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Effect of endurance training and altitude training on hemoglobin mass and performance
-
A Swiss perspective
Jon Peter Wehrlin, PhD
Head Endurance Department, Section for Elite Sport
Swiss Federal Institute of Sports, Magglingen, Switzerland
Thank you
for the invitation!
3Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland (950m above sea level)
4Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
View from Magglingen on the Swiss Alps
5Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Federal Office of Sport
Federal Office of Sport
Swiss Federal Institute
of Sport
National Training Center
Youth Sport & Training Center
Sport Politics & Ressources
Section for Elite Sport
Sport Studies
Sport & Education
Sport & Society
6Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen
Section for Elite Sport (Staff = 60)
Sport Physiology Group
(Endurance Sports)
Sport Physiology Group
(Team Sports)
Sport Physiology Group
(Force Sports)
Training Science
Sport Psychology
Sports Medicine
Sports Physiotherapy
7Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Elite Sports
Services Research & Development
Education
Swiss Federal Institute of Sports
- Master elite sports
- Bachelor course
- Coaches education
- SGSM etc.
Swiss Federal Institute of Sports: Section for Elite Sport
8Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Section for Elite Sport Laboratories
Cross-Country Skiing
Laboratory
(Endurance Physiology)
Hemoglobin mass /
Blood volume
Laboratory
(Endurance Physiology)
Mountainbike
Laboratory
(Endurance
Physiology)
Exercise Physiology
Laboratory
(Endurance Physiology)
9Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Section for Elite Sport Laboratories
Heat & Humidity
Laboratory
(Endurance Physiology)
Track Cycling
Laboratory
(Endurance Physiology)
Muscle Power
Laboratory
(Strength Physiology;
Alpine Skiing, Ski jump,
Snowboard etc.)
10Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Research & Development
Applied ResearchGoal: Answer applied research questions (ideally from the athletes
and coaches) to improve performance….
Mountainbike: What is faster 26 or
29inch wheel?
Track cycling: Which helmet is the
best for my athlete?
Can my athlete profite from altitude training?
Effect of precooling on performance in the Tokyo heat?
Effect of endurance training and altitude training on hemoglobin mass and performance
-
A Swiss perspective
Jon Peter Wehrlin, PhD
Head Endurance Department, Section for Elite Sport
Swiss Federal Institute of Sports, Magglingen, Switzerland
12Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Oxygen transport
capacity
Ventilation & Lung diffusion capacity
Heart capacity
Bassett DR and Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen
uptake and determinants of endurance performance.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32: 70-84.
Muscle capacity
Endurance sport: VO2max - Important limiting factors
13Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Oxygen (O2)
Endurance sport: VO2max - Limiting factor oxygen transport capacity
Hemoglobin molecule: Transport of oxygen
14Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Developing performance diagnostic services: Cross-country skiing
Performance
Relevant Constructs
(General)
Ranking / Time / Points
Psychological
Factors
Technical
Performance
Tactical
Performance
Material (Skis /
Wax)
Critical Success Factors
(Sport Specific)
Key Performance
Indicator (KPI)High V̇O2max
(> 80 mL·kg-1·min-1)
Important Factors
Prolonged high
skating velocity
Physical
Performance
Hemoglobin mass /
Blood volume
15Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Schmidt & Prommer Exerc Sport Scie Rev, 2010
VO2max - Limiting factor oxygen transport capacity: Hemoglobin mass
16Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Endurance Sport: Problem «Blood Doping»
….can move you from 30th place to the podium…
Stray-Gundersen J, Videman T, Penttilä L, Lereim I; Abnormal hematologic profiles in elite cross-country Skiers:
blood doping or? Clin J Sports Med, 2003, 132-7
17Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Switzerland Spain
Importance of the hemoglobin mass: Blood doping
USA
…..etc.
Denmark
18Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Lundby et al., J Physiol, 2007
Importance of the hemoglobin mass:
=> Blood doping with rhEPO
19Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Nordic World Ski Championships 2019: Max Hauke (Austria)
Importance of the hemoglobin mass:
=> Problem: Blood doping with low volume autologous blood transfusion
135ml red blood cells
20Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches & scientists
21Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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1) Does hemoglobin mass increase with endurance training?
- Training camp (Peaking and Tapering)
- Training Season
- Several years endurance training
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes and coaches
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?- Differences in hemoglobin mass between adolescent and elite athletes
- Long term development in hemoglobin mass in adolescent athletes
- Prediction of hemoglobin mass at elite age based on hemoglobin mass at age 16? Who did it?
- Minimal hemoglobin mass neeed for elite endurance athletes?
