double r ontology and gold standard april 2008 jerry ball senior research psychologist human...
Post on 31-Mar-2015
213 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Double R Ontologyand Gold Standard
April 2008Jerry Ball
Senior Research Psychologist
Human Effectiveness Directorate
Air Force Research Laboratory
2
Ontology Basics
• The basic representational unit is an ACT-R declarative memory chunk which contains:
– Chunk name
– Chunk type
– Sequence of slot name/slot value pairs
• Slot values are chunks
• Chunks are defined by a chunk-type definition
• Chunk-types are organized into a single inheritance hierarchy
– ACT-R does not provide built-in support for multiple inheritance
3
Tree Diagram Displays
• Tree diagrams are generated using phpSyntaxTree (and may have been reorganized using Paint)
• Tree diagrams contain nodes corresponding to chunks and slots
• Leaf nodes are red
– Slots are always leaf nodes
• Non-leaf nodes are blue
4
• The model currently allows word chunks with up to 4 sequential elements to support representing Multi-Word Expressions (MWEs), although most lexical items are currently single element words
• It is not intended that word chunks can have variable elements, only construction chunks have variable elements
Word Chunk Type
5
Word Chunk Type Hierarchy
6
• The parent slot is used to link to a parent chunk into which a child chunk has been integrated
• The token slot is used to distinguish tokens from types. The possible values are
– type, token and type-token (token of a type)
– only types are stored in declarative memory
– tokens and type-tokens are created on memory retrieval
• The index slot identifies a word type of which there may be multiple word and word forms slots
– word – How ACT-R represents words (e.g. boy-word)
– word form – What ACT-R sees (e.g. “boy”)
Word Chunk Type
7
Word Chunks
LIKES-WF
ISA WORD
PARENT “none”
TOKEN “type”
INDEX LIKE-INDX
WORD LIKES-WORD
WORD-FORM "likes"
APOS-S-WF
ISA WORD-2
PARENT “none”
TOKEN “type”
INDEX POSS-MKR-OR-AUX-INDX
WORD S-WORD
WORD-FORM "s"
PREV-WORD APOS-WF
PREV-WORD-FORM "‘"LIKE-WF
ISA WORD
PARENT “none”
TOKEN “type”
INDEX LIKE-INDX
WORD LIKE-WORD
WORD-FORM "like"
Chunk name
Chunk type
Slot/value pair
ACT-R sees "‘"
separately from "s"
Slot/value pair
Slot/value pair
Slot/value pair
Slot/value pair
8
• There are two basic types of construction
– Construction with head
– Construction without head
• Parts of speech are treated as constructions without heads (i.e. the part of speech has no internal functional structure)
• Words are not treated as constructions, although they may have multiple non-functional elements
• All other ontological types are constructions with heads, with the head being the central functional element of the construction and other slots corresponding to peripheral functional elements
Construction Chunk Type
9
• Constructions with heads contain a head slot
• Part of speech chunks contain a word slot and a gram-form slot (e.g comm-sing, comm-plur)
• The super-type, type and subtype slots allow for a secondary level of inheritance
– e.g. nouns and verbs may be categorized semantically as well as grammatically using these slots
