economic influences religious influences political influences area – geographic influences social...

Economic Influences Religious InfluencesP

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Area – Geographic Influences

Social In

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Intellectual Influences

Germanic tribes conquered old Roman Empire Territories

Kingdom of the Franks

• 510 C.E. – Established by Clovis

• Clovis = 1st Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity

Charles Martel defeated the Muslims

** Stopped Muslim conquest of Northern Europe

732 C.E. – Battle of Tours

Carolingian Empire (768 – 814)

• Intelligent,, fierce warrior, strong statesman

• Created Missi Dominici = king’s messengers

• Strengthened Frankish military

Patron of Latin culture Established monastic and palace schools

- Scriptoria = copied Latin texts & the Bible

Charlemagne

800: Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III

1st Roman Emperor since 476

Symbolized the emergence of the Middle Ages (500-1500)

Blended Roman, Christian, & Germanic elements

A Germanic king was crowned by a Roman pope (spiritual leader of western Christendom)

5th Century = Angles & Saxons, Germanic tribes, invaded England

1066 = Battle of Hastings

William of Normandy defeated King Harold

William gave each knight a fief

Knights swore loyalty to William

French = the language of the Nobility

England

THE BAYEUX TAPESTRY (CIRCA 1070A.D.): CELEBRATING THE NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND IN 1066

William built the Tower of London

Consolidated Power

Census

Domesday Book

1st census in Rome since the Roman Empire

Henry II (1154 – 1189)

Common Law

Tried to impose his will on the Church

Thomas Becket martyred

1215 – King John signed the Magna Carta

Limited the King’s power

Spelled out king/vassal relationship

1295 – King Edward I established Parliament = 1st representative assembly

1302 French King Phillip IV created the Estates-General

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The Fall of the Western Roman Empire

By 395 AD, the Roman Empire was formally divided into two empires: East and West. With the invasion of Germanic forces from the north, the Western Roman Empire was conquered and further divided. This left the eastern part of the Roman empire to carry on the Greco-Roman tradition.

Glencoe Chapter Transparency 9, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.• Constantinople was the capital of Byzantium for almost 1,000 years

• Constantinople is called Istanbul today

•The Golden Horn = inlet off of the Bosporus that forms a natural harbor

Byzantine Empire At first, this Empire

controlled only a small area around the eastern Mediterranean, but during the reign of Justinian (527-565), it started to recover much of the territory of the old Roman empire.

Justinian and TheodoraJustinian ruled as

an autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire

Empire reached its greatest size

Autocrat – ruler who has Autocrat – ruler who has complete authoritycomplete authority

The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian

This map depicts the Empire at the death of Justinian I, who had reigned from 527 to 565 as sole Emperor, sometimes in concert, and sometimes in conflict, with his powerful wife Theodora.

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The New Rome The Byzantine Empire

was wealthy and produced: gold, silk, grain, olives and wine. It traded these for spices, ivory and precious stones from countries as far away as China and India along the Silk Road trade routes.

The Silk Road

Justinian and TheodoraJustinian ruled as

an autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire

Empire reached its greatest size

Built Hagia Sophia

Justinian and Theodora

Justinian ruled as an autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire

Empire reached its greatest size

Built Hagia SophiaRebuilt the

Hippodrome

Justinian and TheodoraJustinian ruled as an

autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire

Empire reached its greatest size

Built Hagia SophiaBuilt HippodromeCreated Justinian’s

Code – which organized all the laws of ancient Rome.

Justinian’s Code of Laws• Laws were fairer to women. They could own

property and raise their own children after their husbands died.

• Children allowed to choose their own marriage partners.

• Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their masters.

• Punishments were detailed and fit the crime• His work inspired the modern concept and,

indeed, the very spelling of "justice".

Roman Law

Europe

Christianity

Missionaries

Eastern Europe

Christian Art

EuropeArchitectur

eMiddle EastConques

tsEastWest

Constantinople

Trade

Asia Africa

Europe

Classical and Christian Learning

Byzantine Empire

Europe

The End of the Byzantine Empire

• The Byzantine empire drew to a close in 1453 when forces from the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople.

• The ancient Christian city was renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

• 9th & 10th Centuries = Another wave of Barbarian Invasions

Islamic

Germanic tribes from Scandinavia

Raided Northern Europe 9th-11th Centuries

Fierce warriors

Greatly Feared

Called Barbarians

Sacked towns, destroyed churches, raped, and pillaged

• Scandinavia

- Harsh land

- Scarce food

- Clan warfare

• Built long ships = Dragon Ships

• Sailed up European rivers and attacked far inland

• Established settlements

- Kiev = (Rus)

- Normandy (France)

- Jorvik (Britain)

Kievan Rus• Begun by invasion of

Viking tribes – also known as Slavs – from north of the Baltic.

• Both trade partner and sometime enemy of the Byzantine Empire.

Rulers of the Kievan Rus Vladimir I (980)

(980) Vladimir I – Extremely war like ruler of Kiev. Invited missionaries from Judaism, Islam and Christianity to offer reasons for conversion.Married the Byzantine emperor’s sister.Brought Christianity and Greco-Roman civilization to Russia.

Rulers of the Kievan RusYaroslav I (1010 – 1054)

(1010 – 1054) Yaroslav I – 1010 – 1054) Yaroslav I – Created a Russian law code based Created a Russian law code based on Justinian’s Code.on Justinian’s Code.

Instituted a Golden Age of Instituted a Golden Age of Kievan Russia. Built churches and Kievan Russia. Built churches and a new capital city.a new capital city.