0) Introduction: Hemoglobin concentration vs hemoglobin mass
4) Does a small increase in hemoglobin mass increase endurance performance?- Effect of low volume autologous blood doping on performance (increase like LHTL training)
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training?- „Hypoxic dose“?
- „Individual response“?
- Can hypoxic tents be used?
- How long is hemoglobin mass increased after the altitude training?
7) Conclusions
5) Does LHTL increase endurance performance? What are important limiting factors?
6) A Swiss perspective – How do we support athletes and coaches?
22Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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0) Introduction: Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) vs hemoglobin mass (g)
23Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Introduction: Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) vs hemoglobin mass (g)
Hematocrit (Hct; %)
Percent red blood cells
Men ca. 45%
(Critical value men 50%)
Hemoglobin (Hb; g/dl)
Mean value ca. 15g/dl /
(critical value 17g/dl)
Red color in red blood cells, Binds
the oxygen
24Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Blu
tvo
lum
en
[Li
ter]
Untrained XC skier
Red cell vol.
Blood plasma
Hematocrit: 44%
Blood plasma
Hematocrit: 44%
Red cell vol.
Problem: We do not know how the absolute values are!
Blo
od
vo
lum
e (
lite
rs)
Hb 15g/dl
Hb 15g/dl
Introduction: Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) vs hemoglobin mass (g)
25Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Blo
od
vo
lum
e (
L)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Hct 45%
Hct 47%
Hct 43%
Hb (g/dl) and Hct (%): Effects of changes in plasma volume
Important factors:
- Position: (horizontal = ↓ vs vertical = Hct ↑
- Hydratation status (low = Hct ↑; high ↓)
- Training (acute = Hct ↑; after = Hct ↓)
- Altitude: (acute = Hct ↑)
- Heat: (acute = Hct ↑; chronic↓ )
Introduction: Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) vs hemoglobin mass (g)
Hb 15g/dl
Hb 16g/dl
Hb 14g/dl
26Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Modified after Schmidt W. et al. Int J Sports Med, 21: 133-138; 2000
Effect of drinking one liter of saline solution on hematocrit value
Time (Minutes)
-15 -5 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85
Hem
ato
cri
t (%
)
037
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Before
Introduction: Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) vs hemoglobin mass (g)
27Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Modified after Schmidt W. et al. Int J Sports Med, 21: 133-138; 2000
=> Effect of a ten days cycling competition on hematocrit value (identical withHb g/dl)
Time (days)
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hem
ato
cri
t (%
)
0
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Before 2 days after
Introduction: Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) vs hemoglobin mass (g)
28Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Hemoglobin mass:
1256 g
Red cell volume:
3520 ml
Plasma volume:
4480 ml
Blood volume:
8000 ml
Introduction: Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) vs hemoglobin mass (g)
=> Important to measure absolute values!
29Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Schmidt & Prommer Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 2010
Introduction: Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) vs hemoglobin mass (g)
=> Relation to VO2max
30Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Hbmass RCV PV BV
CV 1.37% 1.89% 2.62% 1.86%
R 0.991 0.981 0.968 0.980
Range 822-1264 g 2161-3456 ml 3185 – 5740 ml 5610 – 9197 ml
CO-rebreathing method (100 years):
- Revived by Fogh-Andersen et al. (1990) and Thomsen
et al. (1991) and is now frequently used in Sports
Science and Sports Medicine:
- “Optimized method” by
Schmidt and Prommer (2005)
- with minor modifications
(Prommer & Schmidt 2007)
Meta-Analysis about Error Measurement for blood
volume paramters (Gore et al. 2005):
=> CO-rebreathing-method has the lowest error
Values from our Laboratory, (n=17)
Introduction: Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) vs hemoglobin mass (g)
Measurement of hemoglobin mass
31Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Introduction: Hemoglobin
concentration (g/dl) vs
hemoglobin mass (g)
=> Measurement of
hemoglobin mass
32Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes and coaches
1) Does hemoglobin mass increase with endurance training?
- Training camp (Peaking and Tapering)
- Training season
- Several years endurance training
33Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
He
mo
glo
bin
ma
ss
(g
/kg
bo
dyw
eig
ht)
0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Untrained subjects (28 +/-5 years
Triathletes (German National Elite; 30 +/- 5 years)
Runners (German National Elite; 24 +/- 6 years)
Cycling (German Elite Professional Team; 27 +/- 3 years)
+ 40%
Key question:
Effect of „training“
or„talent“?
Modified after Heinicke et al. Int J Sports Med, 2001
1) Does hemoglobin mass increase with normal training?
34Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Modified after Gore et al., Int J Sports Med, 1997
Hem
og
lobin
mass
0
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
4 Weeks training in the heat
4 Weeks training at sea level
4 Weeks training at 1300m
4 Weeks training at 1740m
1) Does hemoglobin mass increase with normal training?
=> Changes during a training camp
35Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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He
mo
glo
bin
ma
ss
(g
)
0
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
Athlete 1
Athlete 2
Athlete 3
Athlete 4
Athlete 5
Athelte 6
Athlete 7
Athlete 8
Mean
Weeks
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tra
inin
g l
oa
d (
Fo
ste
r)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500 Mara
thon
Normal Training
Peaking Tapering
Wehrlin et al., 1. World Congress of Triathlon, Alicante, Spain 2011
1) Does hemoglobin mass increase with normal training?
=> Changes with a peaking and tapering period
36Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Prommer et al. Med Sci Sports & Exercise, 2008
1) Does hemoglobin mass increase with normal training?
=> Changes during a training season
Prommer: Hbmass
showed very low
oscillations during a
training year (<6%)
Garvican et al. measured Hb mass in 10 elite Cyclists during 2-10 months:
CV was 3.3% (Range 2.4.4%)
37Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Hem
oglo
bin
mass (
g/k
g)
0
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Hem
oglo
bin
mass (
g/k
g)
0
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Hem
oglo
bin
mass (
g)
0
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
Hem
oglo
bin
mass (
g)
0
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
P = 0.87
P = 0.29
2004 2007
Wehrlin, J.P., Hallén J. Marti B. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;903:357-74.
1) Does hemoglobin mass increase with normal training?
=> Changes with several years of training
38Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
1) Does hemoglobin mass increase with normal training?
=> Several years of endurance training
Observation in routine hemoglobin mass measurement:
Elite athletes show no big changes in hemoglobin mass with normal training
Possible to use it as “talent identification marker” in adolesence?
39Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
- Differences in hemoglobin mass between adolescent and elite athletes?
- Long term development in hemoglobin mass in adolescent athletes
- Prediction of hemoglobin mass at elite age based on hemoglobin mass at age 16? Who did it?
- Minimal hemoglobin mass neeed for elite endurance athletes?
40Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Steiner & Wehrlin. Med Sci Sports & Exercise, 2011
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Differences in hemoglobin mass between
adolescent and elite national team athletes?
41Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Steiner & Wehrlin. Med Sci Sports & Exercise, 2011
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Differences in hemoglobin mass between
adolescent and elite national team athletes?
42Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Steiner & Wehrlin. Med Sci Sports & Exercise, 2011
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Differences in hemoglobin mass between
adolescent and elite athletes?
43Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Steiner & Wehrlin. Med Sci Sports & Exercise, 2011
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Differences in hemoglobin mass between
adolescent and elite athletes?
«Golden age» between 16 and 21 to increase hemoglobin mass
with endurance training?
44Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Steiner & Wehrlin. Med Sci Sports & Exercise, 2011
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
Longitudinal study over 3 years
45Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Long term development of hemoglobin mass in adolescent athletes?
Steiner T, Maier T, Wehrlin JP. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019 May: 51(5):912-919
46Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Long term development of hemoglobin mass in adolescent athletes?
Project with same athletes and controls over 3 years (age 16 to age 19):
Age 16
Age 19
47Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Long term develepment of hemoglobin mass in adolescent athletes?
Steiner T, Maier T, Wehrlin JP.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019
May: 51(5):912-919
48Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Long term develepment of hemoglobin mass in adolescent athletes?
Steiner T, Maier T, Wehrlin JP.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019
May: 51(5):912-919
49Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Long term develepment of hemoglobin mass in adolescent athletes?
Steiner T, Maier T, Wehrlin JP.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019
May: 51(5):912-919
50Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Long term develepment of hemoglobin mass in adolescent athletes?
Steiner T, Maier T, Wehrlin JP.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019
May: 51(5):912-919
51Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Minimal hemoglobin mass needed for elite endurance athletes?
Men: National team: > 14g/kg bodyweight
World class: > 15g-16g/kg bodyweight
Women: National team: > 12g/kg bodyweight
World class: > 13-14g/kg bodyweight
High prediction of hemoglobin mass at at 20 already at age 16!
52Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
=> Minimal hemoglobin mass needed for elite endurance athletes?
Men: National team: > 14g/kg bodyweight
World class: > 15g-16g/kg bodyweight
Women: National team: > 12g/kg bodyweight
World class: > 13-14g/kg bodyweight
=> High prediction of hemoglobin mass at at 20 already at age 16!
However, we do not systematically use Hbmass for Talent identification – we do not have enough talents!
53Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?- „Hypoxic dose“?
- Can hypoxic tents be used?
