researchers can

reveal the source of rejection of the hypothesis

Make way for the next research

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