drugs chapter 9
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DRUGSDRUGS
Chapter 9
What is a Drug?
• Any chemical substance – naturally occurring or synthesized that can alter the physiology or psychology of a human being or other higher animal.
• A drug can be classified as either pharmacological or recreational.
So what qualifies as a Drug?
• Alcohol• Tobacco• And everything else you can thinks of that
affects mind and body.
WHO STARTED THIS?
ALCOHOL,TOBACCO, OPIUM,
• Intentionally fermented beverages existed at least as early as the Neolithic period (cir. 10,000 B.C.)
• 6000 B.C. Experts believe the tobacco plant, as we know it today, begins growing in the Americas by Native American tribes.
• 3400 B.C. The opium poppy is cultivated in lower Mesopotamia.
Cannibis• 6000 B.C. Cannabis seeds used for food in China. First to use
Fingerprints and POT! • 4000 B.C. Textiles made of hemp are used in China.
2727 B.C. First recorded use of cannabis as medicine in Chinese and Indian pharmacopoeia.
• 1000 B.C. – becomes a major part of Hindu culture• 900 A.D. Spreads as Hashish in Arabia• 1200 A.D. makes it to Africa• 1270-1290 A.D. Makes it to Europe thanks to Marco Polo! • 1856 British tax ganja and charas trade in India • 1928 Recreational use of Cannabis is banned in Britain. • 1937 Cannabis made federally illegal in the U.S. with the
passage of the Marihuana Tax Act.
*Hemp = Old word for Marijuana
LSD, Heroin
• First synthesized by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann.
• LSD was introduced into the United States in 1948. Sandoz Laboratories marketed LSD as a psychiatric cure-all and hailed it as a remedy for everything from schizophrenia to criminal behavior, sexual perversions, and alcoholism.
Drugs in the USA – ’60s• Although drugs of all kinds have been in our
society for centuries – alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, prescription drugs, etc. Drug use became rampant and “out-of-the-closet” in the 1960s.
• Many hallucinogens (LSD), barbiturates and amphetamines manufactured in laboratories found their way into society.
• Marijuana became most widespread and was the drug of the generation (Hippie)
Drugs in the USA – ’70s
• The Bayer Company started the production of heroin in 1898 on a commercial scale to alleviate the symptoms of respiratory conditions – heroin is made by chemically altering Morphine
• In the 1970s Heroin addiction became a national problem in the US.
Drugs in the USA – ’80s
• Cocaine (the Rich) and Crack (the poor) use was huge in the 1980s.
• Nancy Reagan’s “Just Say NO!” just didn’t work.
Drug-Dependence • Dependence is determined by the
following chemical and physiological factors:– The type of drug– The mode of administration– The dose (concentration)– Frequency of use– The user’s metabolic rate
Drug-Dependence, cont’d.
• Drug dependence is also determined by the following social and psychological factors:– The person’s mental state/personality/character– His/her expectations of the drug experience– How society treats him/her and the drug use– How he/she responds to society– Where, when and how the drug is used
Drugs that cause physical dependence
• Barbiturates (depressants)• benzodiazepines (sedatives/depressants)• Ethyl alcohol (alcoholic beverage) (depressant)• GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid) (intoxicant)• Methaqualone (Quaalude®) (depressant)• Nicotine (Stimulant)• Opioids (pain relief)• Amphetamines (stimulants) • Heroin (Narcotic)• Morphine (Narcotic)• Methadone (Narcotic)• Codeine (Narcotic)
Drugs that are not known to cause physical dependence
• Marijuana (Hallucinogen)• LSD (Hallucinogen or psychedelic drug)• Phencyclidine or PCP (Hallucinogen)• Cocaine (Stimulant)• Caffeine (Stimulant)• Amphetamines (Stimulants) – no medical evidence
These drugs can cause severe anxiety and unhappiness when discontinued, but there is no medical evidence that proves that they cause actual physiological withdrawal. So they may cause psychological dependence rather than physiological dependence.
Consequence of Abstinence after Dependence
Withdrawal sickness or Abstinence syndrome
– Body chills (tremors), sweating– Vomiting– Stomach cramps– Convulsions and seizures – Insomnia– Pain– Hallucinations
These symptoms occur if the drug is not taken/administered within a certain period of time. In the case of heroin, it can be 6 to 8 hours.
Withdrawal can be fatal• Alcohol,
benzodiazepines, and barbiturates are the only dependency-causing drugs that can cause fatal withdrawal sickness
• Most other drugs such as opioids, can cause severe withdrawal symptoms, but they are rarely life-threatening.
DRUG vs. NARCOTIC
• Since the word “Drug” is too broad and covers the good, the bad and the ugly, the word NARCOTIC is preferred in forensics.