- „Individual response“?
- How long is hemoglobin mass increased after the altitude training?
54Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?- „Hypoxic dose“?
55Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Atm
osp
he
ric
Pre
ssu
re
O2 transport capacity of the blood ↑
Low OxygenPIO2 ↓
Kidney
HIF-2αEpo ↑
Arterial hypoxemiaSaO2 ↓
Aerobic performance ↑VO2max
Bone marrow
Erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
Erythropoesis ↑Hemoglobin mass ↑
Levine & Stray-Gundersen, 2005
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)? What’s the plan?
56Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Hypobaric
hypoxia (HH)
Normobaric
hypoxia (NH)
Altitude/ Hypoxic training
LH + TH LH + TL
Natural/
TerrestrialNitrogen
dilution
LL + TH
Oxygen
filtration
Supplemental
Oxygen
LHTLH
IHT
IHIT
IHE RSHCHT
Wilber 2007; Millet et al. 2010 & 2013
=?≠
FIO2 = 20.9%
PB < 760 mmHg
FIO2 < 20.9%
PB = 760 mmHg
PIO2 < 150 mmHg
LH = live high; TH = train high; TL = train low; LL = live
low; LHTLH = live high-train low and high; IHE =
intermittent hypoxic exposure; CHT = continuous
hypoxic training; IHT = intermittent hypoxic training;
RSH = repeated sprint training in hypoxia; IHIT =
intermittent hypoxic exposure during interval training.
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
57Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Time in hypoxia (hours)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Ch
an
ge i
n H
bm
ass /
RC
V (
%)
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30 Laitinen et al. 1995 (Abstract only; n=7Runners; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2500m; 20-28 days; CG)
Svedenhag et al. 1997 (n=7 XC-skiers; LHTH; Real altitude: 1900m; 30 days; EB)
Levine et al. 1997 (n=13 Runners; LHTH; Real altitude: 2500m; 28 days; CG; EB)
Levine et al. 1997 (n=13 Runners; LHTL; Real altitude: 2500m; 28 days; CG; EB)
Gore et al. 1998 (n=8 Cyclists; LHTH; Real altitude: 2690m; 31 days; CO)
Rusko et al. 1999 (Abstract only; n=10 XC-Skiers/Triathletes; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2500m; 25 days; CG; CO)
Ashenden et al. 1999b (n=7 Runners; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2650m; 12 days; CG; CO)
Ashenden et al. 1999a (n=6 Cyclists/Triathletes/XC-skiers; LHTL; Simulated altitude:3000m; 23 days; CG; CO)
Dehnert et al. 2002 (n=11 Triathletes; LHTL; Real altitude: 1956m; 14 days; CG; CO)
Saunders et al. 2004 (n=10 Runners; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2000-3100m; 20 days; CG; CO)
Friedmann et al. 2005 (n=16 Junior swimmers; LHTH; Real altitude: 2100-2300m; 21 days; CO)
Heinicke et al. 2005 (n=10 Biathletes; LHTH; Real altitude: 2050; 21 days; CO)
Brugniaux et al. 2006 (n=5; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2500-3000m/1200m; 18 days; CG; CO)
Robach et al. 2006 (n=9 Swimmers; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2500-3000m/1200m; 13 days; CG; CO)
Robach et al. 2006 (n=6 XC-skiers; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2500-3500m/1200m; 18 days; CG; CO)
Wehrlin & Marti 2006 (n=2 Runners; LHTL; Real altitude: 2456/1800m; 26 days; CO)
Wehrlin et al. 2006 (n=10 Orienteers; LHTL; Real altitude: 2456m/1800m/1000m; 23 days; CG; CO)
Neya et al. 2007 (n=10 runners; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 3000m; 29 days; CO)
Pottgiesser et al. 2008 (n=7 Cyclists; LHTH; Real altitude: 1816m; 21 days; CO)
Saunders et al. 2009 (n=9 Runners; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2860m; 46 days; CO)
Wehrlin et al. 2009 (Submitted; n=7; Cross-country skiers; LHTL; Real altitude: 2590m; 21 days; CG)
Clark et al. 2010 (n=12 cyclists; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 3000m) C
A
B
E
D
Wehrlin, J.P., Hallén J. Marti B. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;903:357-74.
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)? Hypoxic dose?
58Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Time in hypoxia (hours)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Ch
an
ge
in
Hb
ma
ss
/ R
CV
(%
)
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30 Laitinen et al. 1995 (Abstract only; n=7Runners; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2500m; 20-28 days; CG)
Svedenhag et al. 1997 (n=7 XC-skiers; LHTH; Real altitude: 1900m; 30 days; EB)
Levine et al. 1997 (n=13 Runners; LHTH; Real altitude: 2500m; 28 days; CG; EB)
Levine et al. 1997 (n=13 Runners; LHTL; Real altitude: 2500m; 28 days; CG; EB)
Gore et al. 1998 (n=8 Cyclists; LHTH; Real altitude: 2690m; 31 days; CO)
Rusko et al. 1999 (Abstract only; n=10 XC-Skiers/Triathletes; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2500m; 25 days; CG; CO)
Ashenden et al. 1999b (n=7 Runners; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2650m; 12 days; CG; CO)
Ashenden et al. 1999a (n=6 Cyclists/Triathletes/XC-skiers; LHTL; Simulated altitude:3000m; 23 days; CG; CO)
Dehnert et al. 2002 (n=11 Triathletes; LHTL; Real altitude: 1956m; 14 days; CG; CO)
Saunders et al. 2004 (n=10 Runners; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2000-3100m; 20 days; CG; CO)
Friedmann et al. 2005 (n=16 Junior swimmers; LHTH; Real altitude: 2100-2300m; 21 days; CO)
Heinicke et al. 2005 (n=10 Biathletes; LHTH; Real altitude: 2050; 21 days; CO)
Brugniaux et al. 2006 (n=5; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2500-3000m/1200m; 18 days; CG; CO)
Robach et al. 2006 (n=9 Swimmers; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2500-3000m/1200m; 13 days; CG; CO)
Robach et al. 2006 (n=6 XC-skiers; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2500-3500m/1200m; 18 days; CG; CO)
Wehrlin & Marti 2006 (n=2 Runners; LHTL; Real altitude: 2456/1800m; 26 days; CO)
Wehrlin et al. 2006 (n=10 Orienteers; LHTL; Real altitude: 2456m/1800m/1000m; 23 days; CG; CO)
Neya et al. 2007 (n=10 runners; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 3000m; 29 days; CO)
Pottgiesser et al. 2008 (n=7 Cyclists; LHTH; Real altitude: 1816m; 21 days; CO)
Saunders et al. 2009 (n=9 Runners; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 2860m; 46 days; CO)
Wehrlin et al. 2009 (Submitted; n=7; Cross-country skiers; LHTL; Real altitude: 2590m; 21 days; CG)
Clark et al. 2010 (n=12 cyclists; LHTL; Simulated altitude: 3000m) C
A
B
E
D
+ 1 – 1.5% / 100hours
(>2200m)
Wehrlin, J.P., Hallén J. Marti B. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;903:357-74.
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)? Hypoxic dose?
59Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Gore et al., Br J Sports Med, 2013
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)? Hypoxic dose?
+ 1 – 1.5% / 100hours
(>2200m)
60Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)? Hypoxic dose?
Millet GP, Chapman RF, Girard O, Brocherie F. Br J Sports Med, 2017
61Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Schmidt W & Prommer N. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2010, 68-75
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)? Hypoxic dose?
62Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
- Can altitude tents be used?
63Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
=?≠
Hypobaric Hypoxia (HH)
Natural Altitude
Normobaric Hypoxia (NH)
Artificial Altitude
Live High - Train Low (LHTL)
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
=> can altitude tents be used?
64Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
=> can altitude tents be used?
65Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Hauser A, Schmitt L, Troesch S, Saugy JJ, Cejulea RC, Faiss R, Robinson N, Millet GP and Wehrlin JP
(JAP, 2017)
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
=> can altitude tents be used?
66Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Hauser A, Schmitt L, Troesch S, Saugy JJ, Cejulea RC, Faiss R, Robinson N, Millet GP and Wehrlin JP
(JAP, 2017)
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
=> can altitude tents be used?
Individual response?!
67Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
- „Individual response“?
68Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Friedmann et al. 2005
Classic altitude training▪ 3 weeks; 2100-2300 m▪ 16 elite junior swimmers
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
Individual response?
=> What is technical variation and what is a real physiological change?
What is the problem when I want to consult athletes individually?
69Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Did MY Hemoglobin Mass increase with MY LHTL Regimen?
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
- „Individual response“?
70Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Hem
og
lob
in m
ass (
g)
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3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
Individual response?
=> What is technical variation and what is a real physiological change?
71Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
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+ 0%
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
Individual response?
=> What is technical variation and what is a real physiological change?
72Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
He
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)
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3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
Individual response?
=> What is technical variation and what is a real physiological change?
73Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
He
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d
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ure
d
+ 4%
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
Individual response?
=> What is technical variation and what is a real physiological change?
74Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Naef N, Steiner T, Wehrlin JP. Int J Sports Med, 2015.
