edd 9800 morote chapter 1 introduction to educational research
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Introduction to Educational ResearchChapter One
Learning Outcomes1. Describe the reasoning involved in the
scientific method2. Describe the different approaches of
educational research3. Define and state the characteristics of each
research approach4. Identify and differentiate among research
purposes5. Discuss the ethical obligations of
researchers
Introduction to Research Why is educational research significant?
1. Educational research contributes to educational theory and educational practice
2. As a professional we need to know how to find, understand, and evaluate findings
3. As a professional we need to be able to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate research claims
Question: Can you think of another reason as to why educational research is important?
The Scientific Method Five steps in the scientific method
Recognition and definition of the problem Formulation of hypotheses Collection of data Analysis of data Stating conclusions
The Scientific Method: (Research Process) How do we obtain knowledge?1. Reasoning: logical thought to reach a conclusion
a. Inductive reasoning: involves developing generalizations based on observations of a limited number of
related events or experiences.(ex: page 4)
b. Deductive reasoning: involves essentially the reverse process, arriving at specific conclusions based on general principles, observations, or experiences(i.e., generalizations)
(ex: Page 4)
Limitations of the methods of obtaining knowledge Experience, authority, inductive
reasoning, and deductive reasoning, each approach to understanding has limitations when used in isolation
(Ex: page 4; Story about Aristotle) These methods are very effective when
used in conjunction with one another as components of the scientific method
Limitations of the Scientific Method1. Cannot answer all questions2. Correctness3. Cooperation
(all these things can limit and alter the results of the study)
Application of the Scientific Method in Education Research is the formal systematic
application of the scientific method to the study of problems
Educational research is the formal, systematic application of the scientific method to the study of educational problems.
Approaches to Research Quantitative Research: is the
collection and analysis of numerical data to describe, explain, predict, or control phenomena of interest1. states the hypotheses2. There is little personal interaction3. Assumptions about the world
Approaches to Research Qualitative Research: is the
collection, analysis, and interpretation of comprehensive narrative and visual (i.e., nonnumerical) data to gain insights into a particular phenomenon
1. No uniform world2. Believes in different perspectives3. No hypotheses
Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative1. Qualitative research often involves the
simultaneous collection of a wealth of narrative and visual data over an extended period of time vs. Quantitative research which is mainly the collection of numerical data
2. Qualitative research data collection, as much as is possible, occurs in a naturalistic setting vs. Quantitative research which tends to be done in more researcher controlled environments
Classifying Research
By method By Purpose
Quantitative
Qualitative
Survey Correlational Casual Comparative
Experimental Single subject
Narrative Ethnographic Case
study
Basic & applied
Evaluation
Research & Development
Action research
Quantitative DesignSurvey Research
Purpose – to collect numerical data to test hypotheses or answer questions about the current status of the subject of study.
Example: How do second grade teachers spend their
teaching time?
Quantitative DesignCorrelational
Purpose – to determine the extent to which two or more variables are statistically related
Example: What is the relation between intelligence
and self-esteem?
Quantitative DesignCausal-comparative
Purpose – to explore relationships among variables that cannot be actively manipulated or controlled by the researcher
Example: How does having a working mother affect a
child’s school absenteeism?
Quantitative DesignExperimental
Purpose – to establish cause and effect relationships between variables
Example: Is there an effect of reinforcement on
students’ attitude towards school?
Quantitative DesignSingle subject
Purpose – to investigate cause and effect relationships with samples of one (1).
Example:
What is the effect of a behavior modification program on John’s conduct in class?
Qualitative Design Three basic designs
Narrative Ethnography Case Study
Qualitative DesignsNarrative
Purpose – focus on studying a single person and gathering data through the collection of stories that are used to construct a narrative about the individual’s experience and the meanings he/she attributes to them
Example: how do teachers confront, and deal with, high
school students who have drug problems
Qualitative DesignsEthnography
Purpose – to obtain an understanding of the shared beliefs and practices of a particular group or culture
Example: what are the beliefs and practices of making a sandwich in an Indian culture?
Qualitative Design Case Study
Purpose – to conduct research on a unit of study or bounded system . an individual teacher, a classroom, or a school can be a case.
Example: How do Dowling College manage Doctor of Education Program in PhD?
The Purpose of Research Basic research
Collection and analysis of data to develop or enhance theory
Example: Learning theories Piaget Constructivism Gardener’s multiple intelligence
The Purpose of ResearchApplied research
Collection and analysis of data to examine the usefulness of theory in solving practical educational problems
Example: Will the theory of multiple intelligences help
improve my students’ learning?
The Purpose of Research Evaluation research
The collection and analysis of data to make decisions related to the merit or worth of a specific program
Example: Is the new reading curriculum better than the
old one? Is the new geography curriculum meeting the
students’ and teachers’ needs?
The Purpose of Research Research and development
The development of effective products for use in schools
Examples The development of a Smart Board to
enhance a teacher’s use of technology in the classroom
The Purpose of Research Action research
The collection and analysis of data to provide a solution to the practical, valued problems of educators within their own school or organization
Examples How can disciplinary policies be enforced
consistently in our school?
Ethics Moral principles that govern a person's
or group's behavior.
Questions which deal with Right and Wrong.
Norms of Conduct.
Ethics in research The researcher has to think whether the
study is ethically “Right” to conduct.
If the research study will bring any negative influence on participants?
If the participants will face any embarrassments after conducting the research study?
Cont … If the researcher can keep the
confidentiality and privacy intact after the research?
If the researcher sought the participants consent to make them part of his or her research?
The Best Practice Two rules of Ethics of research are
following : Participants should not be harmed
Physically, Mentally and Socially.
Researchers obtain participants informed consent before conducting the research.
Development of Ethical codes for Research Different organizations developed Code
of Ethics for Research. In 1974 US Congress passed the
NATIONAL RESEARCH ACT OF 1974 which gives permission to National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.
Discussion Questions What did you learn from the video in terms of Ethical
Considerations in Research?
Do you think that the methodology used in the research was Ethical? Explain.
If you were in the researcher’s place what would you have done differently, based on what you have learnt from the video?
How important are the ethical considerations in the research?
Closing Arguments It is important to understand different
approaches to educational research, such as qualitative and quantitative, and how a researcher applies the approaches while conducting the research.
It is also important to keep in mind the ethical context when developing the research methodology.
ReferenceGay, L.R.; Mills. G. E.; Airasian, P. (2012).
Educational Research: Competencies for analysis and applications. New York: Pearson.
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