• The word is Greek in origin – from “Narcosis” (also “Narkoticos”) for deaden or benumb and loss of feeling or paralysis, sluggishness or lethargy.
Narcotics are Analgesics
• They relieve pain by depressing the CNS• Their regular use causes physiological and
psychological dependence• The source of most narcotics is unripe
poppy pods – opium, morphine and heroin are all derivatives
Wrongly accused!
• So by definition, marijuana, LSD, cocaine and other “drugs” are NOT narcotics! They are controlled substances, but not narcotics.
• Many law enforcement officials in the United States inaccurately use the word "narcotic" to refer to any illegal drug or any unlawfully possessed drug.
Opium and its derivatives
• The unripe (green) poppy pod - Papaver somniferium oozes a sticky, milky juice when cut with a blade this is liquid opium
• The droplets turn brown once they make contact with air
• Raw opium will contain from 4 to 21% morphine as well as codeine and related alkaloids.
Opium• Cultivation of opium
poppies for food, anesthesia, and ritual purposes dates back to at least the Neolithic Age.
• Recreational use of the drug began in China (!!) in the fifteenth century
• Opium is primarily smoked
Morphine• Morphine is a derivative of opium • The word "morphine" is derived
from Morpheus, the god of dreams in Greek mythology. He is the son of Hypnos, god of sleep.
• Primarily injected for pain management (some oral)
• Highly addictive – more so than opium
• Withdrawal – severe• Causes tolerance – dose increase
required
Heroin• Although it is very easy to
derive morphine from opium/poppy juice, it is heroin that is popular with narcotics abusers.
• Heroin is made by combining morphine with acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.
• It is highly soluble in water, so it is easy to prepare for intravenous use (injection is the fastest way to a high)
Heroin Use• The drug user usually dissolves a small
quantity in water in a spoon, heats the spoon over a match or candle to speed up the dissolution and draws the solution into a syringe for injection.
Heroin paraphernalia
Pure or Adulterated?
• Heroin purity today is about 35% • The rest of the 65% can be fillers such as
quinine, starch, lactose, procaine (Novocain), etc.
• Most users don’t know or care what the 65% is comprised of.
Codeine
• Is also present in opium, but can only be synthesized from morphine
• It is only 1/6th as potent as morphine, so it is not popular among drug abusers
• Codeine is a common cough-suppressant in prescription cough syrups (Robitussin-AC®)
Robo-Tripping is getting a fix on Robitussin
Some synthetic drugs are not opium derivative, but have very similar
physiological effects – so they are called Opiates
Oxycodone (Synthetic opiate)• A close relative of codeine• Synthesized from Thebaine a.k.a
paramorphine• Tolerance and Habit-forming,
withdrawal similar to morphine• Found in prescription pain killers
such as Percodan® and Percocet® (which also contain aspirin and acetaminophen respectively to enhance the effects of the oxycodone)
• and OxyContin®
Methadone (Synthetic Opiate)
• Methadone is used to prevent addicts from getting high on morphine and heroin – but unfortunately, people seem to get addicted to the methadone itself
• Tolerance and dependence• Administered orally• Deaths from methadone overdose are on
the rise
Non-Narcotics
Hallucinogens (Psychedelic Drugs)
• Any class of drugs that can alter perception, mood and normal thought processes. Here are the common hallucinogens:
– Marijuana– LSD– Mescaline– Phencyclidine (PCP)– Psilocybin– MDMA (ecstasy) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Marijuana• Most widely used illegal drug
in the US
• According to recent surveys, 43 million Americans have tried it and 50% of those are regular users
• Marijuana is prepared from a plant called Cannabis sativa
• Marijuana is the crushed leaves of the Cannabis plant mixed in with the crushed flowers, stem, and seeds. The proportions may vary, depending on the dealer/preparer.
Weeds• Marijuana is actually a weed that grows wild
in almost any climate• Can be between 5 to 15 feet tall• Each leaf has between 5 to 9 segments and
the segments have serrated edges• Contains THC or Tetrahydrocannabinol, a
hallucinogen (Resin has the most, then flowers, then leaves. Stem, roots and seeds have very little THC)
How much THC?
• Resin (Liquid hashish) – 8 – 22% THC• Sinsemilla (Flowers) – 6-12% THC• Leaves and other vegetation – 3 - 4.5% THC
Hashish• The Cannabis sativa plant secretes
a sticky resin that is known as hashish.
• The plant must be soaked in a solvent like alcohol in order to extrude the resin from it.
• Hashish is sold as a compressed/packed plant brick or nugget or as liquid hashish (Hash Oil)
• Liquid hashish is most potent• One drop on a cigarette tip or joint is
enough to cause a “high”.