– ACT-R does not provide built-in support for multiple inheritance
• The form slot stores the basic form for the construction – typically the form of the head
Construction Chunk Type
10
Construction Chunk Type Hierarchy
11
• Verbs are organized hierarchically in terms of the number and type of complements (or arguments) they take, including
– Object
– Indirect object
– Location argument
– Situation complement
• Bare situation complement
• Ing situation complement
• Infinitive situation complement
• The Verb POS chunk does not contain slots for the complements, it just indicates the verb type
Verb POS Chunk Type
12
Verb POS Chunk Type Hierarchy
13
Verb POS Chunks
KICK-VERB-POS
ISA VERB
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX KICK-INDX
TYPE VERB
SUPER-TYPE VERB
SUBTYPE TRANS-VERB
FORM NIL
WORD KICK-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
KICKS-VERB-POS
ISA VERB
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX KICK-INDX
TYPE VERB
SUPER-TYPE VERB
SUBTYPE TRANS-VERB
FORM NIL
WORD KICKS-WORD
GRAM-FORM S
14
Verb POS Chunk
KICKING-VERB-POS
ISA VERB
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX KICK-INDX
TYPE VERB
SUPER-TYPE VERB
SUBTYPE TRANS-VERB
FORM NIL
WORD KICKING-WORD
GRAM-FORM ING
KICKED-VERB-POS
ISA VERB
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX KICK-INDX
TYPE VERB
SUPER-TYPE VERB
SUBTYPE TRANS-VERB
FORM NIL
WORD KICKED-WORD
GRAM-FORM ED-OR-EN
15
POS Chunk Type Hierarchy(Non Regular Verb)
16
Noun POS Chunks
BOY-NOUN-POS
ISA NOUN
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX BOY-INDX
TYPE NOUN
SUPER-TYPE NOUN
SUBTYPE NOUN
FORM NIL
WORD BOY-WORD
GRAM-FORM COMMON-SING
ANIMATE "human"
BOYS-NOUN-POS
ISA NOUN
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX BOY-INDX
TYPE NOUN
SUPER-TYPE NOUN
SUBTYPE NOUN
FORM NIL
WORD BOYS-WORD
GRAM-FORM COMMON-PLUR
ANIMATE "human"
17
Noun POS Chunks
BULL-NOUN-POS
ISA NOUN
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX BULL-INDX
TYPE NOUN
SUPER-TYPE NOUN
SUBTYPE NOUN
FORM NIL
WORD BULL-WORD
GRAM-FORM COMMON-SING
ANIMATE "animate"
BUCKET-NOUN-POS
ISA NOUN
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX BUCKET-INDX
TYPE NOUN
SUPER-TYPE NOUN
SUBTYPE NOUN
FORM NIL
WORD BUCKET-WORD
GRAM-FORM COMMON-SING
ANIMATE "inanimate"
18
Pronoun POS Chunks
YOU-PRONOUN-POS
ISA PRONOUN
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX YOU-INDX
TYPE PRONOUN
SUPER-TYPE REF-POS
SUBTYPE PRONOUN
FORM NIL
WORD YOU-WORD
GRAM-FORM SECOND-PERS
REF-TYPE OBJ
ANIMATE "human"
YOUR-POSS-POS
ISA PRONOUN
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX YOUR-INDX
TYPE PRONOUN
SUPER-TYPE REF-POS
SUBTYPE POSS-PRON-SPEC
FORM NIL
WORD YOUR-WORD
GRAM-FORM SECOND-POSS
REF-TYPE OBJ
ANIMATE "human"
19
Pronoun POS Chunks
YOURS-PRONOUN-POS
ISA PRONOUN
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX YOURS-INDX
TYPE PRONOUN
SUPER-TYPE REF-POS
SUBTYPE POSS-PRONOUN
FORM NIL
WORD YOURS-WORD
GRAM-FORM SECOND-POSS
REF-TYPE OBJ
ANIMATE "human"
WE-PRONOUN-POS
ISA PRONOUN
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX WE-INDX
TYPE PRONOUN
SUPER-TYPE REF-POS
SUBTYPE PRONOUN
FORM NIL
WORD WE-WORD
GRAM-FORM FIRST-PLURAL-SUBJ