Allied Russia with the restAllied Russia with the rest of Europe by marrying his of Europe by marrying his children to European rulers.children to European rulers.

Rulers of the Kievan RusIvan the Great (1462-1505)

(1462-1505) Ivan I or Ivan the Great – absolute ruler. Took the title of czarCzar – Absolute ruler of Russia: from Roman word – CaesarDefeated the Mongols, who had gained control of RussiaExtended Russian territory

Ivan the Terrible

• (1530-1584) Ivan the Terrible -Centralized royal power

• Introduced new laws that tied Russian serfs to the land

• Used agents of terror to consolidate his power

• Had thousands of people killed because he suspected a plot.

Mongol Empire• Genghiz Khan –

Conquered China in early 1200s

• Kublai Khan – Extended Mongol control over most of Asia, Russia and eastern Europe in Hungary. Traded extensively with the West. Entertained Marco Polo.

• Pax Mongolia – largest empire in the world.

• Superb horsemen

• Covered 120 miles a day

• Cut their horse’s leg and drank the blood if thirsty

• Invented the stirrup• Ride and shoot arrows• Greatly feared• “Barbaric”

Islam

Main result: engendered hate & distrust between Muslims & Christians for centuries

Exposed Crusaders to new goods from Asia & Africa

Crusaders shared these goods with other Europeans

Increased the demand for spices, silk, etc.

Encouraged the Age of Exploration to search for new routes

3rd Crusade = 1204, Crusaders sacked Constantinople

Venetian merchants encouraged the Crusaders Jealous of Constantinople’s economic competition 1261, Byzantines regained control of the city Byzantine empire never regained its former glory “Limped along” until conquered by the Ottomans in 1453

•10th century = Holy Roman Emperor

•Saxon dukes united parts of the eastern Frankish empire

•Modern day Germany

•Contained parts of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, eastern France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, Czechoslavakia, and Italy

• Slavs settled Eastern & Southern Europe

• Western Slavs

• Poland, Hungary, Czechs in Bohemia

• Christians

• Roman Catholics

• Southern Slavs

• Moravians, Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians

• Eastern Orthodox

Barbarian invasions threatened European safety & stability

Led to the development of Feudalism

Characteristic Noblespage 295

Peasantspage 317-319

Monks/Nunspage 325-326

Obligations Vassals –

Knights –

• Serfs -

Rights and Benefits

• Feudal Contract –

• Fief

• Manor

• Manorialism

Protection by the Lord

Lives • Tournaments

• Chivalry

• Aristocratic Women

• Eleanor of Aquitaine

Life of religious service

Inquisition -

heresy -

Feudalism -

Define, page 293

Feudalism -

• Christianity spread throughout Europe by the 4th Century

• Church controlled all aspects of life

• Church hierarchy

• Pope Gregory

- Monasticism

- Nunneries

-Helped spread Christianity to Eastern Europe & the Slavs

• 1054: Schism = Catholic Church split:

Roman Catholic

Eastern Orthodox

• Crusades: 1096-1204

• 1233 - Inquisition

Started in Spain

Reaction to Muslim Rule

1000s accused of heresy

• 1492 – Reconquista = Ferdinand & Isabella defeat the Moors at Granada and end Muslim rule in Spain

Conversion to Christianity made them a part of the European civilization

Feudal structure

Development of the mercantile class

Burghers = bourgeoisie

Trade guilds

High Middle Ages = population doubled

In 1000 C.E., Agricultural Revolution

3-field system

Manorial system

$ economy

1347-1353 = economic crisis

1347-1353

China: killed 35,000,000 = 2/3 population

Southwest Asia: 4,000,000

Europe: 20-25,000,000 = 1/3 population

= Worldwide epidemic

Carried by the Mongol army along the Silk Road

Spread by Italian merchants from Caffa on the Black Sea

• Causes: black rats carried fleas from 1 to another

• Fleas carried the bacillus = Yersinia pestis

• Europeans didn’t bathe = fleas and lice

• People dumped trash & sewage = attracted more rats

Symtoms

Painful swellings = buboes

Usually in the armpits & groin

Purplish or blackish spots on the skin

Extremely high fever, chills, delirium & death

• Anti-Semitism

• Abandoned families

• Loss of religious faith

• Weakened the power of the Church

Social Consequences

• Trade declined

• Labor shortages

• Ended serfdom

Economic Consequences

Civilization both in the East and the West was visited by a destructive plague which devastated nations and caused populations to vanish. It swallowed up many of the good things of civilization and wiped them out... Civilization decreased with the decrease of mankind. Cities and building were laid waste, roads and way signs were obliterated, settlements and mansions became empty, dynasties and tribes grew weak. The entire inhabited world changed.

-Ibn Khaldun, Persian historian

Plague’s effects in Marseilles, France

Peter Bruegel (the elder) "Triumph of Death" (Black Plague) 

European painting of the Black Death

Doctor Death

Why is he dressed like this?

Notre Dame

Romanesque & Gothic Churches

Canterbury Cathedral

1. Keep2. Watch Tower 3. Bailey 4. Wallwalk 5. Merlon 6. Crenel 7. Round Tower 8. Machicolation 9. Loophole 10. Hoard 11. Curtain 12. Moat 13. Gate-house 14. Draw-bridge 15. Barbican 16. Postern 17. Breteche 18. Lord’s residence 19. Ditch 20. Square tower 21. Bulwark 22. Embrasure 23. Casemate 24. Palisade

Cowney Castle

Arundel Castle

Rhodes castle

Universities