Sinsemilla
• Most potent form of Marijuana
• It is made from the unfertilized flowers of the female marijuana plants – all male plants must be removed from the area to prevent pollination.
More History
• 2737 BC – Chinese Emperor recommends marijuana use for multitude of human ailments
• 1000 BC – Marijuana becomes a major part of Hindu culture
Bhang • is a derivative of the leaf and flower of a female
Cannabis sativa plant (part Sinsemilla). It is used for making beverages (a cold drink prepared with a mixture of almonds, spices, milk and sugar.)
• It is sometimes smoked.
So what does Marijuana do? It is dose dependent
Low to moderate doses - a feeling of well-being- relaxation- Slightly altered perception of space and time- Hunger/craving for sweets- Heightened sense of touch, smell, taste
Usually these signs are not noticeable to an outside observe.
High doses
• Hallucinations• Fantasies• Distortion of shapes• Loss of personal identity
Although marijuana does not cause physical dependency, it can affect heart rate, thought processes and mental dependency.
LSD
• Lysergic Acid Diethylamide• Made from a fungus called ergot• Discovered by s Swiss scientist who
accidentally ingested some and had quite a time getting home on his bicycle!
• Hugely popular in the ’60s and becoming popular again.
LSD
•LSD is a clear liquid that gets applied to blotter paper “Stamps”, to pills, sugar cubes and ingested.
•In the streets it is called acid, blotter acid, microdot, and white lightning, and the street name for the duration of the hallucinogenic effect or high is called a "trip."
What does LSD do?• Physical effects of LSD include:
– dilated pupils– elevated body temperature– high blood pressure– Hallucinations– a disoriented sense of direction, distance, and time.
• Bad trips can result in: - panic
- paranoia- anxiety- loss of control- confusion- psychosis.
How long does it last?• The hallucinogenic effect of LSD can last
from two to twelve hours. During this time, judgment may be impaired, visual perception may seem distorted, and hallucinations may occur (the sense of reality may become highly distorted).
• One possible side effect of LSD is called a "flashback". For several years after taking the drug, the hallucinogenic effect of the drug may reappear temporarily and without warning.
PCP (Phencyclidine)• Easy to make, can be made in
labs, bathrooms, garages, using “cookbooks”
• Used in powder-form called “Angel dust”, capsules, tablets or liquid (Sprayed onto plant leaves)
• It can be smoked, sniffed, ingested
• Used in conjunction with other drugs like LSD or amphetamines
• Hallucinogen
Effects of moderated PCP doses(1-6 mg)
Initially• Feelings of strength and invulnerability• Sense of detachment
Eventually• Agitation, irritability• Confusion• Depression, feelings of isolation• Schizophrenic behavior (can happen days
after taking the drug)
Long-term use can lead to:• Severe depression• Suicidal tendencies• Violent behavior
MDMA - Ecstasy• Hallucinogen• Recreational /club drug• Increased awareness of
the senses, feelings of openness, euphoria, empathy, love, happiness, heightened self-awareness, feeling of mental clarity and an increased appreciation of music and movement.
• Powder, pills or capsules
DEPRESSANTSDEPRESSANTS
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)
• Depressant• Enters bloodstream and goes to the brain
(CNS), where it affects the centers for thought processes and coordination
• In low doses it may appear to increase a person’s confidence (Uninhibited behavior)
• Higher doses cause irritability (anger), sadness (crying)
• Extremely high doses can be poisonous - fatal
Barbiturates
• Depressants; called “downers”• Affect CNS, muscle relaxant• Offer feeling of relaxation, well-being and sleep• Phenobarbital (Slower-acting), pentobarbital
(faster-acting and more abused) are examples of medically used barbiturates
• Methaqualone (Quaalude) is a commonly abused non-barbiturate that acts exactly like a barbiturate.
Tranquilizers
• Depressants• Act on the CNS• Do not cause the extent of sedation that
barbiturates do – they do not induce sleep• Help people cope with everyday pressures
– Valium (diazepam)– Librium (chlordiazepoxide)– Miltown (meprobamate)– Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) Are examples of mild, medically prescribed tranquilizers
Glue-Sniffing• Mostly depressants – varied effects• Started in the 1960s• Model airplane glue• Now people also sniff
– aerosols gas propellents like freon (CFC)– toluene (smell of paint thinners)– Gasoline– Trichloroethylene (Organic solvent, dry
cleaning solvent)– Naphtha (Used to make high octane gasoline)– methyl ethyl ketone (Organic solvent) etc.