REF-TYPE OBJ
ANIMATE "human"
20
Proper Noun POS Chunks
GENOVEVA-PROPNOUN-POS
ISA PROPER-NOUN
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX GENOVEVA-INDX
TYPE PROPER-NOUN
SUPER-TYPE REF-POS
SUBTYPE PROPER-NOUN
FORM NIL
WORD GENOVEVA-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
REF-TYPE OBJ
ANIMATE "human"
ROZ-PROPNOUN-POS
ISA PROPER-NOUN
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX ROZ-INDX
TYPE PROPER-NOUN
SUPER-TYPE REF-POS
SUBTYPE PROPER-NOUN
FORM NIL
WORD ROZ-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
REF-TYPE OBJ
ANIMATE "inanimate"
21
Adjective POS Chunks
CLOSE-ADJ-POS
ISA ADJECTIVE
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX CLOSE-INDX
TYPE ADJECTIVE
SUPER-TYPE ADJECTIVE
SUBTYPE ADJECTIVE
FORM NIL
WORD CLOSE-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
CLOSER-ADJ-POS
ISA ADJECTIVE
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX CLOSE-INDX
TYPE ADJECTIVE
SUPER-TYPE ADJECTIVE
SUBTYPE ADJECTIVE
FORM NIL
WORD CLOSER-WORD
GRAM-FORM COMP
22
Adverb POS Chunks
VERY-ADV-POS
ISA ADVERB
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX VERY-INDX
TYPE ADVERB
SUPER-TYPE ADVERB
SUBTYPE ADVERB
FORM NIL
WORD VERY-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
SUDDENLY-ADV-POS
ISA ADVERB
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX SUDDENLY-INDX
TYPE ADVERB
SUPER-TYPE ADVERB
SUBTYPE ADVERB
FORM NIL
WORD SUDDENLY-WORD
GRAM-FORM LY
23
IN-PREP-POS
ISA PREPOSITION
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX IN-INDX
TYPE PREP
SUPER-TYPE PREP
SUBTYPE IN
FORM NIL
WORD IN-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
Preposition POS Chunks
24
Auxiliary POS Chunks
DID-AUX-POS
ISA AUXILIARY
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX DO-INDX
TYPE AUX
SUPER-TYPE AUX
SUBTYPE REG-AUX
FORM NIL
WORD DID-WORD
GRAM-FORM ED
DONE-AUX-POS
ISA AUXILIARY
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX DO-INDX
TYPE AUX
SUPER-TYPE AUX
SUBTYPE REG-AUX
FORM NIL
WORD DONE-WORD
GRAM-FORM EN
25
Auxiliary POS Chunks
COULD-POS
ISA AUXILIARY
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX COULD-INDX
TYPE AUX
SUPER-TYPE AUX
SUBTYPE MODAL-AUX
FORM NIL
WORD COULD-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
START-POS-SEMI-AUX
ISA AUXILIARY
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX START-INDX
TYPE AUX
SUPER-TYPE AUX
SUBTYPE SEMI-AUX
FORM NIL
WORD START-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
26
Quantifier POS Chunks
TWO-QUANT-POS
ISA QUANTIFIER
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX TWO-INDX
TYPE QUANTIFIER
SUPER-TYPE QUANTIFIER
SUBTYPE CARDINAL
FORM NIL
WORD TWO-WORD
GRAM-FORM PLUR
TENTH-QUANT-POS
ISA QUANTIFIER
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX TENTH-INDX
TYPE QUANTIFIER
SUPER-TYPE QUANTIFIER
SUBTYPE ORDINAL
FORM NIL
WORD TENTH-WORD
GRAM-FORM PLUR
27
Quantifier POS Chunks
SOME-QUANT-POS
ISA QUANTIFIER
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX SOME-INDX
TYPE QUANTIFIER
SUPER-TYPE QUANTIFIER
SUBTYPE QUANTIFIER
FORM NIL
WORD SOME-WORD
GRAM-FORM PLUR
NO-QUANT-POS
ISA QUANTIFIER
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX NO-INDX