Duplicate measures:
▪ Reduce error by a factor of 1/√2 (30%) Hopkins, 2000
▪ Outliers can be identified!
▪ Within 6h
▪ Results are averaged
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
Individual response?
75Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
He
mo
glo
bin
ma
ss
(g
)
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Pre Altitude Post Altitude
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ure
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ure
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nt
I
+ 2.2%
3 weeks at 1800m (St. Moritz Switzerland)
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
Individual response?
=> What is technical variation and what is a real physiological change?
76Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Variation between 0 to + 10%
Hauser A, Schmitt L, Troesch S, Saugy JJ, Cejulea RC, Faiss R, Robinson N, Millet GP and Wehrlin JP
(JAP, 2017)
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
Individual response?
77Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Slide adapted from Garvican (USOC IATS 2013 Conference)
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
Individual response? (Can be different with each LHTL camp)
78Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
Individual response? (Can be different with each LHTL camp)
Example
2015: Live high-train low altitude training camp
400hours at 2500m
=> Hemoglobin mass +5%
2016: Identical live high-train low altitude training camp
400hours at 2500m
=> Hemoglobin mass +0.2%
79Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Slide adapted from Garvican (USOC IATS 2013 Conference)
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
Individual response? (Can be different with each LHTL camp)
80Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
- How long is hemoglobin mass increased after the altitude training?
81Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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3) Is the increase in Hbmass different between normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia?
=> How long is hemoglobin mass increased after altitude training?
Prommer et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2010, 42(4):791-797.
- 5.5% Hemoglobin mass after 33 days
Living altitude Kenyan Runners:
Before 2090m, then travelled to 340m asl.
82Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
4) Does a small increase in hemoglobin mass increase endurance performance?
- Effect of low volume autologous blood doping on performance (increase like LHTL altitude training)
83Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
4) Does a small increase in hemoglobin mass increase performance (like with LHTL)?
=> Effect of a low-volume autologous blood transfusion?
135ml RBC = 300ml Blood (Hct 45%)
Hct 45% = Hb 15g/dl
3dl Blood * 15g/dl = 45g Hemoglobin
84Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Schmidt W & Prommer N. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2010, 68-75
Low-dose
Autologous
Blood transfusion
Bejder et al. MSSE
2019
4) Does a small increase in hemoglobin mass increase performance?
=> Effect of a low-volume autologous blood transfusion?
85Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
135ml RBC =300ml Blood (Hct 45%)
Hct 45% = Hb 15g/dl
3dl Blood * 15g/dl = 45g Hemoglobin
If the Athlete has 1000g hemoglobin mass
45g = 4.5% increase in Hemoglobin mass
Performane in time trial + 5%
4) Does a small increase in hemoglobin mass increase performance (Like with LHTL)?
=> Effect of a low-volume autologous blood transfusion?
86Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Bejder et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2019, 51(4):692-700.
4) Does a small increase in hemoglobin mass increase performance?
=> Effect of a low-volume autologous blood transfusion?
87Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
135ml RBC =300ml Blood (Hct 45%)
Hct 45% = Hb 15g/dl
3dl Blood * 15g/dl = 45g Hemoglobin
If the Athlete has 1000g hemoglobin mass
45g = 4.5% increase in Hemoglobin mass
Performane in time trial + 5%
4) Does a small increase in hemoglobin mass increase performance (Like with LHTL)?
=> Effect of a low-volume autologous blood transfusion?
Nordic World Ski
Championships 2019:
Max Hauke (Austria)
Same amount as used
as low volume autologousb
blood transfusion
88Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
5) Does live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training increase endurance performance at sea level?
=> What are important limiting factors?
89Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Slide adapted from Garvican (USOC IATS 2013 Conference)
5) Does LHTL increase endurance perfrormance?
Control all confounding factors (increase in Hbmass)!
90Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Hauser A, Schmitt L, Troesch S, Saugy JJ, Cejulea RC, Faiss R, Robinson N, Millet GP and Wehrlin JP
(JAP, 2017)
5) Does LHTL increase endurance perfrormance?
Individual response (Increase in Hbmass)!
91Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Hauser A, Schmitt L, Troesch S, Saugy JJ, Cejulea RC, Faiss R, Robinson N, Millet GP and Wehrlin JP. (MSSE, 2017)
5) Does LHTL increase endurance perfrormance?
Individual response (Increase in Hbmass)!
92Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
5) Does LHTL increase endurance perfrormance at sea level?
Planning of training load and training intensity!
93Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Millet et al., Sports Med, 201021 days
after
LHTL
5) Does LHTL increase endurance performance at sea level?