STIMULANTS STIMULANTS
Amphetamines• Synthetic stimulant drugs• Also called “uppers” “speed”• Injected intravenously during a “speed binge”• Give initial “rush” or “flash”, or euphoria, clarity of mind• After the initial stimulant effect wears off, depression ,
restlessness and lack of confidence may follow• Methamphetamine is a derivative• Crystal meth (a.k.a “ice”, “glass”, “Tina”) is a smokable
version of meth made by evaporating liquid meth.• Phenmetrizine and Phendimetrizine are unrelated to
amphetamines, but produce similar effects – used in diet pills
Before and After Meth
CocaineCocaine
• Extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca, indigenous to the Andes of South America and the tropics of Asia
• The medical world was made aware of its stimulant “magic” by Sigmund Freud
• White powder• Snorted; absorbed through mucous membranes of
nose
What does cocaine do?
• Stimulates CNS, causes a “rush” or euphoria
• Followed by lack of appetite, boredom, fatigue
Crack-Cocaine• A less expensive
alternative to high grade cocaine
• Made by mixing cocaine with baking soda and water, then heating and drying.
• The dried material is broken into chunks and sold as “crack rocks”
•Smoked in glass pipes and produces effects similar to cocaine, but MUCH faster! Can be injected also.
•Much more habit forming than cocaine – very few abusers recover from this habit.
Crack-Cocaine
CLUB DRUGSCLUB DRUGS
CLUB DRUGS• Several drugs – classify as club drugs• Usually synthetic• Used in night clubs and social gatherings• May include
– MDMA (Ecstasy) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine(Hallucinogen)
– GHB (Gamma Hydroxybutyrate) (intoxicant/depressant) – date-rape
– Rohypnol (Roofies) – date-rape drug (depressant)– Methamphetamine (stimulant)– Ketamine (Hallucinogen) – used by veterinarians for animal
anesthesia
ANABOLIC STEROIDSANABOLIC STEROIDS
Anabolic Steroids• Synthetic substances that mimic
testosterone• Normal testosterone plays 2 roles:
– Androgen effects – makes secondary male characteristics appear at puberty
– Anabolic effects – promotes muscle growth• Many companies try to develop steroids
that promote the anabolic effects but not the androgenic effects such as voice change and hair growth
The bad and the ugly• Steroids can cause harmful changes in
cholesterol levels (increased Low density lipoprotein and decreased High density lipoprotein), acne, high blood pressure, liver damage, and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart
• In males: reduced sexual function, testicular atrophy (they return to normal size when drug is stopped), deeper voice, baldness, breasts
• In females: excess hair, enlarged clitoris, decreased menstruation, deeper voice
• In fetuses: developmental problems
Steroids
• Examples of anabolic steroids include ethyloestrenol; fluocysmesterone; methandienone; methenolone; methyltestosterone; nandrolone; oxandrolone; oxymetholone and stanolone.
DEFINITION
Abolic Veterinary steroids
Anadrol Oral steroids
Anatrofin Injectable steroids
Anavar Oral steroids
Arnolds Steroids
Bolasterone Injectable steroids
Deca-Duabolin Injectable steroids
Delatestryl Injectable steroids
Dep-testosterone Injectable steroids
Dianabol Veterinary steroids; veterinary and oral
Dihydrolone Injectable steroids
Durabolin Injectable steroids
Dymethzine Injectable steroids
Enoltestovis Injectable steroids
Equipose Veterinary steroids
Finajet/finaject Veterinary steroids
Georgia home boy Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
GHB Gamma hydroxybutyrate
Gym candy Steroids
More SteroidsJuice PCP; steroids
Maxibolin Oral steroids
Methatriol Injectable steroids
Methyltestosterone
Oral steroids
Parabolin Oral steroids; veterinary steroid
Primbolin Injectable and oral steroids
Primobolan Injectable and oral steroid
Proviron Oral steroids
Pumpers Steroids
Quinolone Injectable steriods
Roid rage Aggressive behavior caused by excessive steroid use
Stackers Steroids
Stacking Taking steroids without a prescription; use of three or more methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) tablets in combination
Sustanon 250 Injectable steroids
Therobolin Injectable steroids
Trophobolene Injectable steroid
Weight trainers Steroids
Winstrol Oral steroids
Winstrol V Veterinary steroids
STUDY ON YOUR OWN
• Drug-Control Laws• Controlled Substances Act• Collection and Preservation of Drug
Evidence
DRUG IDENTIFICATION
• Color Tests• Microcrystalline tests• Chromatography – TLC and GC• Spectrophotometry• Mass spectrometry
Color Tests
• Marquis Test – Amphetamines, Meth• Dillie-Koppanyi - barbiturates• Duquenois-Levine - Marijuana• Van Urk Test - LSD• Scott Test - Cocaine
Drug Demographics
http://wwwdasis.samhsa.gov/teds00/TEDS_2K_Chp3.htm#All%20Admissions
THE ENDTHE END
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