TYPE QUANTIFIER
SUPER-TYPE QUANTIFIER
SUBTYPE NEG-QUANT
FORM NIL
WORD NO-WORD
GRAM-FORM SING
28
Quantifier POS Chunks
9-QUANT-POS
ISA QUANTIFIER
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX 9-INDX
TYPE QUANTIFIER
SUPER-TYPE QUANTIFIER
SUBTYPE CARDINAL
FORM NIL
WORD 9-WORD
GRAM-FORM PLUR
29
Negative POS Chunks
NOT-POS
ISA NEGATIVE
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX NOT-INDX
TYPE NEGATIVE
SUPER-TYPE NEGATIVE
SUBTYPE NOT
FORM NIL
WORD NOT-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
30
Determiner POS Chunks
A-DET-POS
ISA DETERMINER
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX A-INDX
TYPE DETERMINER
SUPER-TYPE DETERMINER
SUBTYPE DETERMINER
FORM NIL
WORD A-WORD
GRAM-FORM INDEF-DET
THE-DET-POS
ISA DETERMINER
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX THE-INDX
TYPE DETERMINER
SUPER-TYPE DETERMINER
SUBTYPE DETERMINER
FORM NIL
WORD THE-WORD
GRAM-FORM DEF-DET
31
Determiner POS Chunks
THIS-DET-POS
ISA DETERMINER
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX THIS-INDX
TYPE DETERMINER
SUPER-TYPE DETERMINER
SUBTYPE DETERMINER
FORM NIL
WORD THIS-WORD
GRAM-FORM
DEF-NEAR-DET
THOSE-DET-POS
ISA DETERMINER
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX THOSE-INDX
TYPE DETERMINER
SUPER-TYPE DETERMINER
SUBTYPE DETERMINER
FORM NIL
WORD THOSE-WORD
GRAM-FORM
DEF-NOT-NEAR-PLUR-DET
32
Wh-Word POS Chunks
WHO-POS
ISA WH-WORD-PRON
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX WHO-INDX
TYPE WH
SUPER-TYPE REF-POS
SUBTYPE WH
FORM NIL
WORD WHO-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
REF-TYPE OBJ
ANIMATE “human”
WHERE-POS
ISA WH-WORD-ADV
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX WHERE-INDX
TYPE WH
SUPER-TYPE REF-POS
SUBTYPE WH
FORM NIL
WORD WHERE-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
REF-TYPE OBL
33
Wh-Word POS Chunks
WHOSE-POS
ISA WH-WORD-POSS-PRON
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "type"
INDEX WHO-INDX
TYPE WH
SUPER-TYPE REF-POS
SUBTYPE POSS-WH
FORM NIL
WORD WHOSE-WORD
GRAM-FORM BASE
REF-TYPE OBJ
ANIMATE “human”
34
POS Chunk Type Hierarchy(Special)
35
• Infinitive Marker or Preposition
– The special case of “to”
• Possessive Marker or Auxiliary
– The special case of “’s”
• Conjunction POS
– Used generally to encompass words which function to conjoin and disjoin (e.g. “and” and “or”) and words which function in clausal subordination not involving situation complements (e.g. “if…then”, “because”, “so”, but not “that” as a complementizer which is a form of specification)
POS Chunk Type Hierarchy(Special)
36
Phrase & Clause Level Functions
• The basic phrase and clause level referential functions (ref-type) include
– Specifier
– Head
• A specifier and a head combine to form a referring expression – the basic phrasal and clausal unit of meaning
• Either a specifier or a head—typically both—occurs in a referring expression
• Modifiers (pre-head) and Post-Modifiers (post-head) may surround the head (slot) of specifiers and heads
37
Specifier Chunk Type Hierarchy
38
Object Specifier Chunks
OBJ-SPEC0
ISA OBJ-SPEC
PARENT OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX OBJ-SPEC
TYPE OBJ-SPEC