Planning of training load and training intensity!
94Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Millet et al., Sports Med, 2010 (modified after Reiss)
5) Does LHTL increase endurance perfrormance?
Timing of posttest!
95Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Chapman RF, 2011
5) Does LHTL increase endurance performance at sea level?
Timing of posttest!
96Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
5) Does live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training increase endurance performance?
=> Results of studies with elite athletes?
97Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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=> it is very hard (impossible) to prove that a preparation with elite endurance athletes for an
important competition at sea level is better to prepare with LHTL than sea level training!
Millet G, Brocherie F.
5) Does live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training increase endurance performance?
=> Results of studies with elite athletes?
98Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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=> Impossible to prove – but not so important for elite sport athletes.
Subjects:
- World class elite endurance athletes (high n)
- Willing to perform best at pre- and posttest of a study and not at a competition
- «Responder» for hemoglobin mass increases with altitude training (genetic predisposition)
=> Succesful increase in hemoglobin mass with LHTL (double measurements)
Study design / Method:
- Athletes are their own controls (individual responses)
- Cross over design over one year (same training period) (BUT Athletes will be one year older!)
- YES, Blinded for the treatment (LHTL or sea level) => Placebo Effect
- NOT Blinded for the treatment => Training has to be adjusted to altitude or sea level conditions
- High enough hypoxic dose (Individually different)?
- Optimal preparation for the pre- and posttests (Peaking and Tapering)
=> Time of best performance should be at the posttests (not at races of the athletes)
- Optimal timing of the pre- and posttests («best time man»)
- Optimal iron availability
- Optimal energy balance
- No negative effects (inflamation, ilness, injury, overreaching, overtraining) during both periods
- Very precise and valide tests (hemoglobin mass) and performance
- etc.
5) Does live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training increase endurance performance?
=> Results of studies with elite athletes?
99Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
=> Does the elite athlete needs this perfect study to prove better performance?
100Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
Does the elite athlete himself needs this perfect study to prove better performance?
NO
101Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Schmidt W & Prommer N. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2010, 68-75
Low-dose
Autologous
Blood transfusion
Bejder et al. MSSE
2019
5) Does live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training increase endurance performance?
=> Results of studies with elite athletes?
102Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Example:
2015: Live high-train low altitude training camp
400hours at 2500m
=> Hemoglobin mass +5%
2016: Identical live high-train low altitude training camp
400hours at 2500m
=> Hemoglobin mass +0.2%
5) Does live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training increase endurance performance?
=> Results of studies with elite athletes?
103Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
104Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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b) Plan altitude training camp perfectly (timing in season, hypoxic dose, training, Nutrition,
Recovery, Supplemtents (iron, vitamin b12, folic acid etc.) on individual base
a) Build a team: Athlete, Coach, Physician, Nutrician, Scientist.
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
105Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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c) Help with installation of altitude room at athlete’s home (very easy with generators)
106Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Individualize altitude
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes
and coaches – Swiss Examples
107Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
d) Plan double measurement of hemoglobin mass
108Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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e) Control everything during the altitude training period
- Training and training quality
- Hours at altitude (hypoxic dose)
- Sleep and sleep quality
- Profile of Mood State
- Body weight
- Rest heart rate
- Oxygen saturation during sleep
- Overall state of the athlete ++, +, +/-, -, --
- Competition after the LHTL camp (14 – 24 days after)
- etc.
f) Evalutate the altitude training camp in the team (4 weeks after)
- How was it?
- What did work, what did not work, why?
- What could we improve/change (hypoxic dose etc.)
- Does the athlete coach want to do it again
109Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
110Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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=> Statistical significance versus practical relevance?
Viktor Röthlin
Swiss Marathon Runner
111Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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=> Competition preparation at Muottas Muragl 2456m) (Engadin, Switzerland)
112Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Wehrlin J, Marti, B. Br J Sports Med. (2006)
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
113Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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5000m
tim
e (
min
ute
s:s
econds)
M
ara
thon tim
e (
hours
:min
ute
s:s
econds)
12:40
13:00
13:20
13:40
14:00
14:20
14:40
15:00
15:20
2:10:40
2:12:00
2:12:20
2:12:40
2:13:00
2:13:20
2:11:20
2:11:40
2:11:00Live high (2456m) and
train "low" (1800m) for
26 days
Zürich
Mara
thon 2
:11:0
5
WC
Paris
Mara
thon 2
:11:1
4
5000m
13:5
2:6
9
5000m
13:3
5:5
0
WC
Paris
5000m
Fin
al 1
3:2
6:0
6
WC
Paris
5000m
Qualif
icatio
n 1
3:3
6:5
4
5000m
13:1
2:1
6
Three months before LHTL
Day 1 before LHTL
Day 1 after L
HTL
Day 14 after L
HTL
Day 25 - 29 afte
r LHTL
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
114Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Beijing 2008
6. Place
=>prepared with LHTL altitude training
115Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
2010: 1. Place, European Championships Barcelona
Live at 2307m
Train at 1800m
Train at 400m a
Live at 2307m
Train at 1800m
Train at 400m a
Marathon at the EuropeanChampionships
Barcelona (Spain)
Weeks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes
and coaches – Swiss Examples
116Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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117Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
118Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
119Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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2010 Altitude Training „Best Practice“
2011 Individual Adaptations
2012 Olympic Games London
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
120Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
LHTL Bernina Hospiz
25.5 - 13.6.2010
Worl
d C
up/C
1C
ham
béry
6.6
.201
0
C1 E
nge
lberg
?20.6
.201
0
Worl
d C
up
5./6.6
.10?