SUPER-TYPE SPEC
SUBTYPE OBJ-SPEC
FORM THE-WORD
HEAD DETERMINER0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
POSS-OBJ-SPEC0
ISA POSS-OBJ-SPEC
PARENT OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX POSS-OBJ-SPEC
TYPE POSS-OBJ-SPEC
SUPER-TYPE OBJ-SPEC
SUBTYPE POSS-OBJ-SPEC
FORM HIS-WORD
HEAD PRONOUN0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD “none”
REFERENT "none-for-now"
SENSE "none-for-now"
ANIMATE "human"
BIND-INDX "*1*"
Poss-Obj-Spec functions
as a referring expression
in addition to a specifier
39
Object Specifier Chunk
QUANT-OBJ-SPEC0
ISA QUANT-OBJ-SPEC
PARENT OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX QUANT-OBJ-SPEC
TYPE QUANT-OBJ-SPEC
SUPER-TYPE OBJ-SPEC
SUBTYPE QUANT-OBJ-SPEC
FORM TWO-WORD
HEAD QUANTIFIER0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
40
Predicate Specifier Chunk
PRED-SPEC0
ISA PRED-SPEC
PARENT DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-SPEC
TYPE PRED-SPEC
SUPER-TYPE SPEC
SUBTYPE PRED-SPEC
FORM IS-WORD
HEAD AUX-1
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
NEG "none"
AUX-1 AUXILIARY0
AUX-2 "none"
AUX-3 "none"
AUX-4 "none"
41
Predicate Specifier Chunks
OPERATOR-PRED-SPEC0
ISA OPERATOR-PRED-SPEC
PARENT
YES-NO-QUEST-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-SPEC
TYPE PRED-SPEC
SUPER-TYPE SPEC
SUBTYPE OPERATOR-PRED-SPEC
FORM IS-WORD
HEAD AUX-1
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
NEG "none"
AUX-1 AUXILIARY0
POST-OP-PRED-SPEC0
ISA POST-OP-PRED-SPEC
PARENT
YES-NO-QUEST-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-SPEC
TYPE PRED-SPEC
SUPER-TYPE SPEC
SUBTYPE POST-OP-PRED-SPEC
FORM HAVE-WORD
HEAD AUX-2
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
NEG "none"
AUX-1 "*op*"
INF-MKR "none"
AUX-2 AUXILIARY1
AUX-3 AUXILIARY2
AUX-4 "none"
The pred-spec may be split into operator and post-op in questions
42
Head Chunk Type Hierarchy
43
Head Chunks
OBJ-HEAD0
ISA OBJ-HEAD
PARENT OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX OBJ-HEAD
TYPE OBJ-HEAD
SUPER-TYPE HEAD
SUBTYPE OBJ-HEAD
FORM MAN-WORD
HEAD NOUN0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
ANIMATE "human"
REL-HEAD0
ISA REL-HEAD
PARENT OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX REL-HEAD
TYPE REL-HEAD
SUPER-TYPE HEAD
SUBTYPE REL-HEAD
FORM KICK-WORD
HEAD VERB0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
the man the kick
The verb “kick” can function as the head of a nominal without being a noun! (NP is inappropriate to describe such expressions)
44
Head Chunks
PRED-TRANS-VERB0
ISA PRED-TRANS-VERB
PARENT DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-TRANS-VERB
TYPE PRED-VERB
SUPER-TYPE PRED-TYPE
SUBTYPE PRED-TRANS-VERB
FORM KICKING-WORD
HEAD VERB0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
INF-MKR "none"
OBJ OBJ-REFER-EXPR1
REL-HEAD0
ISA REL-HEAD
PARENT OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX REL-HEAD
TYPE REL-HEAD
SUPER-TYPE HEAD
SUBTYPE REL-HEAD
FORM KICK-WORD
HEAD VERB0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
When a verb functions as the head
of a nominal no arguments are expected!
When a verb functions as the head
of a clause arguments are expected!
the kickthe man is kicking the ball
45
• Referring expressions are the basic phrasal and clausal units of grammatically encoded meaning
– All complements are assumed to be referring expressions
• Referring expressions have a referent and sense slot which will eventually map to non-linguistic representations of meaning
• Referring expressions have a bind-indx slot which allows them to be bound to another referring expression
– A trace is an implied (i.e. unexpressed) argument that is bound to another referring expression
• Wh-word referring expressions crosscut other categories of referring expression
Referring Expression
46
• Object referring expressions are the basic phrasal unit of grammatically encoded meaning (along with oblique referring expressions)
• Object referring expressions correspond to nominals or NPs in other grammatical treatments (not including Huddleston & Pullum which treats nominals as N’ and not NP)
• Object referring expressions have an animate slot (to support binding) with possible values
– human, animate, inanimate
• “who”, “whom” and “what” referring expressions crosscut object referring expressions
Object Referring Expression
47
• Oblique referring expressions are the basic phrasal unit of grammatically encoded meaning (along with object referring expressions)
• Oblique (borrowed from LFG) referring expressions correspond roughly to Prepositional Phrases and Adverbials in other grammatical treatments
– Other than object or situation referring expression
• Location referring expressions generalize over time referring expressions (i.e. time is a subtype of location)
• “where”, “when”, “why” and “how” referring expressions crosscut oblique referring expressions
Oblique Referring Expression
48
Referring Expression Hierarchy (Object & Oblique)
49
Object Referring Expression Chunk
OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
ISA OBJ-REFER-EXPR
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "token"
INDEX OBJ-REFER-EXPR
TYPE OBJ-REFER-EXPR
SUPER-TYPE OBJ-REFER-EXPR
SUBTYPE OBJ-REFER-EXPR
FORM MAN-WORD
HEAD OBJ-HEAD0
SPEC OBJ-SPEC0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
BIND-INDX "*1*"
REFERENT "none-for-now"
SENSE "none-for-now"
ANIMATE "human"
the man
50
OBJ-SPEC0
ISA OBJ-SPEC
PARENT OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX OBJ-SPEC
TYPE OBJ-SPEC
SUPER-TYPE SPEC
SUBTYPE OBJ-SPEC
FORM THE-WORD
HEAD DETERMINER0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
OBJ-HEAD0
ISA OBJ-HEAD
PARENT OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX OBJ-HEAD
TYPE OBJ-HEAD
SUPER-TYPE HEAD
SUBTYPE OBJ-HEAD
FORM MAN-WORD
HEAD NOUN0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
ANIMATE "human"
Object Head and Object Specifier Chunks
the man
51
• Instantiated chunks or constructions result from the processing of input expressions
– Not all slots must have a value
– No strong notion of grammaticality
• Tree diagrams for instantiated constructions are simplified representations
– Only the structurally relevant slots with values are displayed and the head slot and arguments slots with or without a value
Tree Diagrams for Instantiated Constructions
52
Object Referring Expression
the man
Specifier and head combine
to form referring expression
53
Object Referring Expression
the old man
Mod slot displayed when it
has a value
54
Object Referring Expression
the very old…
Head slot displayed with or
without a value – “the” projects
obj-refer-expr and sets up
expectation for headAdverb “very”
functions as Modifier of Object-Modifier
in obj-refer-expr
55
Object Referring Expression
man
In the absence of a specifier,
“man” projects an obj-refer-expr
Although often considered
ungrammatical, there are contexts
in which bare nouns occur
(e.g. headlines: “man bites dog!”)
56
Object Referring Expression
the airspeed and altitude
Conjoined obj-heads
functioning as head
Only equivalent functions
can be conjoined
(e.g. obj-head + obj-head)
57
Object Referring Expression
the airspeed and altitude restrictions
Conjoined obj-heads
functioning as
modifier
Mechanism of context accommodation shifts conjoined obj-head from head to modifier function without backtracking!
shift
58
Object Referring Expression
the book on the table
Location referring expression
functioning as post-head modifier
Post-mod slot displayed when
it has a value
59
Object Referring Expression
his book
Possessive object specifier
refers and can be bound to a trace
60
Object Referring Expression
the kick
Verbs can function as
relational heads of nominals!