EuropeanChampionshipsHaifa7.7. - 11.7.201023-28 days after LHTL)
Full
Test
14.6
.201
0
Full
Test
25.6
.201
0
Full
Test
2.7
.201
0
Full
Test
17.5
.201
0
Wo
rld
Cu
p H
ou
ffali
ze
1./2.5
.201
0
Wo
rld
Cu
p O
ffen
bu
rg
22./23.5
.201
0
Wo
rld
Cu
p /
C1
Alt
itu
de
gro
up
Co
ntr
ol
gro
up
Full
Test
18.5
.201
0
Full
Test
24.6
.201
0
Full
Test
1.7
.201
0
Full
Test
15.6
.201
0
Weeks after LHTL
1 2 3
Ta
rge
t I Ta
rge
t II
C2 F
lims?
3.7
.201
0
C1
Pla
ffeie
n 3
0.5
.201
0
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
121Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Performance:
Capicity test with
Self selected Speed
AG: 6023m => 6221m
(+3.3%)
CG: 5244m => 5406m
(+3.1%)
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
Typical «study» with elite athletes
122Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
123Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Slide adaptad from Garvican (USOC IATS 2013 Conference)
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
124Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
Judo: Preparation for a hard training period:
OSHTPLHTL
LHTL: Live high – train low
HTP: Hard training period
OS: Olympic games
6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
125Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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6) A Swiss perspecitive – How do we supported athletes and coaches – Swiss Examples
126Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Everybody ok?
127Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
6) Conclusions
128Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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1) Does hemoglobin mass increase with endurance training?
- Training camp (Peaking and Tapering): No
- Training Season: No
- Several years endurance training: No
Conclusion:
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
2) Can hemoglobin mass be used as a «talent marker» for endurance sports?
- Differences in hemoglobin mass between adolescent and elite athletes => Yes
- Long term development in hemoglobin mass in adolescent athletes =>Yes
- Prediction of hemoglobin mass at elite age based on hemoglobin mass at age 16? Who did it?
=> Those with already high hemoglobin mass at age 16
- Minimal hemoglobin mass neeed for elite endurance athletes?
=> 14g/kg males; 12g/kg females (national level)
=> 15-16g/kg males; 13-14g/kg females (world class level)
129Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
4) Does a small increase in hemoglobin mass increase endurance performance?
- Effect of low volume autologous blood doping on performance
Yes, a small amount of hemoglobin mass (like we reach with altitude training (5%)) increases
endurance performance (time trial)
Conclusion:
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
3) Does hemoglobin mass increase with altitude training (LHTL)?
- „Hypoxic dose“? 400hours at 2500m
- „Individual response“? Yes, the increase ranges between 0% and 10%
- Can hypoxic tents be used? Yes, similar response in hemoglobin mass increase
- How long is hemoglobin mass increased after the altitude training? 4 (- 6) weeks
130Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM
6) A Swiss perspective – How do we support athletes and coaches?
Since 15years, we support Swiss national team endurance athletes mostly on an individual base
However, it is not a magical tool, it is all about hard work.
Conclusion:
Key Questions for elite endurance athletes, coaches and scientists
5) Does LHLT altitude training increase endurance performance?
We think yes, scientifically it is very hard to prove (but also, that it does not work). Most studies showed increased performance.
Elite sport does not need the perfect study, due to individual different adaptations, every athlete has to try him-/herself
(For competitions at altitude, you have to prepare with altitude (Olympics Beijing 2022)
131Federal Office of Sport FOSPO
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Thanks for your attention!
Questions?
Thank you for the invitation!
Kiitos kutsusta!
And all the best for you and your athletes!
Kiitos kutsusta
Kiitos kutsusta
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