No arguments expected in this
function & head of obj-refer-expr
can be pluralized
(e.g. “the kicks” “the kickings”)
61
• Pred Types are constructions with argument (or complement) slots, not parts of speech
• Relational Parts of Speech (e.g. verb, adjective, preposition, adverb) project pred types when they function as clausal heads
• Pred-Nominal is intransitive because the nominal functions as the clausal head, not a complement of the auxiliary verb as in other treatments
• Pred-Adjective functions as the clausal head, not a complement of the auxiliary verb as in other treatments
• Pred-Prep functions as the clausal head, not an adjunct as in other treatments
Pred Type(Intransitive, Transitive, Ditransitive)
62
• Pred-Verb-Types contain an infinitive marker slot
– Only verb pred types allow infinitive marker
– Only verb pred types allow indirect object, locative argument and recipient
– Only verb pred types allow situation complement
Pred Type(Intransitive, Transitive, Ditransitive)
63
Pred Type Hierarchy (Intransitive, Transitive, Ditransitive)
64
Intransitive Pred Type Chunks
PRED-INTRANS-VERB0
ISA PRED-INTRANS-VERB
PARENT DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-INTRANS-VERB
TYPE PRED-VERB
SUPER-TYPE PRED-TYPE
SUBTYPE PRED-INTRANS-VERB
FORM RUNNING-WORD
HEAD VERB0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
INF-MKR "none"
PRED-ADJ0
ISA PRED-ADJ
PARENT DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-ADJ
TYPE PRED-ADJ
SUPER-TYPE PRED-TYPE
SUBTYPE PRED-ADJ
FORM SAD-WORD
HEAD ADJECTIVE0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
65
Intransitive Pred Type Chunk
PRED-NOMINAL0
ISA PRED-NOMINAL
PARENT DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-NOMINAL
TYPE PRED-NOMINAL
SUPER-TYPE PRED-TYPE
SUBTYPE PRED-NOMINAL
FORM "none"
HEAD OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
66
Transitive Pred Type Chunks
PRED-TRANS-VERB0
ISA PRED-TRANS-VERB
PARENT DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-TRANS-VERB
TYPE PRED-VERB
SUPER-TYPE PRED-TYPE
SUBTYPE PRED-TRANS-VERB
FORM KICKING-WORD
HEAD VERB0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
INF-MKR "none"
OBJ OBJ-REFER-EXPR1
PRED-PREP0
ISA PRED-PREP
PARENT DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-PREP
TYPE PRED-PREP
SUPER-TYPE PRED-TYPE
SUBTYPE PRED-PREP
FORM ON-WORD
HEAD PREPOSITION0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
OBJ OBJ-REFER-EXPR1
67
Transitive Pred Type Chunk
PRED-VERB-OBJ-LOC0
ISA PRED-VERB-OBJ-LOC
PARENT DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-VERB-OBJ-LOC
TYPE PRED-VERB
SUPER-TYPE PRED-TYPE
SUBTYPE PRED-VERB-OBJ-LOC
FORM PUT-WORD
HEAD VERB0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
INF-MKR "none"
OBJ OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
LOC LOC-REFER-EXPR0
68
Ditransitive Verb Pred Type Chunk
PRED-DITRANS-VERB0
ISA PRED-DITRANS-VERB
PARENT DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-DITRANS-VERB
TYPE PRED-VERB
SUPER-TYPE PRED-TYPE
SUBTYPE PRED-DITRANS-VERB
FORM GAVE-WORD
HEAD VERB0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
INF-MKR "none"
IOBJ PRON-OBJ-REFER-EXPR1
OBJ OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
RECIP "n/a"
69
Pred Type Hierarchy (Situation Complement)
70
• Situation Referring Expressions are the basic clausal unit of grammatically encoded meaning and consist of a relational head and one or more arguments (or complements)
• Situation Referring Expressions correspond to clauses and sentences in other grammatical treatments
Situation Referring Expression
71
Situation Referring Expression
72
Situation Referring Expression
DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
ISA DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR
PARENT "none"
TOKEN "token"
INDEX SIT-REFER-EXPR
TYPE SIT-REFER-EXPR
SUPER-TYPE SIT-REFER-EXPR
SUBTYPE DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR
FORM "none"
HEAD PRED-TRANS-VERB0
SPEC PRED-SPEC0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
BIND-INDX "*2*"
REFERENT "none-for-now"
SENSE "none-for-now"
SUBJ OBJ-REFER-EXPR0
The man is kicking a ball
73
Situation Referring Expression
PRED-TRANS-VERB0
ISA PRED-TRANS-VERB
PARENT DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-TRANS-VERB
TYPE PRED-VERB
SUPER-TYPE PRED-TYPE
SUBTYPE PRED-TRANS-VERB
FORM KICKING-WORD
HEAD VERB0
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
INF-MKR "none"
OBJ OBJ-REFER-EXPR1
PRED-SPEC0
ISA PRED-SPEC
PARENT DECL-SIT-REFER-EXPR0
TOKEN "token"
INDEX PRED-SPEC
TYPE PRED-SPEC
SUPER-TYPE SPEC
SUBTYPE PRED-SPEC
FORM IS-WORD
HEAD AUX-1
MOD "none"
POST-MOD "none"
NEG "none"
AUX-1 AUXILIARY0
AUX-2 "none"
AUX-3 "none"
AUX-4 "none"
The man is kicking a ball
74
Situation Referring Expression
The man is kicking a ball
Basic declarative clause form
when separate auxiliary verb occurs
75
Situation Referring Expression
The man kicks a ball
Basic declarative clause form
when tensed main verb occurs
76
Situation Referring Expression
I am ready
Predicate adjective functions
as clausal head
77
Situation Referring Expression
The book is on the table
Predicate preposition functions
as clausal head
78
Situation Referring Expression
There are no speed or altitude restrictions
No head!
Subj-spec inversion
with fronted
existential “there”
79
Situation Referring Expression
The man’s book’s being kicked
“ ‘s ” is either possessive marker or
auxiliary depending on context of use
Passive construction:
obj trace to subj
“the man” functions
as reference point
80
Situation Referring Expression
The man could not have been kicking a ball
Complex pred-spec with
simple sequential structure
81
Situation Referring Expression
I want to go
Infinitive sit-refer-expr has
implied subj with trace
bound to matrix subj No indirect object occurs
82
Situation Referring Expression
I want you to go
Infinitive sit-refer-expr has
implied subj with trace
bound to matrix obj
83
Situation Referring Expression
He made me go
Verb “go” functions as pred-intrans-verb
and projects bare-sit-refer-expr
in context of “made”Bare sit-refer-expr has
implied subj with trace
bound to indirect obj
84
Situation Referring Expression
He made me sad
Adjective “sad” functions as pred-adj
and projects bare-sit-refer-expr
in context of “made”Bare sit-refer-expr has
implied subj with trace
bound to indirect obj
85
Situation Referring Expression
He was to have gone
“to have gone” functions as a pred-intrans-verb and projects
an inf-sit-refer-expr even when a pred-spec precedes “to”
Consider “he would have to have been going”
86
Situation Referring Expression
I know where he went
No subj-spec inversion in wh-sit-refer-expr
Wh-sit-refer-expr functions
as sitcomp
87
Situation Referring Expression
I think I told you she likes me
Multiply embedded
situation complements
88
Situation Referring Expression
I like you because you like me
No subj slot in coordinated
sit-refer-exprs at top level
89
Situation Referring Expression
Is he going?
“going” projects a pred-intrans-verb,
but does not project an ing-sit-refer-expr
when pred-spec precedes
Subj--operator-spec inversion
in yes-no question
90
Situation Referring Expression
Did the man kick a ball?
Subj--operator-spec inversion in
yes-no question
91
Situation Referring Expression
Who did he kick the ball to?
Subj—operator-spec
inversion in wh-question
92
Situation Referring Expression
Where did he go?
No adjunct trace! Only implied arguments support trace.
93
Situation Referring Expression
Where did he put the book?
Locative argument
trace!
94
Situation Referring Expression
Where is there a man kicking a ball?
Existential “there” can co-occur
with wh-focus
95
Situation Referring Expression
Where could there be a man kicking a ball?
Pred-spec split into
operator-pred-spec and
post-op-pred-specSubj is 5th element
In clause!
96
Situation Referring Expression
Why was the ball kicked?
Passive construction:
obj trace is bound to subjNo adjunct trace
97
Situation Referring Expression
Give it to me!
Ditransitive construction has slots for
indirect object and recipient, but only
one receives an argument
Location referring expression
functions as recipient
98
Situation Referring Expression
Give me it!
Preference for indirect object
to be human
99
Situation Referring Expression
On the table is the book Subj—operator-spec
inversion with
loc-focus fronting
top related